Holtriem municipality

Basic data
State :	Lower Saxony
County :	Wittmund
Area :	82.96 km 2
Residents:	9478 (Dec. 31, 2019)
Population density :	114 inhabitants per km 2
License plate :	WTM
Association key :	03 4 62 5402
Association structure:	8 municipalities
Association administration address ; :	Auricher Str. 9 ; 26556 Westerholt
Website :	www.holtriem.de
Mayor of the municipality :	Jochen Ahrends ( CDU )
Location of the joint community of Holtriem in the Wittmund district

The integrated community Holtriem is next to Esens one of two integrated communities in the Wittmund district and one of six in East Friesland in northwestern Lower Saxony . The joint municipality is located near the North Sea coast , but without being directly adjacent to it. Holtriem is part of the historic Harlingerland region . The name suggests forests that used to exist: Holt means wood in Low German, Riem denotes an area of land. The trees have now been cleared almost without exception. Like large parts of East Frisia, Holtriem is very poor in forests.

The entire municipality is considered structurally weak with a high proportion of commuters , especially to the surrounding cities such as Aurich . Most of the area is used for agriculture. Tourism plays a certain role, with the Eternal Sea , the largest raised bog lake in Germany with 89.2 hectares of water , being of particular importance. The only noteworthy industrial companies are two brick factories in which the nationally known Wittmund clinker is produced.

The gold bowls from Terheide , a find from the younger Bronze Age and the rune solidus from Schweindorf , one of the few finds from the migration period in East Frisia, are of historical importance . The cultural heritage of the integrated community also includes some historical churches.

geography

Position and extent

The integrated municipality of Holtriem is located in East Friesland and is the westernmost municipality in the Wittmund district. The main town of Westerholt is about halfway between the town of Aurich in the south and the nearby North Sea coast . Aurich is about 13 kilometers south. Other cities in the area are Esens in the northeast and north in the west. Historically, Holtriem belongs to the East Frisian sub-region of Harlingerland . The municipality is bordered in the north, west and south by municipalities of the Aurich district . The border to the Aurich district is 29.5 kilometers long.

The combined municipality has an area of 82.95 km², the largest extension in east-west direction is 11.7 km, that in north-south direction 9.5 km. With almost 83 square kilometers, Holtriem is the eighteenth largest municipality in East Frisia in terms of area, but Holtriem only ranks 22nd in terms of inhabitants is 148 inhabitants / km². East Frisia, on the other hand, is populated below average compared to the federal state of Lower Saxony (168) and the Federal Republic (229). Holtriem is the smallest of the four mainland communities in the Wittmund district, both in terms of population and area.

Geology, soils and hydrology

The joint municipality has a share in all three types of landscape that characterize East Frisia: marshland , moor and geest . A pronounced north-south division is noticeable here: While the north of the municipality consists of Geest with an upstream narrow marching strip, the south is invariably in the moor. Geologically, like the rest of East Friesland, the municipality is formed on the surface by sediments from the Pleistocene and Holocene . Pleistocene deposits can be found in the Geest areas. The geest sediments are partly covered by Holocene bog soils. The soils of the East Frisian Geest are mostly made up of deck sands and boulder clay . These emerged during the Drenthe stage of the Saale glaciation .

To the north of Westerholt there are foothills of the sea march , which is followed by a narrow strip of brackish marsh . The central part of the integrated municipality area around Westerholt and Schweindorf consists of Podsol soils on Orterde or Ortstein in a drier location. These soils allowed only low agricultural yields. By Plagge fertilization that has been made for centuries until the occurrence of artificial fertilizer at the end of the 19th century, there are also especially around the old villages Geest anthropogenic plaggen soil floors . Due to the constant application of new soil, the Esch, known in East Friesland as (the) guests, is now higher than the village center. To the southeast, in the municipality of Blomberg, there are extensive podzol soils in a more humid location, often also moorland . The majority of the southern municipal area, on the other hand, consists of raised bogs , which are part of the extensive raised bog area northwest of the city of Aurich and, in addition to Aurich and Holtriem, also extend to the area of the community of Großheide . To the north of this raised bog there is still very humus soil on former peat areas .

