Ulrichsgymnasium north

Ulrichsgymnasium
type of school	high school
founding	1566/67 Latin school , 1631 grammar school
address	Norddeicher Strasse 2–3
place	north
country	Lower Saxony
Country	Germany
Coordinates	53 ° 35 '49 "  N , 7 ° 11' 59"  E Coordinates: 53 ° 35 '49 "  N , 7 ° 11' 59"  E
carrier	Aurich district
student	circa 1250
Teachers	about 100
management	Wolfgang Graetz
Website	www.ug-norden.de

The Ulrichsgymnasium is a general educational high school in the north ( East Frisia , Lower Saxony ). It was founded as a Latin school in 1567 and converted into Paedagogium illustre (grammar school) in 1631 . It is one of the oldest grammar schools in Germany and the oldest in East Friesland. It is named after Ulrich II. (1606–1648), from 1628 Count of East Friesland, who is also responsible for founding the Ulricianum in Aurich.

history

In the place of today's high school there was a Dominican monastery founded around 1264 , which already had a school. The monastery was dissolved around 1530 after the monks had already been largely influenced by the Reformation.

prehistory

The city's annals suggest that there was a public educational institution in the north even before the Latin school was founded, mentioning the schoolmaster Johann Pipers for around 1511 . Theodorus Bottmanus is named for 1536 to 1540. He was followed around 1540 by a certain Scipio, who was replaced five years later by Ptolemeus Johannes. He held the office of schoolmaster until 1566.

In 1529, shortly after taking office, Count Enno II announced the intention to establish a Latin school in Norden and Emden . The declared educational goal was "not to let the youth go miserably" and at the same time to work against the "contempt for Latin art". In 1537 Enno II renewed his declaration of intent on the grounds that the country would get necessary, emptying luiden . However, it took another 30 years until Count Edzard II realized these plans in 1567 and founded a Latin school in the north. This year is considered to be the founding year of the Ulrichgymnasium Norden.

Latin school

Ubbo Emmius, student and 6th rector of the Ulrichgymnasium

As early as 1566 Edzard II had appointed the Dutchman Johannes Florianus as the founding rector of the Latin School. Classes began the following year with three classes. The first college initially consisted of the aforementioned rector and two teachers. The so-called Easter House , a wing of the secularized Dominican monastery, served as the classroom . The early years were overshadowed by denominational conflicts between Lutherans and Reformed . Although Lutheranism dominated in the north, Dutch religious refugees had considerably strengthened the previously weak Calvinist wing of Northern Protestantism. Since Latin schools at that time were primarily viewed as a preliminary stage in the formation of clergy, both Protestant denominational parties were interested in gaining the greatest possible influence on the curriculum and in determining the theological orientation of the school. Although in the early 1570s a wave of Dutch religious refugees began to emigrate, the Reformed theologian , historian , pedagogue and later founding rector of the University of Groningen ( Netherlands ) Ubbo Emmius (1547-1625) was appointed rector of the Latin school in 1579 . For nine years he held this office at his former training center, but was forced out of office by the Lutheran Count House of Cirksena because of his faith . Thereafter, Lutheran rectors directed the humanistic educational institution for almost three centuries .

The North Latin School was considered a higher education institution in the context of the conventions of the time , but was only a particular school due to its range of courses. With the dismissal of the theologian Ubbo Emmius, who was recognized in East Frisia and the Netherlands, she also lost its charisma.

Pedagogy illustrious

Under Count Ulrich II , the school was elevated to a pedagogy illustrious in 1631 and was given the name Schola Ulriciana. It thus became a full high school at which it was possible to acquire the university entrance qualification. From that point on, the school had eight classes and eight teachers. After the number of pupils had declined due to the plague and armed conflicts such as class struggles and the Thirty Years' War , the school was briefly closed in 1666, but reopened a little later. Nevertheless, the school began to decline during this period. At one point she only had three classes without losing her full-institution rank. The low point was reached between 1750 and 1800. During this time, the number of students fluctuated between 14 and 34.

Progymnasium

School building of the Progymnasium around 1840

Under the Hanover government , the school was converted into a Progymnasium , which meant that it was no longer possible to acquire the general university entrance qualification.

