Kaiserswerth

The title of this article is ambiguous. For the now Czech community, see Císařov .

Kaiserswerth district of the state capital Düsseldorf
Basic data
Geographic location :	51 ° 18 ′  N , 6 ° 44 ′  E Coordinates: 51 ° 18 ′  N , 6 ° 44 ′  E
Surface:	4.81 km²
Residents:	8,112 (December 31, 2016)
Population density :	1,686 inhabitants per km²
Incorporation :	August 1, 1929
District:	District 5
District number:	053
Transport links
Bundesstrasse :
Light rail :	U 79
Bus route:	728 749 751 760

Kaiserswerth is a district of Düsseldorf located on the Rhine and belongs to district 5 . The former imperial city was incorporated in 1929. The original place name was "Suitbertuswerth".

The name Kaiserswerth is derived from the Middle High German word werth for island. It therefore means Imperial Island or the Emperor's Island .

Geographical location

Banks of the Rhine

The former imperial city of Kaiserswerth is located directly on the Rhine River and halfway between Düsseldorf and Duisburg. The Rhine makes a flat curve here so that the river can be overlooked for a good 13 kilometers. The 4.81 km² Kaiserswerth is about 10 km from the city center of Düsseldorf and has around 8,100 inhabitants (as of December 31, 2016). After the settlement period, Kaiserswerth is the oldest documented district of Düsseldorf. Together with the districts of Angermund, Kalkum, Lohausen, Stockum and Wittlaer, Kaiserswerth today forms Düsseldorf's district 5.

history

Keyserswerd , around 1630

Keyserswerdt , 1646

prehistory

The Kaiserswerther menhir

The oldest surviving monument in Kaiserswerth and in Düsseldorf as a whole is, apart from a few finds, the Kaiserswerth menhir from the period from 2000 to 1500 BC. Chr.

middle Ages

Ruins of the Kaiserpfalz in Kaiserswerth

Rear view of the Suitbertus Basilica as seen from the banks of the Rhine

Between 695 and 700 the monk Suitbert founded a Benedictine monastery on an island off the Rhine, a Werth , which later became Kaiserswerth, but which was destroyed again 88 years later. This island on the Rhine , on which the Fronhof Rinthausen was located, had been given to the Anglo-Saxon Suibertus by the Frankish housekeeper Pippin the Middle . The mentioned royal court was later gradually converted into a castle . In addition, this was one of the oldest Rhine crossings, with a good overview of the Rhine . This was and is a convenient strategic location for a fortress .

After the destruction of the Benedictine monastery, the "Stift Kaiserswerth" was founded. The King of the East Franconian Empire Ludwig III. put the monastery under his protection in 877 and exempted its churches and property from normal jurisdiction as well as from all customs duties and public burdens. In 1045 the imperial palace in Kaiserswerth , which was well known in the Middle Ages, was acquired by the Salian emperor Heinrich III. founded. During the “ coup d'état of Kaiserswerth ” in 1062, the Archbishop of Cologne , Anno II of Cologne, kidnapped the German King Heinrich IV, who was still underage, from this imperial palace. Through this robbery of the king, Anno obtained rule over the Holy Roman Empire until Heinrich IV came of age .

In 1078 the church of St. Georg was built near the Kaiserswerther Menhir (destroyed in 1689).

In 1145 Kaiserswerth became an imperial city when King Konrad III. took the inhabitants under his protection.

In 1174, Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa moved the Rhine toll from Tiel ( Holland ) to Kaiserswerth. He built a new imperial palace as a mighty customs fortress. These medieval imperial palaces were not the permanent residence of the emperor, but were visited by him on his travels through the empire. He ruled the empire "on horseback". Today's wall remains come from this Hohenstaufen Palatinate. A letter that Friedrich Barbarossa wrote to his son Heinrich on his second crusade from Philippopolis and instructed him to take care of the completion and guarding of the buildings in Kaiserswerth and Nijmegen proves that the Palatinate was not yet completed in 1189 .

In a document from 1193 was the monastery Kaiserswerth of Emperor Heinrich VI. Both the immunity as well as the Reichsforst Aap and the authorization to appoint the forest counts for many districts between the Ruhr and the Düssel are confirmed. In addition to many others, the districts of Ratingen , Stockum , Flingern and Derendorf were also listed. This confirmed benefices that Pippin the Middle had already given the monastery .