Joint community structure

The integrated community of Holtriem consists of eight member communities, which, however, have additional localities and places to live. Listed below are the member communities, their area and population as well as the other districts (as of December 31, 2019).

Member parish	Residents	Area (km²)	associated districts
Blomberg	1859	12.8	Altgaude, Nordmoor, Schoo, Südmoor
Eversmeer	841	11.56	Goldmoor, Kruserei
Nenndorf	754	6.86	Barger, Finkenburg, Hahnekamp, Kölker, Metzenburg, Nenndorfeld, Neustadt, Unlande
Neuschoo	1171	14.47	Leegmoor, Lüttstede, Lütjensfehn, Negenmeerten
Ochtersum	882	10.82	Barkholt , Ostochtersum , Westochtersum
Schweindorf	716	5.44	Schweindorferfeld, Wester-Ys, Lüchtendorf
Utarp	673	6.37	Leather lamp, Narp, Narperfeld, Schlei
Westerholt	2582	14.63	Terheide, Willmsfeld
total	9478	82.95	-

Neighboring communities

The combined community borders (clockwise, starting in the south) on the city of Aurich (south) and the communities of Großheide (west) and Dornum (north), all three of which are located in the district of Aurich . In the northeast and east, Holtriem is bordered by member communities of the Esens municipality in the district of Wittmund : The Holtriemer municipality of Ochtersum borders on the Esens municipalities of Holtgast and Moorweg , the municipalities of Neuschoo and Blomberg border on the municipality of Moorweg, and the municipality of Blomberg also borders the municipality of Dunum . The joint congregation therefore has four neighboring congregations (considered at the integrated congregation level) or seven (considered at the unit congregation level).

Land use

Land use 2011
use	Area in ha
Buildings and open spaces	662
including living space	455
including commercial and industrial areas	34
Operating areas	16
of which mining areas	6th
Recreational areas	17th
including green spaces	7th
Traffic areas	363
of which streets, paths, squares	363
Agricultural land	6902
of which moors	283
Bodies of water	226
Forest areas	88
Areas of other use	23
including cemeteries	2
of it land	19th
total area	8296

The land use table on the right shows the overwhelming proportion of agricultural land in the municipality of almost 83.2 percent. This means that Holtriem is not only well above the East Frisian average of around 75 percent, but also - even more clearly - above the national German average of 52.3 percent.

Not only the Eternal Sea with its tributaries is to be counted among the bodies of water: The countless drainage ditches also contribute to the above-average share of bodies of water - in a national comparison. With 2.72 percent of the water surface, the national average of 2.4 percent is slightly exceeded. Holtriem, on the other hand - contradicting its name - is only very sparsely forested in the 21st century. This is true even in comparison to the whole of East Frisia, which in Germany has an extremely below-average forest area. 1.06 percent of the total municipality area consists of forest compared to 2.6 percent in East Frisia and 30.1 percent in the Federal Republic.

climate

Holtriem is located in the temperate climate zone, mainly in the direct influence of the North Sea . In summer the daytime temperatures are lower, in winter often higher than in the further inland. The climate is generally characterized by the Central European west wind zone. After the effective climate classification of Köppen is Holtriem is in the classification Cfb . C stands for a warm-temperate climate, Cf for a humid-temperate climate with warm summers b .

The raised bog complexes in the south of the municipality have to be considered in terms of microclimate. Because of the subsurface conditions in a rain bog , the temperature differences between day and night are extreme. During the day in summer, temperatures on the ground can be very high, so that spontaneous combustion can cause moor fires. In addition, bog areas are much more fog-intensive than the surrounding area. Due to the centuries of peat mining and the associated drainage, this effect is no longer as pronounced as in the original natural landscape. However, the number of frost days in the raised bog area is significantly higher than in the surrounding area, with early and late frosts occurring more often.

