Wall hedge

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The articles wall hedge , hedge laying and Gebück overlap thematically. Help me to better differentiate or merge the articles (→  instructions ) . To do this, take part in the relevant redundancy discussion . Please remove this module only after the redundancy has been completely processed and do not forget to include the relevant entry on the redundancy discussion page{{ Done | 1 = ~~~~}}to mark. Kai Kemmann ( discussion ) - Improve instead of delete - 10:34, Aug. 4, 2020 (CEST)
Wall hedges with overhangers near Lauenburg
Kink placed on the stick , only wall and overhang near Reinbek , 2004
Buckle landscape in East Frisia , 2010

Wall Hecke (including buckling , creases , Knicks , Över or Öwer ) is a term for from shrubs overgrown, mostly manmade earth , stone or Torfwälle in Central Europe. As fencing and border marking, they are widespread landscape-defining elements of the cultural landscape . The average height of a wall is about one meter, the average width of earthen walls about two meters.

Definition

Wall hedges and the associated landscape types are given different regional names.

The term "kink" (plural: kinks or kinks) used in Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony denotes wall-like tree and shrub hedges that were used as land defenses for the fortification of territories as early as the High and Late Middle Ages , later also as part of the coupling ( common division ) were created as "living fences". A typical kink forms a relatively dense green “wall” made up of bushes and isolated trees.

The term "kink" is derived from the maintenance activity, namely the kinking or bending of twigs, thin branches or very young trees in order to limit growth in height and width and at the same time to compact the hedge.

The state of Schleswig-Holstein defines a kink as an earth wall built on the current or former borders of agricultural areas or to compensate for interventions in nature and the landscape, which is overgrown with predominantly native wood, grass or herbaceous fields. The edge strip on both sides of the earth wall is part of the kink. An unplanted embankment is also referred to as a kink, as are single or multi-row strips of wood on the ground.

The hedgerows along the path used to guide the animals when driving cattle and protect the adjacent fields against browsing or being represented by cattle.

In rural or formerly rural areas of northern Germany, roads are often called "kinks". If a road (in the manner of a ravine ) is bordered on both sides by hedgerows, the term Redder is used for this . Steps to cross a ditch or a wall hedge are called Stegel or in Low German "Steggelsch".

In France, Great Britain and Belgium, a landscape characterized by hedgerows is called a bocage .

Function and meaning

Wall hedges served as field boundaries, protective weirs against larger wild animals, as landguards against enemy attackers and incidentally for firewood production. They also reduce soil erosion in the top layer of the earth and serve as wind protection against drying out. The microclimate at the bend is comparable to that of a forest edge.

In the Geest , Knicks arose to a small extent from reading stones collected from the fields , these are then differentiated into earth stone walls or field walls. Wall hedges are often formed from hazelnut bushes , buckthorn , hawthorn , sloe , blackberry or hornbeam , ash or alder are less common, but occasionally also larger beeches and oaks . Thorn bushes such as dog roses , blackberries , hawthorn and blackthorn were also often planted as protection against browsing . These were felled crosswise every few years, so that dead wood and growth created a barrier that was difficult for the cattle to penetrate. Hedgerows are considered to be species-rich habitat, act by their great biodiversity well into the landscape and therefore are partially protected . After all, over the centuries hedge-grassland complexes have developed into their own habitat for flora and fauna of the lowlands and shape the appearance of the landscape in some areas.

In intensive agriculture, wall hedges can hinder mechanical tillage. Wall hedge landscapes are often the subject of disputes between economic and ecological interests in the regions concerned . In land regrouping process with the aim of larger and more efficient farming agricultural to create surfaces, the leveling of old hedgerows was intended not uncommon.

In Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, wall hedges no longer characterize the landscape, as they were removed in the course of merging the arable land into very large units for the LPG companies .

In Schleswig-Holstein the Knicks are today by § 30 Federal Nature Conservation Act i. V. m. Section 21 (1) of the State Nature Conservation Act. The aim is to preserve 60 meters of wall hedge per hectare in agricultural areas.

The Lower Saxony Implementation Act of the Federal Nature Conservation Act of February 19, 2010 contains in Section 22 (3) provisions on wall hedges: Wall hedges overgrown with trees or bushes that serve or served as an enclosure, even if they were used to restore or supplement the natural area and location traditional wall hedge network have been newly created are protected landscape components within the meaning of Section 29 (1) sentence 1 BNatSchG. Wall hedges must not be removed. All actions that impair the growth of trees and bushes are prohibited. In special cases, wood-free walls with border function are also classified as wall hedges.

maintenance

In order to preserve the landscape and the traditional shape of the wall hedges, the bushes must be regularly "bent" or put back on the cane. This is only allowed during the winter months.

See also

literature

  • Jürgen Eigner: Our curtsies in the balance of nature and the landscape. In: Schleswig-Holstein. Volume X, 1975, pp. 172-176.
  • Jürgen Eigner: Ecological buckling assessment in Schleswig-Holstein. In: The home. Volume 85, 1978, pp. 241-249.
  • Renate Hüser: Habitat wall hedge . Ed .: Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe, Landesbildstelle Westfalen, Münster 1991.
  • Georg Müller: Wall hedges: development, maintenance, new installation using the example of the community of Ganderkesee and general information on wall hedges in north-west Germany. BSH Verlag, 1989, ISBN 3-923788-16-9 .
  • Georg Müller: Europe's field enclosures. Wall hedges (Knicks), hedges, field walls (stone walls), dry shrub hedges, flexible hedges, wattle hedges, wicker fences and traditional wooden fences, dry shrub hedges, bending hedges, wattle hedges, wicker fences and traditional wooden fences (original title: Europe's Field Boundaries ). 2 volumes, Neuer Kunstverlag / Neuer Sportverlag, Stuttgart 2013, ISBN 978-3-944526-14-0 .
  • Gerhard Siebels: On the cultural geography of the wall hedge. A contribution to the solution of the hedge landscape problem on the basis of cultural-geographic studies in the district of Aurich (East Friesland) . Rautenberg & Möckel, Leer (East Friesland) 1954.

Movie

  • The trick with the kink. Documentary, Germany, 2018, 28:40 min., Script and director: Kirsten Burger, production: NDR , series: NaturNah , first broadcast: March 20, 2018 on NDR television , synopsis by NDR, online video available until March 20 2019.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ State ordinance on legally protected biotopes (biotope ordinance). (pdf, 57 kB) In: Ministry for Agriculture, Environment and Rural Areas Schleswig-Holstein. September 22, 2009, archived from the original on October 6, 2014 ; accessed on September 1, 2017 .
  2. ^ Achim Messerschmidt: Cultural monuments: Cross country over stone hurdles . In: Eckernförder Zeitung , July 26, 2014, accessed on September 1, 2017.
  3. ↑ gesetze-rechtsprechung.sh.juris.de: Law for the protection of nature (State Nature Conservation Act - LNatSchG): § 21 Legally protected biotopes . Schleswig-Holstein, February 24, 2010, accessed September 1, 2017.
  4. ↑ Lower Saxony Implementation Act for the Federal Nature Conservation Act (NAGBNatSchG) . February 19, 2010, accessed September 1, 2017.