In the Staufer-Welf throne dispute , Emperor Otto IV held high-ranking prisoners here. To their liberation, Count Adolf III besieged . von Berg the Palatinate several times between 1213 and 1215. Towards the end of the 11th and beginning of the 12th century, the old arm of the Rhine, the Fieth , began to silt up. A dam could therefore be built to storm the fortification. As a result, one of the two arms of the Rhine was diverted and fell dry. With this, the Kaiserswerth fortress lost its island position and could be captured.

In 1237 the enlarged St. Suitbertus basilica was rededicated . As early as 1243, the burgrave had its church tower demolished for strategic reasons. Between 1247 and 1249 King Wilhelm of Holland besieged Kaiserswerth. After the weakening of the German Empire, Kaiserswerth was pledged to the Archbishop of Cologne in 1273 by King Rudolf I. This pledge was only valid for the imperial palace and the city. The Rhine toll was expressly not included in the pledge.

This was followed by further pledges by King Adolf of Nassau in 1293 and King Albrecht I in 1298. The reason for these pledges was the reimbursement of the election and coronation costs that the respective Archbishop of Cologne had assumed for the new kings. The latter pledge from 1298 for the possession of the castle in Kaiserswerth was confirmed by the German King Albrecht I in a document dated 28th “ harvest month ” to Kurköln . By paying 36,000 Marks , King Albert would have been entitled to redeem the pledge from 1298, which in addition to the towns of Kaiserswerth, Sinzig and Dortmund also included the Rhine toll in Kaiserswerth. The burgrave in Kaiserswerth at this time (1298), nobleman Ludwig von Sonneberg , was initially not ready to hand over Kaiserswerth and the customs post voluntarily to Archbishop Wigbold of Cologne . King Albert therefore wrote to the Counts of Berg, Geldern, Mark, Jülich and Kleve in 1298 to support the Archbishop in taking over Kaiserswerth. The burgrave then handed Kaiserswerth over to the archbishop.

Further pledges of the Rhine toll from Kaiserswerth to the Counts of Berg and von Kleve followed. In 1397 there was a dispute over a pension for the Counts von Berg from the customs of Kaiserswerth. This dispute led to the Battle of Kleverhamm , which the Counts of Mark and Kleve won. In 1424 Duke Adolf von Kleve-Mark sold the customs post for 100,000 guilders to Archbishop Dietrich of Cologne . The Elector of Cologne now expanded Kaiserswerth into a mighty fortress, which was expanded into a modern protective system with five bastions in the 16th century. The moat built after the extensive silting of the arm of the Rhine between the city and the right mainland at the beginning of the 14th century was no longer needed and the site was divided up and leased in 1575.

From 1424 to 1772 Kaiserswerth belonged with the Rhine toll, apart from short interruptions, to the Electorate of Cologne.

City of Kaiserswerth

For the elevation of Kaiserswerth to a city, there is, for example, with 1288 for Düsseldorf, no exact single date. The criteria for a city in the Middle Ages were: the right to self-government, rights of freedom for the citizens, commercial and / or commercial activity beyond the local area and a fortification. Various data were available for Kaiserswerth for these criteria. The already for 1145 by King Konrad III. Confirmation of the exemption from customs duties for all places that visited these affected people under the king's control and also the people of the monastery with the merchants. However, at that time the confirmation still differentiated between the people of the king and those of the pen with the dealers. However, since it was also a confirmation, the original confirmation must be of an earlier date. It is believed that this was granted by King Henry V , reign 1106–1125, or possibly even earlier. At the turn of the 12th to the 13th century, the residents of Kaiserswerth were granted their first rights of self-government, those of King Friedrich II. In 1219 and 1220 through two mandates for the formation of a committee of twelve, for the notarization of sales and trading transactions and the election of a market master , have been expanded. A council can be identified for the first time in 1279, but it may have been formed for the first time a few decades earlier. Through this appointment of a council, the "city development" should have taken place. A source reports on the first town hall on Pisterstraße from 1418. However, this was probably built in the late 14th century.