Full high school

After the number of pupils rose again, the school was rebuilt and expanded in the years 1851–1875. In 1877, under the Prussian government , the school was raised to the status of a full high school. Since 1928, girls have also been able to take the school-leaving examination at the Ulrichsgymnasium. While the number of pupils rose continuously until the Second World War , the number of educators was greatly reduced due to the poor economic situation of the 1920s through forced retirement.

High school

In 1937 the Ulrichs-Gymnasium was converted into a secondary school. This opened up a high school education with a focus on mathematics and natural sciences . The traditional subjects of humanistic education became less important under the influence of National Socialism. The subjects Protestant and Catholic religious studies were abolished. Jewish students had to leave school. At Easter 1939 the Ulrichsgymnasium had 10 classes with 213 students who were taught by a total of 15 teachers. In the autumn of the same year, all grade 8 students received their school leaving certificates. It contained the remark "[...] leaves school to do military service". The basement rooms of the school building were converted into air raid shelters .

Between April 1 and July 1, 1940, seven teachers were called up for military service. Among them was the senior director Weidemann. At the beginning of the school year 1941/42, 235 students attended the grammar school, 43 of them girls. The school year 1942/43 brought a further increase in the number of students. 248 pupils (not counting guest pupils evacuated from Emden ) were taught by only 8 teachers and one assistant teacher. At the end of March 1943, 19 pupils in grades 10 and 11 (then 6th and 7th grade) were called up as air force helpers . After a five-week course on Norderney , they were deployed in coastal protection near the Norddeich Radio transmitter . In a Wehrmacht barracks that had been converted into an emergency school, teachers from the Ulrich Gymnasium gave considerably less lessons.

In February 1945 the Bremen Defense Commissioner ordered the closure of all schools in the Ems-Weser area. In the course of this arrangement, the Ulrichsgymnasium Norden also closed its doors for an indefinite period. The coal supplies were confiscated and the classrooms were occupied by the naval hospital. For the 6th grade students, the lessons took place in the conference room of the North City Hall. Classes 7 and 8 were housed in the director's office. Grades 1 to 5 were called to the town hall twice a week to do homework.

School development after the Second World War

On May 1 and 2, 1945, Canadian troops marched north and occupied the city. The naval hospital in the Ulrichsgymnasium was relocated and the premises of the school building were occupied by the army staff of the occupation troops. The Ulrichsgymnasium was not used as a school again until October 2, 1945. Between the end of the Second World War and the restart of the school there were no high school classes in Norden.

A contemporary witness and pedagogue at the Ulrichsgymnasium described the turning point that occurred after 1945 as an "intellectual revolution, as it was at most when our ancestors were Christianized". "No subject was spared from this change." Above all, the German and history lessons, which "had been adulterated the most by the Nazi demon", required a comprehensive revision and were therefore removed from the range of courses for a whole year - as an opportunity for rethinking. Other subjects that had disappeared from the curriculum during the Nazi era were newly introduced. This included religious education and Hebrew classes. A fresh start also had to be made in natural science subjects, especially in biology classes. School devotion, which was banned in 1933, was also reintroduced.

A major innovation in school operations was the inclusion of pupils in school life in 1954. The tasks of the so-called student co-responsibility (abbreviated: SMV ) included, among other things, the supervision of the breaks, the organization of sports school championships, visits to the opera and the theater and panel discussions on certain socio-political topics as well as the organization of school celebrations. The publication of the school newspaper, the first edition of which appeared in 1956 under the title The Young Ulricianer , was also the responsibility of the SMV . In the course of the so-called 68 movement , which also included the students at the Ulrichsgymnasium, the SMV fought for a stronger position in school operations. From the student responsibility - inspired by the Buxtehude model - the student council , which up until the mid-1970s strongly politicized everyday school life.

On February 1, 1967, the Ulrichsgymnasium was attended by 693 students. Almost half of them came from the northern part of the city. Thus, there was an average of one high school student for every 100 inhabitants of the catchment area.

The school buildings were adapted to the considerably increased number of pupils at the beginning of the 1970s. In addition to classrooms, the large new building contained the rooms for natural sciences, the language laboratory, a German studio (including a stage) and the music rooms. The upper floor of this building fell victim to an arson that had never been resolved on the night of December 12-13, 1989. The consequences of the fire also hit the floors below heavily due to the use of extinguishing water. After total renovation and reconstruction, further extensions and alterations were necessary in the following years. The Ulrichsgymnasium Norden has grown into a school campus through the takeover of the former administration building from the former district of Norden and the addition of a building that also contains a cafeteria .

present

The Ulrichsgymnasium.