The closest weather station is in neighboring Aurich, which has very similar climatic conditions to most of the Holtriemer municipality. The climate table of the station there:

Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Aurich

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Temperature ( ° C )	1.0	1.3	3.7	6.9	11.5	14.6	16.0	15.9	13.2	9.6	5.2	2.2	O	8.5

Precipitation ( mm )	66.6	43.1	57.9	48.2	57.8	83.8	82.1	78.6	76.6	76.2	84.4	74.3	Σ	829.6

Hours of sunshine ( h / d )	1.19	2.29	3.32	5.33	6.83	6.63	6.06	6.25	4.4	2.96	1.56	0.93	O	4th

Source: German Weather Service

Protected areas

At the Eternal Sea (Photo from 1987)

The most important nature reserve of the integrated community is the NSG Ewiges Meer and surroundings. It covers 1180 hectares around Germany's largest raised bog lake, which itself occupies 91 hectares. The sea is surrounded by unused bog areas with a raised bog profile. Numerous rare plant species and birds live in the nature reserve. The nature reserve is surrounded by the larger landscape conservation area Berumerfehner and Meerhusener Moor. Like the NSG, it is partly in the Wittmund district and partly in the Aurich district. A wood near a farm in Neuschoo-Lüdstede is also designated as a landscape protection area. An area in the north-eastern district of Barkholt is part of the Leegmoor nature reserve, which, however, is mostly in the area of the neighboring municipality of Esens.

history

The gold bowls from Terheide

The integrated community of Holtriem was formed on July 20, 1972 in the course of the municipal reform in Lower Saxony from the eight member communities Blomberg , Eversmeer , Nenndorf , Neuschoo , Ochtersum , Schweindorf , Utarp and Westerholt . The area of these eight communities has been known as "Holtriem" = region ("Riem") am Wald ("Holt") for centuries. That is why the newly formed joint community was given the name "Holtriem", which unites all member communities.

19th century

While the Geest area around Westerholt, Nenndorf and Schweindorf is one of the oldest settlement areas in East Friesland, the southern part of the municipality was almost uninhabited until the 18th century because it was difficult to access and uncultivated moorland. Blomberg was laid out as a bog colony at the end of the 18th century and by 1821 already had a population of 182. Neuschoo was also founded in the last quarter of the 18th century and grew to more than 1000 inhabitants by 1925. Eversmeer is the youngest of the three bog colonies, the formation falls in the first half of the 19th century. The development of the population took place more slowly than in the two aforementioned colonies: While there were seven settlers in 1829, there were only 17 in 1891.

20th century

Already in the Reichstag elections of 1924 there was a clear shift to the right in the area of today's integrated community, as a result of which the National Socialist Freedom Movement , a merger of the DFVP and the NSDAP , recorded strong votes. A district association was established on April 26, 1924. The strongholds of the right were almost without exception in the Geest and moor areas, where petty bourgeois as well as small and medium-sized farmers "the economic security of existence began to swim away from under their feet" in the wake of the inflationary crisis.

The right received support since the mid-1920s from the leading local newspaper Anzeiger für Harlingerland , which stood out for its one-sided reporting and commented on this in November 1932 with the following article: “(...) that we have shown respect for the National Socialist idea from the outset, yes at a time when it was understood and approved by very few. ”In addition, individual teachers and several pastors, who later joined the German Christians , were active in the interests of the Volkish and later the National Socialists. Accordingly, towards the end of the Weimar Republic in the Wittmund district, the National Socialists recorded some of their best results in the province of Hanover and partly beyond.

“The transition from the Republic to the National Socialist system of rule through Hitler's seizure of power on January 30, 1933 came more or less 'inevitably' for Wittmund. The NSDAP had already celebrated many triumphant successes in the local district, so that the actual seizure of power did not cause any particular excitement. "

- Inge Lüpke-Müller : The Wittmund district between monarchy and dictatorship , p. 76

The National Socialists also secured influence at the municipal level, even though individuals or local lists continued to make it into the municipal councils in the elections for the city council and the district council.