The city's first “heyday” came to an end at the end of the 13th century, as many pledges of the Rhine toll were made to various buyers at that time . As already mentioned, this tariff was transferred to Kaiserswerth as an imperial tariff by Emperor Barbarossa at the beginning of the second half of the 12th century. The pledges loosened the bonds for the pledge periods to the Reich, as the pledge givers changed the conditions in the imperial city through their own political influences. However, this should not have been beneficial for trade and change. However, in the first half of the 14th century, the Kaiserswerth family gained a few additional privileges. In 1348 they received special duty exemptions for the county of Berg from Count Gerhard von Berg. In 1361, Count Wilhelm II von Berg confirmed the civil liberties that had been obtained. These were also included in the pledge agreement of 1424, when Kaiserswerth was again acquired by pledge from Kurköln , but now for a longer period of time. In 1431, Duke Adolf von Jülich-Berg granted customs exemptions in the area of ​​the Angermund office . When the Archbishops of Cologne came to power, Kaiserswerth was now an enclave of Kurköln on the right bank of the Rhine, which meant that the conditions for trade were again not favorable. In 1532 the city of Kaiserswerth only received a tax revenue of 150 gold guilders. In terms of customs duties, it was in the last place among the Kurkölner cities and thus still below that of Zons .

Modern times

Mercenary troops besieged the city in 1586 during the Truchsessian War . Kaiserswerth was besieged again in 1636 during the Thirty Years' War .

In 1591 the later Baroque poet Friedrich Spee von Langenfeld , who as a Jesuit was to become one of the most important opponents of the witch hunt of his time, was born as the son of a noble official in Kaiserswerth.

In 1654, under pressure from the Archbishop of Cologne, a Capuchin monastery was founded.

In 1656 a powder explosion damaged the palace building considerably. In 1689 the fortress and the church were badly damaged during the war by the French troops Louis XIV . An imperial army besieged Kaiserswerth and recaptured it. The city was badly damaged. The Church of St. George was destroyed.

Siege of Kaiserwerth (1702)

House facades on the southern side of Suitbertus-Stiftsplatz

The worst damage occurred in 1702 during the War of the Spanish Succession . The fortress was again occupied by French troops. After a two-month siege , during which the fortress was almost completely destroyed, the allied imperial troops of Holland and Prussia recaptured Kaiserswerth under Elector Johann Wilhelm II . Except for a few houses, the city was completely destroyed by the fighting and the Palatinate was blown up by the victors. Until 1711, the rubble served as a quarry to rebuild the city. Since then, the Palatinate has been in ruins . The collegiate church was not rebuilt until 1717.

In 1762/1772 Kaiserswerth came to the Electoral Palatinate through a ruling by the Reich Chamber of Commerce . This lifted the settlement ban for Protestant Christians. Protestant entrepreneurs from Krefeld then founded several textile factories . This not only improved the economic situation of the place, but also a Lutheran (1777) and a Reformed church (1778) were founded. This built a parish church with a rectory and school between 1790 and 1811. After two severe floods in 1784 and 1795 (the so-called "ice water floods"), the flood dam was laid in 1794–1799 by the imperial palace .

In the 19th century Kaiserswerth became famous for the deaconess institute founded by Theodor Fliedner , in which u. a. In 1849 Florence Nightingale was trained. The Florence Nightingale Clinic is now Düsseldorf's largest hospital , apart from the university clinic at the other end of town.

In the years 1899–1908 the remains of the walls of the imperial palace were restored for the first time. Further repairs to the imperial palace were carried out in 1967–1974 and 1998–2001.

During the First and Second World Wars , Kaiserswerth grew into an extensive hospital town. Between 1933 and 1945, the Palatinate served as a memorial for the Hitler Youth . From September 1944 until the end of the war, the air raid warning center for the Rhine and Münsterland (Luftgaukommando VI / Münster) was located in the bunker and under the bridge that leads from Klemensplatz to Kaiserswerther Markt.

In 1929 the city of Kaiserswerth was incorporated into Düsseldorf, which ended the history of Kaiserswerth as an independent municipality . Kaiserswerth is now one of the districts of Düsseldorf with the highest purchasing power .

coat of arms

Blazon : A double-headed, red-tongued black eagle in gold , covered with a breast shield , inside a black cross on a silver background.

Description: Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa had the imperial palace built in 1174, around which the city developed. Today only a ruin of the former customs fortress remains. For this reason one finds the imperial eagle as the main component in the coat of arms. The eagle has been on the seal of the former city since the 13th century. The breastplate shows the electoral cross of the Electorate of Cologne, to which the city belonged from 1424 to 1762.