The Ulrichsgymnasium is the only institution in the Norderlandes area to offer high school education. English is the first foreign language; Latin and French are alternatively offered from grade 6 onwards. In contrast to earlier times, options are also offered in the upper level of the Ulrichsgymnasium. In addition to the compulsory subjects mathematics and German, the curriculum includes the elective subjects English, French, Latin, social sciences (history, geography, politics) and three natural science subjects (physics, chemistry, biology). From grade 11 onwards, there are also the electives Latin, French, Greek, Dutch and IT.

The Ulrichsgymnasium is operated as an all-day school ; In addition to teaching, it offers a number of working groups, for example in the fields of art, music, theater and foreign languages ​​as well as business simulation games and media design. A cafeteria is available for catering .

In 2009 the Ulrichsgymnasium was attended by around 1250 pupils who were taught by 95 teachers. More than half of the students live outside the city of Norden. The East Frisian islands Juist , Norderney and Baltrum also belong to the catchment area .

Library

The Ulrichsgymnasium has a school library that contains around 15,000 volumes and is run as a reference library . The historical inventory, which comprises 2188 titles, is particularly remarkable. In addition to an incunabula, 10 of these are from the 16th, 45 from the 17th, 137 from the 18th and 1995 from the 19th century. Most of these books are donations from former students and teachers. They are documented in a catalog printed in 1912. The library is then roughly divided into fifteen subject groups. A detailed description of the inventory can be found in the so-called Fabian manual . The facility, whose collection area is limited to school-relevant subjects and East Frisian literature, is primarily an offer for teachers and students. In exceptional cases, it is also available to other interested parties after registration.

Schoolmasters, rectors and directors of the Ulrichsgymnasium

The information given in the following table relates to the list drawn up in the commemorative publication for the 400th anniversary of the Ulrichsgymnasium. Additions and corrections to this list are specially identified.