During the Second World War there were various prisoner-of-war camps in the area of the Samtgemeinde, in which members of several nationalities, mainly French, Serbs and Poles, were housed. The inmates were mostly used in agriculture. The area of the Samtgemeinde was largely spared from acts of war, as the front ran further south on May 7, 1945, the day of the unconditional surrender of the Wehrmacht . In May 1945 first Canadian and later British troops moved into the region. After the Second World War, it took in a below-average number of refugees from the eastern regions of the German Empire, both in East Frisia and in comparison across Lower Saxony . This can be explained not least by the distance from traffic and the below-average soil quality in Holtriem.

politics

Joint council

The council of the Holtriem municipality consists of 24 councilors. This is the specified number for a joint municipality with a population between 9,001 and 10,000. The 24 councilors are elected for a five-year term by local elections. The current term of office began on November 1, 2016 and ends on October 31, 2021.

The mayor of the joint municipality is also entitled to vote in the council of the joint municipality. Since November 1, 2016, this has been the directly elected Mayor Jochen Ahrends.

The last local election on September 11, 2016 resulted in the following:

Political party	Proportional votes	Number of seats	Change voices	Change seats
SPD	57.30%	14th	+ 6.41%	+2
CDU	32.96%	8th	−6.40%	−1
Alliance 90 / The Greens	5.69%	1	−0.39%	0
FDP	2.30%	1	+1.81%	+1
Individual applicants	1.72%	0	+1.10%	0

The turnout in the 2016 local elections was 57.80%, just above the Lower Saxony average of 55.5%. For comparison - in the previous local election on September 11, 2011, the turnout was 52.63%.

Joint mayor of the municipality

Jochen Ahrends (CDU) has been the full-time mayor of the municipality since November 1, 2016 . He was able to prevail in a runoff election on September 25, 2016 with 64.2% of the votes against the SPD candidate Egon Kunze. Ahrends took up his term in office on November 1, 2016 and replaced the previous incumbent Gerhard Dirks, who did not run again.

Representatives in the Land and Bundestag

The combined municipality belongs to the state electoral district 87 Wittmund / Insel , which includes the entire district of Wittmund and the cities of Norderney and Wiesmoor , the municipality of Dornum and the island communities of Juist and Baltrum in the Aurich district . 15 parties ran for the state elections in Lower Saxony in 2017 . Six of these parties have put up direct candidates. The directly elected MP is Jochen Beekhuis (non-party).

Holtriem belongs to the parliamentary constituency Friesland - Wilhelmshaven - Wittmund . It includes the city of Wilhelmshaven and the districts of Friesland and Wittmund . The directly elected MP is Siemtje Möller (SPD). No party candidate from the constituency entered the Bundestag via the parties' list.

badges and flags

Flag of Holtriem

Blazon : square; Fields 1 and 4 in green are four golden disks arranged in a slanting manner, each covered with two concentric black rings; Field 2 in gold a red Dutch windmill; Field 3 in gold three blue wavy bars.

The Samtgemeinde flag shows the colors yellow and green in two horizontal stripes of the same width from top to bottom and in each of the two stripes the coat of arms of the Samtgemeinde is halfway across. The colors of the municipality of Holtriem are yellow and green.

religion

The Reformation found its way into the present area early on. Around 1538/1539, the Reformation took place in Harlingerland and the adjacent areas. The peculiarity in Harlingerland and the border areas was that the Harling regent Junker Balthasar von Esens supported and promoted the Lutheran doctrine, although he initially cooperated with the Catholic Duke of Geldern in order to enlarge his domain again. Persecuted preachers were taken in by Junker Balthasar. In 1538 the Harling regent brokered a religious conversation between Lutherans and Catholics. Junker Balthasar also took part in the conversation. As a result of this dispute, the Lutheran faith was adopted. Since then, the old Harlingerland and the border areas have been Lutheran. The Wittmund district, together with the Aurich district, has the highest proportion of Lutherans in the total population in all of Germany. It is around 85 percent of the population.

Culture

Churches

Westochtersumer church from the 13th century

There are four historic churches in the municipality, two of which date from the 13th and two from the 19th century. The Westochtersumer church from the 13th century is the sending church of the area.