Jews in Kaiserswerth

→ Main article : Jews in Düsseldorf

Little is known about the history of the Jews in Kaiserswerth. However, it is known that around 1900 there were Jews in important functions, respected occupations and also as building owners. The 1905 handbook of the Archdiocese of Cologne lists 22 "Israelites" for the parish of Kaiserswerth.

Even before the First World War, the prayer room in the old customs house was abandoned. As a result, there is said to have been a prayer room in an extension to the old town hall. However, this was destroyed in World War II. At this point there is now a department store.

The clearest sign of earlier Jewish life in Kaiserswerth is the small, somewhat hidden, but well-kept Jewish cemetery (first mentioned in 1760). The tombstones show that many Jewish citizens left Kaiserswerth before 1933. The causes are unknown. The manual of the Archdiocese of Cologne from 1933 lists 10 "Israelites" for the parish of Kaiserswerth.

There are also a few stumbling blocks on Kaiserswerther Markt and the Alte Landstrasse.

The Geschwister-Aufricht-Straße, which has been named since 2003 and commemorates two deaconesses of Jewish origin persecuted by the Nazis: Erna (Ernestine) (born January 13, 1882 Budapest) and Johanne Aufricht (born August 10, 1876), leads across the grounds of the Kaiserswerther Diakonie Pressburg / Hungary). Erna Aufricht was murdered in Auschwitz on October 19, 1944 , her sister survived the Theresienstadt concentration camp and returned to Kaiserswerth in summer 1945, where she lived in seclusion until her death on August 18, 1963.

Traffic routes

U 79 at the Klemensplatz stop

The light rail line U 79 (formerly D-Bahn ) of Rheinbahn AG and Duisburger Verkehrsgesellschaft AG connects Kaiserswerth with Düsseldorf and Duisburg- Meiderich . There are also bus connections to Ratingen , Mettmann and Düsseldorf Airport. The central stop in Kaiserswerth is called Klemensplatz .

Kaiserswerth is intersected from north to south by the busy federal road 8 , the most important road connecting Duisburg and the Wittlaer district with the city center. The expressway B 8n is also available as a quick connection to the city center.

There is a ferry connection across the Rhine to the Langst-Kierst district of Meerbusch for vehicles and pedestrians.

There is also a jetty that is used by excursion boats of the White Fleet to and from the old town . The shipping line also represents a further connection to Meerbusch (Mönchenwerth pier, Büderich district ) and the Düsseldorf-Lörick district immediately adjacent there .

Education and culture

schools

Elementary school Kaiserswerth

Kaiserswerth has five schools:

• Primary school Kaiserswerth Municipal community primary school with Montessori branch since August 30, 1982 in the west wing of the Old Lyceum from 1914 on the bastion at Fliednerstraße 32, with (2009) 315 students, 12 classes and 16 teachers as well as four private schools, which also include many students other districts of Düsseldorf, Duisburg, Ratingen and Meerbusch:
• Theodor-Fliedner-Gymnasium (named after the founder of the Kaiserswerther Diakonie ), since 1953 in the sponsorship of the Evangelical Church in the Rhineland ; 1908 / 09–1928, 1925–1942 and since 1950, on Kalkumer Schloßallee
• Archbishop's Suitbertus Gymnasium Düsseldorf of the Archdiocese of Cologne of the Roman Catholic Church in Germany next to the Kaiserpfalz
• International School of Düsseldorf eV (Internationale Schule Düsseldorf) run by private individuals, with a senior school (secondary school) and an elementary school (primary school) on Niederrheinstrasse 336 and 323, the school language is English
• Vocational College Kaiserswerther Diakonie is a state-approved private school with a vocational high school as well as one of the oldest educational schools in Germany, which specializes in professions in the social and health sector.

A special case is the Theodor Fliedner boarding school , which belongs to the Kaiserswerther Diakonie and has existed since 1954. The up to 85 students live and live on a 9000 m² site. The boarding school does not have a school itself; rather, the pupils attend schools in the surrounding area with which the boarding school cooperates.

Colleges

On October 14, 2011, the Fliedner University of Applied Sciences in Düsseldorf , a subsidiary of the Kaiserswerther Diakonie, was officially opened. Since the 2011/12 winter semester, Bachelor and Master courses in health, training and social affairs can be taken there.