School type of the UGN	Inaugural year	principal	origin	Remarks
Citizen School	1511	Meyster Johann Pipers	?
Citizen School	1536	Theodorus Bottmanus	?
Citizen School	1540	Scipio	?
Citizen School	1545	Ptolemy John	?
Citizen School	1566	Johannes Florianus (1522–1585)	Antwerp	Founding Rector of the Latin School. Religious refugee from the Netherlands, first rector of the Latin school, cartographer, later pastor in Pilsum
Latin school	1567	Johannes Florianus	Antwerp
Latin school	1572	Nicolaus Sascherus	Netherlands	Religious refugee from the Netherlands
Latin school	1573	Johannes Florianus	Netherlands
Latin school	1574	Ludolf Potter	Groningen / Netherlands	Author and reviser of several linguistic works
Latin school	1574	Laurentius Orschott	?
Latin school	1579	Ubbo Emmius	Greetsiel	Former student of the Latin school
Latin school	1587	(Name unknown)	Netherlands
Latin school	1589	vacant		Due to the conflict between Lutherans and Reformed, the rector position remained vacant for 7 years.
Latin school	1596	Ulricus Hemringius	?
Latin school	1603	Herman Mesander	Grimersum	From 1603 to 1611 he was a Lutheran preacher in Hage , from 1612 in Norden; also worked as a Latin poet and writer of epigrams .
Latin school	1604	Master of Arts Joachim Everhardi	Rostock
Latin school	1607	Magister Henricus Brehorst	?
Latin school	1613	Magister Johann Oldewelt	?	Two writings from Oldewelt are known: Facula ludis Nordensis and De linguae latinae antiqitate ... (a Latin grammar)
Latin school	1619	Hibbaeus Magnus	Wismar ?, Weimar ?, Middelburg ?	Before his rectorate he was a preacher in the Lutheran congregation of Resterhafe (1603–1613), then in Utrecht . In 1618 he stayed in Wismar for a short time and went north from there. From 1624 he was a preacher in The Hague , where he died on August 22, 1638.
Latin school	1624	Magister Johann Coenring	north
Latin school	1627	Magister Johann Lange	Herford	During his term of office, the Latin school was transformed into a pedagogy illustrious .
Pedagogy illustrious	1631	Magister Johann Lange	Herford	The school was named Schola Ulriciana .
Pedagogy illustrious	1660	Joachim Rachel	Lunden near Dithmarschen	Rachel was a well-known baroque poet and textbook author. He is considered the founder of German verse satire. During his tenure, the school was closed for one year (1666). The reasons were falling student numbers as a result of the plague and the aftermath of the Thirty Years' War .
Pedagogy illustrious	1667	Magister Johann Busch	Luneburg
Pedagogy illustrious	1681	vacant (?)
Pedagogy illustrious	1683	Lorenz Schnell	north
Pedagogy illustrious	1713	Magister Henrich Gottlieb Leutholf	Oßmannstedt / Thuringia
Pedagogy illustrious	1750	Johann Joachim Gerhard Wideburg	Hamburg	The number of pupils fell after he took office. This decline lasted until 1800.
Pedagogy illustrious	1785	Johann Friedrich Meyer	Aurich
Pedagogy illustrious	1814	David Friedrich August Jani	Hall
Pedagogy illustrious	1821	Anton Ernst Taaks	Dornum	During his tenure, the Paedagogium illustrious was converted into a Progymnasium without a high school diploma (1829).
Progymnasium	1829	Anton Ernst Taaks	Dornum
Progymnasium	1842	August Heidelberg	Bodenburg near Hildesheim	During his tenure, the Ulrichsgymnasium was rebuilt and expanded due to the increasing number of students. The economic upswing in the north made it possible to finance these measures (1851–1875).
Progymnasium	1864	August Heidelberg	Bodenburg near Hildesheim	The Progymnasium has five classes with a total of 82 students who are taught by five teachers.
Progymnasium	1870	Max Gottfried Hoche	Time
Progymnasium	1873	Karl Heinrich Julius Babucke	Königsberg / Prussia	Babucke wrote a school history of the Ulrichgymnasium.
Progymnasium	1875	Richard Schneider	Ilmenau	During his term of office, the Progymnasium was converted into a full high school (1877).
Full high school	1877	Richard Schneider	Ilmenau
Full high school	1881	Franz Karl Münnich	Dessau, Zerbst (Anhalt)
Full high school	1887	Friedrich Hermann	Verden (Aller)	Member of the Corps Neoborussia Halle
Full high school	1901	Privy Councilor Carl Stegmann	Grohnde / Weser	Well-known editor and commentator of classical texts
Full high school	1920	Senior Director of Studies Harmannus Ites	Rysum	During his tenure, girls were admitted to the Ulrichsgymnasium for the first time (1928). A south wing was added to the school complex in 1930.
Full high school	1936	Head of Studies Wilhelm Weidemann	Hanover	During his tenure, the curriculum of the humanistic curriculum was changed in the National Socialist sense. Hebrew and Greek classes, for example, were abolished, as was religion. From autumn 1939 there were frequent cancellations and a reduction in classes due to the war that had begun.
Full high school	1942	Senior Director of Studies Friedrich Maertens	Eisenach / Thuringia	During his tenure, the school was closed for nine months (1945). The school buildings served as a naval hospital during this time. Emergency classes were held for the upper school. The lower school students were only given homework. In October 1945 classes were resumed in full by order of the military government.
Full high school	1946	Head of Studies Karl Ehlers	Elmshorn / Schleswig-Holstein
Full high school	1957	Senior Director of Studies Derk de Haan	Oldersum	A cycle path along the northern Galgeniefs is named after Derk de Haan .
Full high school	1970	Head of Studies Karl Heinz Thies (1924–2014)	Höxter
Full high school	1977	Head of Studies Johann Eilers
Full high school	1988/1989	Director of Studies Joachim Strybny (* 1937)	Kłodzko (Glatz / Silesia)
Full high school	1990	Head of Studies Jürgen Fiedler
Full high school	1998/1999	Joachim Strybny
Full high school	2000	Head of Studies Harald Rüdig	Emden
Full high school	2010	Senior Director of Studies Wolfgang Grätz	north

School board

The Ulrichsgymnasium was from 1954 in the school administration of the district north and after the municipal reform in 1972 it was taken over by the newly formed district Aurich as a school body. The Ulricianum in Aurich, the Integrated Comprehensive School (IGS) Aurich-West (up to year 13) and the IGS Forest School Egels (up to and including year ten) are also sponsored by the Aurich district.