Secular buildings

One of the wind turbines in the Holtriem wind farm has a viewing platform. The (closed and glazed) platform is 62 meters above the ground and, in appropriate weather conditions, allows a far view far into the inland and the East Frisian Islands .
The Terheide gold bowls were discovered in the area of the Samtgemeinde in 1872 . They can be seen today in the Lower Saxony State Museum in Hanover . Duplicates are in the East Frisian State Museum in Emden.
Klaashensche mill
Peat fire bricks in Nenndorf

Regular events

The regular events partly go back to old East Frisian traditions, partly they are local characteristics. There are also some festivals that have only recently been launched. In almost all villages, Easter fires are lit on Holy Saturday to drive away the winter. The erection of a maypole in the night from April 30th to May 1st is considered a sign of spring in all places. On November 10th, the evening martinis singing will take place, with which the reformer Martin Luther will be remembered. On St. Nicholas' Day , goblets are organized in restaurants , where traditional meat packages can be won. Occasionally one of the classical concerts of the Musical Summer in East Friesland takes place in one of the Holtriemer churches.

language

Distribution area of the East Frisian Platt

In Holtriem, East Frisian Platt is spoken in addition to High German , in the eastern part (Harlingerland), to which Holtriem also belongs, the local dialect Harlinger Platt . It differs from the rest of the East Frisian plateau not only in individual words, but also in certain grammatical peculiarities. In the Harlinger area, as in most of northern Germany, “ges (ch) naked” is used when “talking / speaking” is used, while in the western part of East Frisia the corresponding verb is “proten”, which can be traced back to the influence of the western neighbor Netherlands is (compare Dutch “praten”). In addition, in Harlingerland the unit plural is formed on (e) t and not on (e) n as in western East Frisia. “We speak” means “Wi s (ch) naked” in Holtriem, while closer to the Ems it means “Wi proten”. Holtriem is roughly in the transition area between the two varieties. The Low German is anchored in the community well. There are Low German church services and it is quite common for weddings and similar events to be held in Low German . The Wittmund district promotes the use of the Low German language, which is also supported in schools.

Sports

The entire district of Wittmund is at the top of the districts and cities within Lower Saxony with a share of athletes organized in clubs in the total population of 51.75 percent. In terms of sports, the Boßler and Klootschießer are clearly ahead of the soccer players (10,161 versus 5,249).

Economy and Infrastructure

Agriculture

With an 83.2 percent share, agriculture plays a major role in land use. Both in the northern Altmarsch areas and in the Geest and moor areas in the south, preference is given to grassland farming, i.e. dairy farming. Some fodder plants are also grown for the animals. In livestock farming, cows are clearly predominant. Almost without exception, it is dairy farming, less fattening for the production of meat. Farmers generate additional income with the operation of wind turbines.

traffic

Traffic axes in East Frisia: The integrated community of Holtriem, north of Aurich and between the north and Esens, is located off the main traffic routes.

Holtriem is away from the main traffic routes. On the national road 6, the joint community with the cities of the north and Esen, about 7 road is connected to Aurich. The nearest motorway junctions in Ostfriesland are on the A 31 (Emden- Bottrop ) in the city of Emden ( Emden-Nord driveway , around 44 kilometers) or at the Riepe junction (around 41 kilometers). When driving in the direction of Oldenburg / Bremen, the route via the A 29 is shorter, the approach to Wilhelmshavener Kreuz is around 49 kilometers away. Overland bus routes connect Holtriem with Aurich, Norden and Esens.

The municipality has never had a railway connection. The nearest train stations are in Esens and the north. While NordWestBahn trains run from Esens to Wilhelmshaven Hauptbahnhof , there is a more direct connection to the Deutsche Bahn long-distance network in the north . Intercity trains run from there in the direction of Bremen / Hanover and Münster / Ruhr area.

education

In the main town of Westerholt there is a school center which houses a secondary and secondary school, a primary school, a special school for grades one to four and a school kindergarten. The Westerholter Elementary School has a branch in Willmsfeld. Other primary schools are located in Blomberg (with a branch in Neuschoo) and Utarp (with a branch in Ochtersum). For early childhood education there are kindergartens in Blomberg, Eversmeer, Utarp, Ochtersum, Neuschoo and, in addition to the school kindergarten, another kindergarten in Westerholt. The kindergarten in Neuschoo is set up as an integration kindergarten. The advanced school forms are all outside the municipality. There is another Realschule in the northern neighboring municipality of Dornum, the closest grammar schools are in Esens ( Lower Saxony boarding school ) and Norden ( Ulrichsgymnasium ). There is a special school for pupils from grade five in Esens. The vocational schools for the Wittmund district are located in the district town. The nearest university of applied sciences is the University of Emden / Leer , the nearest university the Carl von Ossietzky University in Oldenburg.