Library

There is also a location for the Düsseldorf city libraries in Kaiserswerth . This is responsible for the entire north of Düsseldorf. There are around 25,500 media, including a children's and youth library.

Regular exhibitions by Düsseldorf artists take place in the rooms. In addition, the location u. a.

• Author readings
• Multimedia demonstrations
• Theater and cabaret
• Introductions for school classes and groups

Museums

The following museums are located in Kaiserswerth:

• The Kaiserswerth Museum of the Heimat- und Bürgererverein Kaiserswerth e. V. on the history of Kaiserswerth, since 1991 in the east wing of the Old Lyceum at Fliednerstraße 32.
• The Care Museum of Fliedner Cultural Foundation in 15 rooms in the former nurses hospital Tabea (building 1903) with an extensive collection on the history of diakonia and the Nursing and an ethnographic collection , whose best-known work an original Egyptian mummy is ( "Kaiserswerther Mummy").
• The Kaiserswerth art archive , where works by the painter Bruno Goller and the photo artists Bernd and Hilla Becher are shown.

Hiking trails

• SGV route "X17" Kaiserswerth– Werdohl
• SGV-Weg "D" Kaiserswerth– Benrath

Personalities

Sons and daughters

• Friedrich Spee von Langenfeld (1591–1635), Jesuit, moral theologian, poet and writer
• Theodor von der Beek (1838–1921), portrait and genre painter from the Düsseldorf School
• Engelbert Kayser (1840–1911), tin caster, artistic director of the Kayserzinn company
• Wilhelm Sültenfuß (1844–1924), architect
• Hans Rudolf Ranke (1849–1887), surgeon
• Johann Vaillant (1851–1920), inventor of the bath stove, founder of the Vaillant group of companies
• Rudolf Albert Becker-Heyer (1862–1928), painter, illustrator and etcher
• Hermann Bahner (1867–1938), landscape painter
• Till Eulenberg (1906–1976), publisher
• Winfred Gaul (1928–2003), artist
• Heike Roesner (* 1959), visual artist, painter, musician
• Wilhelm Droste (* 1960), politician
• Hella Santarossa (* 1949), visual artist, painter, glass artist, née Derix

Personalities connected with Kaiserswerth

• St. Suitbertus (* around 637, † 713), Anglo-Saxon monk, came to 700 from England to Kaiserswerth, where he died, his relics are in the Basilica of St. Suitbertus kept
• Caspar Ulenberg (1548–1617), Catholic theologian and author of many hymns
• Josias Habrecht (1552–1575), clockmaker
• Friederike Fliedner (1800–1842), teacher and nurse
• Theodor Fliedner (1800–1864), Protestant pastor and founder of the Kaiserswerth Diakonissenanstalt
• Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), English pioneer of nursing, attended the Kaiserswerth deaconess institution in 1850 and 1851
• Julius Disselhoff (1827–1896), director of the Diakonissenanstalt Kaiserswerth and author
• August Friedrich Georg Disselhoff (1829–1903), pastor and poet of "Now ade, you my dear homeland"
• Aloys Dauzenberg (1831–1907), Catholic priest, member of the Reichstag and honorary citizen of Kaiserswerth
• Heinrich Petersen-Flensburg (1861–1908), landscape and marine painter, lived and died in Kaiserswerth
• Wilhelm Degode (1862–1931), landscape painter and photographer, lived since 1895 and died in Kaiserswerth (see also Degodehaus )
• Cornelius Wagner (1870–1956), landscape and marine painter
• Herbert Eulenberg (1876–1949), writer and honorary citizen of the city of Düsseldorf, lived and died in Kaiserswerth in the Freedom House
• Hedda Eulenberg (1876–1960), translator, lived and died in Kaiserswerth in the Freedom House
• Siegfried Graf von Lüttichau (1877–1965), Chairman of the Kaiserswerther Association and President of the Kaiserswerther General Conference
• Friederich Werthmann (1927–2018), sculptor
• Bernd (1931–2007) and Hilla Becher (1934–2015) founders of the Düsseldorf Photo School
• Margarethe von Trotta (* 1942), actress, director and screenwriter, graduated from high school in Kaiserswerth in 1960
• Thomas Schönauer (* 1953), sculptor
• Sönke Wortmann (* 1959), film director