Well-known teachers and students of the Ulrichsgymnasium

Johann Christian Reil (around 1811)

• Ubbo Emmius , later founding rector of the University of Groningen (Netherlands), worked as a pupil and from 1579 as rector at the school for nine years.
• David Eilsemius († 1622), a North Latin student, was a Reformed theologian and historian.
• Johann Hülsemann (1602–1661), a North Latin student, was a Lutheran theologian and one of the negotiators at the Thorner Religious Discussion
• Hermann Conring (1606–1681), a North Latin student, was a professor in Helmstedt and founder of the science of German legal history.
• Enno Rudolph Brenneysen (1669–1734), a student at the Ulrichsgymnasium, was Chancellor in East Frisia under Georg Albrecht .
• Johann Christian Reil (1759-1813), a student at the Ulrichsgymnasium, was a well-known physician.
• Wilhelm Ihno Adolph von Freeden (1822-1894), teacher at the Ulrichsgymnasium, was a German mathematician, natural scientist and oceanographer and founder of the North German Seewarte.
• Friedrich Swart (1883–1957), a student at the Ulrich Gymnasium, was an economist, managing director of the Association of German Cooperatives in Poland and was considered the "uncrowned king of the Germans in Poland". He wrote the Frisian agricultural history .
• Ufke Cremer († 1958), teacher at Ulrichsgymnasium and local researcher
• Hildegard Peters (1923–2017), teacher at the Ulrichsgymnasium and painter
• Herbert Müller (* 1953), student at the Ulrich Gymnasium, art teacher and painter
• Johannes Deknatel , well-known Mennonite theologian of the 18th century
• Wilhelm Krieger (1877–1945), German sculptor
• Sandra Lüpkes , writer and screenwriter

Sources and literature

• Annual report . North 1878–1881; 1883-1888; 1935–1937 ( digitized from 1884–1888)
• Report on the school year . Norden 1889–1934 ( digitized version 1889–1911; 1915)
• Wilhelm Fraesdorff: Catalog of the teacher's library . Soltau, North 1912 ( digitized version )
• Ufke Cremer (Hrsg.): Contributions to the history of the state Ulrichs-Gymnasium zu Norden. For the 50th anniversary of the full grammar school 1877–1927. North 1927.
• Derk de Haan (Ed.): 400 years of Ulrichsgymnasium Norden: 1567–1967. North 1967.
• Gerhard Canzler: The northern schools. Weener 2005, ISBN 3-88761-097-0 .
• Bodo Paul Hoffmann (Ed.): MDLXVII - 2017. 450 years Ulrichsgymnasium Norden. A commemorative publication. North 2017.

Web links

• Internet presence of the high school

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Derk de Haan (ed.): 400 years of Ulrichsgymnasium Norden. Norden 1967, p. 60, Col. I.
2. ↑ Bernhard Peters: The Ulrichsgymnasium 1567–1967. In: Derk de Haan (Ed.): 400 years of Ulrichsgymnasium Norden. Norden 1967, p. 27, column II
3. ↑ quoted from Bernhard Peters: Das Ulrichsgymnasium 1567–1967. In: Derk de Haan (Ed.): 400 years of Ulrichsgymnasium Norden. Norden 1967, p. 28, Sp I
4. ↑ Bernhard Peters: The Ulrichsgymnasium 1567–1967. In: Derk de Haan (Ed.): 400 years of Ulrichsgymnasium Norden. Norden 1967, p. 28, Col. IIf
5. ↑ History of the Ulrichsgymnasium ( Memento of the original from February 13, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ug-norden.de 
6. ↑ Bernhard Peters: The Ulrichsgymnasium 1567–1967. In: Derk de Haan (Ed.): 400 years of Ulrichsgymnasium Norden. Norden 1967, p. 30, column II
7. ↑ Hildegard Kaszemek: The Ulrichsgymnasium Norden from Easter 1939 to May 1, 1945. In: Derk de Haan (Ed.): 400 years Ulrichsgymnasium Norden. Norden 1967, p. 36.
8. ↑ Hildegard Kaszemek: The Ulrichsgymnasium Norden from Easter 1939 to May 1, 1945. In: Derk de Haan (Ed.): 400 years Ulrichsgymnasium Norden. Norden 1967, p. 37.
9. ↑ Hildegard Kaszemek: The Ulrichsgymnasium Norden from Easter 1939 to May 1, 1945. In: Derk de Haan (Ed.): 400 years Ulrichsgymnasium Norden. Norden 1967, p. 37.
10. ↑ Ebbel Roelfs Wessels: 1567 and 1945. Two decisive years in the history of the Ulrichsgymnasium. In: Derk de Haan (Ed.): 400 years of Ulrichsgymnasium Norden. Norden 1967, p. 34.
11. ^ Udo Radlow: SMV. In: Derk de Haan (Ed.): 400 years of Ulrichsgymnasium Norden. Norden 1967, p. 58.
12. ^ University of Oldenburg: Biography Arno Schmidt. P. 190; Retrieved December 4, 2010.
13. ^ Eberhard Rack: catchment area and student structure of the Ulrichgymnasium. In: 400 years Ulrichsgymnasium Norden. (Ed. Derk de Haan), Norden 1967, p. 49. Note: Before the local reform in 1972, the northern urban area was considerably smaller.
14. ↑ Joachim Strybny: "Old auditorium in new splendor." In: Bodo Paul Hoffmann (Ed.): MDLXVII - 2017. 450 years Ulrichsgymnasium Norden. A commemorative publication. Norden 2017, p. 98.
15. ^ Homepage of the Ulrichsgymnasium: The Ulrichsgymnasium ; Retrieved December 4, 2010.
16. ^ Seneca: Opera. Cologne 1478.
17. ^ Fabian-Handbuch : Library of the Ulrichgymnasium ; Retrieved January 1, 2010.
18. ^ Eberhard Rack: catchment area and student structure of the Ulrichgymnasium. In: Derk de Haan (Ed.): 400 years Ulrichsgymnasium Norden. Norden 1967, p. 60.
19. ↑ ^{a b} Ubbo Emmius ( Memento of March 24, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Groniger Archive; Retrieved January 1, 2010.
20. ^ East Friesland maps from four centuries (virtual map exhibition) ( Memento from January 12, 2016 in the Internet Archive ); Retrieved January 1, 2010.
21. ↑ Worldcat entry ; Retrieved January 1, 2010.
22. ↑ ^{a b c d} Homepage of the Ulrichgymnasium: History of the UGN ; Retrieved January 1, 2010.
23. ↑ Fridrich Arends: Earth description of the principality of East Friesland and the Harlinger country. Emden 1824, p. 418 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
24. ↑ Fridrich Arends: Earth description of the principality of East Friesland and the Harlinger country. Emden 1824, p. 389 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
25. ↑ quoted from Konstantin Fasolt: The Limits of History. Chicago 2004, ISBN 0-226-23910-1 , p. 53, books.google.de
26. ↑ Hibbaeus Magnus Digital Library (Dutch); Retrieved January 1, 2010.
27. ^ Eberhard Rack: catchment area and student structure of the Ulrichgymnasium. In: 400 years Ulrichsgymnasium Norden. (Ed. Derk de Haan), Norden 1967, p. 87 Sp.I
28. ^ Hermann Meier: Ostfriesland in pictures and sketches. Leer 1868, p. 253.
29. ↑ Karl HJ Babucke: History of the Royal Progymnasium (Ulrich school) in the north. Compiled from documents and files. Emden 1877.
30. ↑ Münnich, Franz Karl (PDF; 7.4 MB) p. 425
31. ^ Eberhard Rack: catchment area and student structure of the Ulrichgymnasium. In: 400 years Ulrichsgymnasium Norden. (Ed. Derk de Haan), Norden 1967, p. 87, column II
32. ↑ Ebbel Roelfs Wessels: 1567 and 1945, two decisive years in the history of the Ulrichgymnasium. In: Derk de Haan (Ed.): 400 years of Ulrichsgymnasium Norden. Norden 1967, p. 34, column II f.
33. ^ Streets in Deutschland.de: Derk-de-Haan-Padd ; accessed on March 12, 2017
34. ^ Eberhard Rack: Friedrich Swart . In: Derk de Haan (Ed.): 400 years of Ulrichsgymnasium Norden . P. 100 ff.