Public facilities

In addition to the municipal administration and its operations, a police station is located in Westerholt. However, it is not manned around the clock; outside the opening times, the entire municipality area is looked after by the Wittmund Police Department.

media

The combined community is essentially in the circulation area of two daily newspapers: the Anzeiger für Harlingerland and the Ostfriesen-Zeitung . While the first-mentioned publication is the leading daily newspaper in the Wittmund district, the Ostfriesen-Zeitung is the only newspaper in East Frisia that appears in several local editions across the region. The Wittmund edition is distributed in the joint community. There are also advertising papers, including the Echo that appears in the house of the Ostfriesischer Kurier . The Kurier is the home newspaper of the Norderland west of Holtriem . The community radio broadcaster Radio Ostfriesland also reports from the community .

Personalities

Hermann Dinkla

The Methodist preacher Franz Klüsner (born November 14, 1837 in Oldenburg ; † October 20, 1916 ibid) was one of the founders of the Methodist community in Neuschoo.

The Lutheran clergyman Gerhard Meyer (born September 3, 1909 in Blomberg , † October 13, 1994 in the north ) was the state superintendent of the Ostfriesland-Ems district.

The sculptor, author and conservationist Christian Eisbein (born July 5, 1917 in Halle (Saale) ; † July 1, 2009 in Westerholt) worked for a long time in the Samtgemeinde and earned merit as a co-founder of the East Frisian Art Circle and as an author of books about the Wadden Sea .

Hermann Dinkla from Westerholt (born January 22, 1943 in Hage ) was a CDU member of the state parliament of the Wittmund / Insel constituency and president of the 16th Lower Saxony state parliament .

literature

The following works, which relate to the entire district of Wittmund and Harlingerland, deal with individual aspects of Holtriemer's history:

Hendrik Gröttrup: The constitution and administration of the Harlingerland 1581 to 1744 . Publishing house Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1962
Inge Lüpke-Müller: The district of Wittmund between monarchy and dictatorship , in: Reyer, Herbert (Hrsg.): Ostfriesland between republic and dictatorship . Ostfriesische Landschaftliche Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-10-X
Robert Noah: The medieval churches in Harlingerland. Publishing house Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1969
Almuth Salomon : History of the Harlingerland up to 1600 . Publishing house Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1965
Helmut Sanders: The population development in the Wittmund district since the end of the 18th century with special consideration of the soil types . Publishing house Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1969
Karl-Heinz de Wall: Wittmund district . Self-published by the district of Friesland, Jever 1977, without ISBN

In addition, the following works, which deal with East Frisia in general, are also significant for Holtriemer's history insofar as they illuminate individual aspects:

Hans Homeier: The shape change of the East Frisian coast over the centuries . Self-published, Pewsum 1969 ( Ostfriesland im Schutz des Deiches , Vol. 2), without ISBN
Gottfried Kiesow : Architecture Guide East Friesland . Verlag Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz, Bonn 2010, ISBN 978-3-86795-021-3
Inge Lüpke-Müller: A region in political upheaval. The democratization process in East Friesland after World War II , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-11-8 .
Heinrich Schmidt: Political history of East Frisia . Rautenberg, Leer 1975 ( Ostfriesland in the protection of the dike , vol. 5), without ISBN
Wolfgang Schwarz: The prehistory in East Frisia . Leer 1995, ISBN 3-7963-0323-4
Menno Smid : East Frisian Church History . Self-published, Pewsum 1974 ( Ostfriesland im Schutz des Deiches , Vol. 6), without ISBN
Harm Wiemann / Johannes Engelmann: Old ways and streets in East Frisia . Self-published, Pewsum 1974 ( East Frisia in the protection of the dyke , vol. 8), without ISBN

Web links

Commons : Samtgemeinde Holtriem - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Homepage of the municipality of Holtriem

Individual evidence

↑ State Office for Statistics Lower Saxony, LSN-Online regional database, Table 12411: Update of the population, as of December 31, 2019 ( help ).
↑ Karl-Heinz de Wall: Wittmund district , self-published by the Friesland district, Jever 1977, without ISBN, p. 248.
^ Eberhard Rack: Kleine Landeskunde Ostfriesland , Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 1998, ISBN 3-89598-534-1 , p. 24.
↑ State Office for Statistics Lower Saxony, LSN-Online regional database, Table 12411: Update of the population, as of December 31, 2019 ( help ).
↑ Source: State Office for Statistics and Communication Technology Lower Saxony , direct link to the page is not possible. Procedure: Click on "Regional database", without logging on "Next", as a guest "Next", select "Survey area" and "Define time and region", click on "Unity / Samtgemeinde", select Holtriem (scroll down to the end), Clicking on "Create and View Table", accessed January 4, 2013.
^ Eberhard Rack: Small regional studies of Ostfriesland. Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 1998, ISBN 3-89598-534-1 , p. 115.
↑ Destatis.de: Land use , accessed on January 4, 2013.
↑ Thomas Huntke: Vegetation-ecological studies on the development of the Lengener Meer nature reserve (Leer district) - a case study on the efficiency of nature conservation in raised bogs , dissertation, University of Oldenburg, 2008 ( online ), p. 7/8 (PDF file; 40.3 MB ).
^ "Ewiges Meer und Umgebung" nature reserve in the database of the Lower Saxony State Agency for Water Management, Coastal and Nature Conservation (NLWKN) , accessed on October 3, 2013
↑ Numbers from: Karl-Heinz de Wall: Landkreis Wittmund , self-published by Landkreis Friesland, Jever 1977, without ISBN, p. 249 ff.
↑ See the essays by the local chronicles of the East Frisian landscape on the individual places that can be viewed here.
^ Inge Lüpke-Müller: The district of Wittmund between monarchy and dictatorship , in: Herbert Reyer (Hrsg.): Ostfriesland between republic and dictatorship . Ostfriesische Landschaftliche Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-10-X , p. 21
^ Heinrich Schmidt: Political history of East Frisia . Rautenberg, Leer 1975 ( Ostfriesland in the protection of the dike , vol. 5), without ISBN, p. 473
↑ Anzeiger für Harlingerland of November 23, 1932, quoted in: Inge Lüpke-Müller: The district of Wittmund between monarchy and dictatorship , in: Herbert Reyer (Ed.): Ostfriesland between republic and dictatorship . Ostfriesische Landschaftliche Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-10-X , p. 21
^ Lower Saxony Municipal Constitutional Law (NKomVG) in the version of December 17, 2010; Section 46 - Number of MPs , accessed on December 28, 2016
↑ ^a ^b ^c Holtriem municipal elections - overall results of the 2016 municipal council elections , accessed on December 28, 2016
↑ The CDU gets the most votes nationwide. September 12, 2016, accessed December 28, 2016 .
↑ ndr2: Holtriem runoff: Jochen Ahrends wins , accessed on November 21, 2016
↑ Allocation of constituencies to the Federal Returning Officer , accessed on May 12, 2019.
^ Nordwest-Zeitung: Bundestag election: These members represent our region . In: NWZonline . ( nwzonline.de [accessed September 29, 2017]).
↑ ^a ^b Main Statute of the Holtriem Samtgemeinde , accessed on November 17, 2011 (PDF file).
↑ Menno Smid : East Frisian Church History. 1974, p. 156.
^ Der Sprengel Ostfriesland ( Memento from January 22, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on May 12, 2019.
↑ Wind power plant with viewing platform , accessed on May 12, 2019.
^ Low German for advanced learners , Ostfriesen-Zeitung, September 29, 2011, accessed on October 3, 2013.
↑ More than half of Wittmund's do sports , Ostfriesen-Zeitung, April 1, 2010, accessed on October 15, 2011
^ Educational institutions of the Holtriem community , accessed on May 12, 2019.
↑ Holtriem Police Station , accessed on April 22, 2019.

[Metadaten_Einwohnerzahl_DE-NI-1] State Office for Statistics Lower Saxony, LSN-Online regional database, Table 12411: Update of the population, as of December 31, 2019 ( help ).

[2] Karl-Heinz de Wall: Wittmund district , self-published by the Friesland district, Jever 1977, without ISBN, p. 248.

[3] Eberhard Rack: Kleine Landeskunde Ostfriesland , Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 1998, ISBN 3-89598-534-1 , p. 24.

[4] State Office for Statistics Lower Saxony, LSN-Online regional database, Table 12411: Update of the population, as of December 31, 2019 ( help ).

[5] Source: State Office for Statistics and Communication Technology Lower Saxony , direct link to the page is not possible. Procedure: Click on "Regional database", without logging on "Next", as a guest "Next", select "Survey area" and "Define time and region", click on "Unity / Samtgemeinde", select Holtriem (scroll down to the end), Clicking on "Create and View Table", accessed January 4, 2013.

[6] Eberhard Rack: Small regional studies of Ostfriesland. Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 1998, ISBN 3-89598-534-1 , p. 115.

[7] Destatis.de: Land use , accessed on January 4, 2013.

[8] Thomas Huntke: Vegetation-ecological studies on the development of the Lengener Meer nature reserve (Leer district) - a case study on the efficiency of nature conservation in raised bogs , dissertation, University of Oldenburg, 2008 ( online ), p. 7/8 (PDF file; 40.3 MB ).

[9] "Ewiges Meer und Umgebung" nature reserve in the database of the Lower Saxony State Agency for Water Management, Coastal and Nature Conservation (NLWKN) , accessed on October 3, 2013

[10] Numbers from: Karl-Heinz de Wall: Landkreis Wittmund , self-published by Landkreis Friesland, Jever 1977, without ISBN, p. 249 ff.

[11] See the essays by the local chronicles of the East Frisian landscape on the individual places that can be viewed here.

[12] Inge Lüpke-Müller: The district of Wittmund between monarchy and dictatorship , in: Herbert Reyer (Hrsg.): Ostfriesland between republic and dictatorship . Ostfriesische Landschaftliche Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-10-X , p. 21

[13] Heinrich Schmidt: Political history of East Frisia . Rautenberg, Leer 1975 ( Ostfriesland in the protection of the dike , vol. 5), without ISBN, p. 473

[14] Anzeiger für Harlingerland of November 23, 1932, quoted in: Inge Lüpke-Müller: The district of Wittmund between monarchy and dictatorship , in: Herbert Reyer (Ed.): Ostfriesland between republic and dictatorship . Ostfriesische Landschaftliche Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-10-X , p. 21

[15] Lower Saxony Municipal Constitutional Law (NKomVG) in the version of December 17, 2010; Section 46 - Number of MPs , accessed on December 28, 2016

[kdo-16] Holtriem municipal elections - overall results of the 2016 municipal council elections , accessed on December 28, 2016

[17] The CDU gets the most votes nationwide. September 12, 2016, accessed December 28, 2016 .

[bürgermeister2016-18] r2: Holtriem runoff: Jochen Ahrends wins , accessed on November 21, 2016

[19] Allocation of constituencies to the Federal Returning Officer , accessed on May 12, 2019.

[20] Nordwest-Zeitung: Bundestag election: These members represent our region . In: NWZonline . ( nwzonline.de [accessed September 29, 2017]).

[Hauptsatzung-21] Main Statute of the Holtriem Samtgemeinde , accessed on November 17, 2011 (PDF file).

[22] Menno Smid : East Frisian Church History. 1974, p. 156.

[23] Der Sprengel Ostfriesland ( Memento from January 22, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on May 12, 2019.

[24] Wind power plant with viewing platform , accessed on May 12, 2019.

[25] Low German for advanced learners , Ostfriesen-Zeitung, September 29, 2011, accessed on October 3, 2013.

[26] More than half of Wittmund's do sports , Ostfriesen-Zeitung, April 1, 2010, accessed on October 15, 2011

[27] Educational institutions of the Holtriem community , accessed on May 12, 2019.

[28] Holtriem Police Station , accessed on April 22, 2019.