literature

• Irmingard eighth: Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth (= Rheinische Kunststätten . H. 252). 3rd, improved edition. Rhenish Association for Monument Preservation and Landscape Protection, Cologne 1994, ISBN 3-88094-779-1 .
• Anke Degode: Kaiserswerth. A walk from 1900 to 1923. Degode, Düsseldorf u. a. 1995.
• Anke Degode: Gorse gold. Stories and pictures from the Eifel and the Rhineland around 1900. (Wilhelm Degode - landscape painter and photographer). Landpresse, Weilerswist 2001, ISBN 3-935221-09-6 .
• Anke Degode: Kaiserswerth ... his imperial palace. In the time mirror of engravers, painters and photographers. Degode et al. a., Düsseldorf 2009.
• Karl Heck: History of Kaiserswerth. Chronicle of the city, the founder and the castle with consideration of the surrounding area. 3rd, completely revised edition. Bagel, Düsseldorf 1936.
• Sönke Lorenz : Kaiserswerth in the Middle Ages. Genesis, structure and organization of royal rule on the Lower Rhine (= Studia humaniora. Volume 23). Droste, Düsseldorf 1993, ISBN 3-7700-0829-4 .
• Christoph Mulitze: Kaiserswerth. The pearl on the Rhine. Gaasterland, Düsseldorf 2005, ISBN 3-935873-08-5 .
• Christa-Maria Zimmermann, Hans Stöcker (ed.): Kayserswerth. 1300 years of saints, emperors, reformers. Extended by a cityscape analysis by Edmund Spohr . 2nd, revised edition. Triltsch, Düsseldorf 1981, ISBN 3-7998-0005-0 .

• Jürgen Fischer: Kaiserswerth - history, legends, impressions. Feature film and DVD, Germany 2005.

Web links

Commons : Kaiserswerth  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Wikisource: Keyserswerd in the Topographia Colonia et al. (Matthäus Merian)  - Sources and full texts

• Website of the association “Wir Kaiserswerther e. V. ” with tourist information, sights and local shops and businesses
• Website of "Kaiserswerth Aktuell" with information, addresses, events and news
• Picture album of Kaiserswerth and the Kaiserpfalz

Remarks

1. ↑ This royal court is mentioned as a prebende , which was already given as a Frohnhof by Pippin to the Kaiserswerth monastery . The donation also included the forest counties for the extensive forest area from Saarn / Linforf to Flingern .
2. ↑ For the statement whether Kaiserswerth was actually already a city ​​in 1145 , more details are given in the following chapter "City of Kaiserswerth". Probably the monastery and the later monastery were under the direct protection of the empire from the end of the 9th century at the latest. King Ludwig the Younger took the monastery under his protection, documented in 877, and granted him immunity . This protection and immunity were confirmed by other Carolingian kings in 888 ( Arnolf of Carinthia ), 904 and 910 ( Ludwig the child ). The same conditions are likely to have applied later to the Kaiserpfalz with the small town until the Archbishop of Cologne came to power in 1424 .

Individual evidence

1. ^ Office for statistics and elections of the state capital Düsseldorf: Statistics for the district 053 - Kaiserswerth
2. ^ Hugo Weidenhaupt: Brief history of the city of Düsseldorf. Triltsch-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1979, ISBN 3-7998-0000-X , p. 243.
3. ↑ Friedrich Tamms: Düsseldorf, yes this is our city. Econ-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1966, p. 32.
4. ^ Heinrich Averdunk In: History of the City of Düsseldorf. 1894, p. [52] 44. Online version
5. ^ Hugo Weidenhaupt: Brief history of the city of Düsseldorf. Triltsch-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1979, ISBN 3-7998-0000-X , p. 15.
6. ^ In a document issued by Emperor Heinrich VI. Was issued in 1193, this donation is cited → Theodor Joseph Lacomblet: Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine and the Archbishopric of Cöln, document 540 , 1858, part 4, p. [395] 377. Online edition 2009 nbn-resolving.de
7. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet: Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine and the Archbishopric of Cöln, document 71. 1840, part 1, p. [53] 71. Online edition 2009 nbn-resolving.de
8. ^ Hugo Weidenhaupt: Brief history of the city of Düsseldorf. Triltsch-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1979, ISBN 3-7998-0000-X , p. 19.
9. ^ E. Wisplinghoff: Middle Ages and early modern times. From the first written messages to the end of the Jülich-Klevische inheritance dispute (approx. 1609–1614). In H. Weidenhaupt (Ed.): Düsseldorf. History from the origins to the 20th century. (Volume 1) Schwann / Patmos, Düsseldorf 1988.
10. ^ Peter Eschbach: On the building history of the Hohenstaufenpfalz Kaiserswerth. In: Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine. Journal of the Düsseldorf History Association. Eighteenth volume, Düsseldorf 1903, p. 159 (online)
11. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet: Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine and the Archbishopric of Cöln, document 540. 1840, part 1, p. [393] 377. Online edition 2009 nbn-resolving.de
12. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet: Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine or the Archbishopric of Cologne. Certificate No. 636. Volume 2, 1846, p. [421] 373. Digitized edition ULB Bonn
13. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet: Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine and the Archbishopric of Cöln, certificate 994. 1853, part 2, 1201-1300, p. [624] 586.
14. ↑ Christoph Jakob Kremer: Academic contributions to Gülch and Bergische history. 1781, Volume 3, CCVI Certificate, p. [443] 224.
15. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet: Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine and the Archbishopric of Cöln, certificate 997. 1853, part 2, 1201-1300, p. [625] 587.
16. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet: Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine and the Archbishopric of Cöln, certificate 1008. 1853, part 2, 1201-1300, p. [631] 593.
17. ↑ ^{a b} Erich Wisplinghoff: From the Middle Ages to the end of the Jülich-Klevischen inheritance dispute (approx. 700-1614). In: Hugo Weidenhaupt (Ed.): Düsseldorf history from the origins to the 20th century. 2nd Edition. Schwann / Patmos Verlag, 1990, ISBN 3-491-34221-X , p. 324.
18. ↑ ^{a b} Erich Wisplinghoff: From the Middle Ages to the end of the Jülich-Klevischen inheritance dispute (approx. 700-1614). In: Hugo Weidenhaupt (Ed.): Düsseldorf history from the origins to the 20th century. 2nd Edition. Schwann / Patmos Verlag, 1990, ISBN 3-491-34221-X , p. 320.
19. ↑ Erich Wisplinghoff: From the Middle Ages to the end of the Jülich-Klevischen inheritance dispute (approx. 700-1614). In: Hugo Weidenhaupt (Ed.): Düsseldorf history from the origins to the 20th century. 2nd Edition. Schwann / Patmos Verlag, 1990, ISBN 3-491-34221-X , p. 322.
20. ^ City of Düsseldorf district history
21. ↑ Eyewitness report: No stone was left unturned - The destruction of Kaiserswerth in 1702 ( Memento from May 31, 2002 in the Internet Archive )
22. ↑ ngw.nl
23. ↑ Heinrich Sövegjarto: traces of Jewish life in Kaiserswerth. In: Dietmar Oelsner (Ed.): Nord • Bote. Düsseldorf August 1st, 2008.
24. ^ City of Düsseldorf: The cemetery guide - this side and the next. 1st edition. Mammut-Verlag, Leipzig 2002, OCLC 723909330 .
25. ↑ Timeline:  ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) on: kaiserswerther-diakonie.de
26. ^ Bernhard Wiebel: The double July 20, 1942 or a piece of theology by Kaiserswerth. In: Kaiserswerther Mitteilungen. No. 4/1981
27. ^ Theodor Fliedner High School in Düsseldorf
28. ^ ISD: International School of Düsseldorf e. V.
29. ^ Vocational college in Düsseldorf, Kaiserswerth
30. ^ The Theodor Fliedner boarding school
31. ↑ Homepage of the Fliedner University of Applied Sciences
32. ↑ See the website of the Museum Kaiserswerth - Heimat- und Bürgererverein Kaiserswerth e. V.
33. ↑ Eckart Roloff , Karin Henke-Wendt: The long way to professional care. (The care museum in Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth) In: Visit your doctor or pharmacist. A tour through Germany's museums for medicine and pharmacy. Volume 1: Northern Germany. S. Hirzel Verlag, Stuttgart 2015, pp. 129-131.
34. ↑ See website of the museum kunst palast: Kunstarchiv Kaiserswerth  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )