Oliwa (Gdańsk)

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Oliwa
Coat of arms of OlivaCoat of arms of Oliva
Oliwa (Poland)
Oliwa
Oliwa
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Pomerania
District of: Gdańsk
Area : 18,399.7  km²
Geographic location : 54 ° 25 '  N , 18 ° 34'  E Coordinates: 54 ° 24 '38 "  N , 18 ° 33' 32"  E
Residents : 17,728 (2009)



Oliwa ( German Oliva , Kashubian Òlëwa or Òléwa ) is a district of the city of Gdańsk (Danzig) in the Polish Pomeranian Voivodeship .

As an independent place at that time, Oliva became known in history through the sea ​​battle of Oliva (1627), the Treaty of Oliva (1660) and the Oliva monastery .

Geographical location

The village is located in the historical region of West Prussia , about ten kilometers northwest of the city center of Gdansk at the foot of the 107 meter high Karlsberg , 30 meters above sea level. It has an area of ​​18.40 km².

In the north, Oliwa borders on the independent town of Sopot (Sopot) , in the east on the Gdańsk districts Jelitkowo (Glettkau) , Przymorze (Konradshammer) and Zaspa-Młyniec (Saspe-Mühlenhof) , in the south on Strzyża (Striess) , VII Dwór (Pelonken) ) and Brętowo (Brentau) , in the southwest on Matarnia (Mattern) and in the west on Osowa (Espenkrug) .

The Baltic Sea beach in Jelitkowo (Glettkau) is about four kilometers northeast of the center of Oliwa.

history

Oliva west of Gdansk Bay and northwest of Gdansk on a map from 1908
Oliva northwest of Danzig , southwest of the coastal town of Glettkau an der Danziger Bucht and southeast of Neustadt an der Rheda on a map from 1910
Location of Oliwa in the Gdansk city area

For centuries the village consisted mainly of a Cistercian monastery , the Oliva monastery . In 1175 German monks from the Kolbatz monastery near Stettin settled in the place they called Oliva in order to do pastoral care; In 1178 the Pomeranian Duke Sambor I furnished them with lands from his property. Outside the enclosure, the abbots, who, like the monks, were originally of German origin, built an abbey. Since 1309 Oliva belonged to the territory of the Teutonic Order State .

Since it was founded, the monastery complex has been destroyed several times, but has been repeatedly repaired. In 1224, 1234 and 1236 they destroyed the pagan Pruzzen , in 1432 and 1433 twice the Poles.

Already while it belonged to the Teutonic Order State of Prussia, the region around Oliva was administered from Danzig, which in 1440 had joined the Prussian Confederation opposing the order and voluntarily in 1466 the autonomous Prussian Royal Part under the auspices of the Polish crown . With this, a creeping process of Polonization began in Pomerellen , which was promoted by the Polish Catholic Church. Since 1538 the monks of the Oliva Monastery had to be Poles. After the city of Gdansk, nine kilometers away, converted to the Lutheran faith , Oliva became a refuge for the Counter Reformation and was therefore partially destroyed by the Gdansk people in 1577.

By his decree of March 16, 1569 at the Lublin Reichstag, King Sigismund II August unilaterally terminated the autonomy of Polish-Prussia under threat of severe penalties, which is why the sovereignty of the Polish king in this part of the former territory of the Teutonic Order from 1569 to 1772 was felt as foreign rule.

The Battle of Oliva took place in the Bay of Gdańsk in front of Oliva on November 28, 1627 during the Polish-Swedish War . The Treaty of Oliva of May 3, 1660 ended the Second Northern War .

In the period 1754-56, the abbey was a castle in the Rococo style replaced the Abbot's Palace .

As a result of the first partition of Poland-Lithuania in 1772, western Prussia with the area around Oliva, Putzig and Neustadt under Frederick II of Prussia was reunited with the eastern part of the Kingdom of Prussia to the extent that these parts were connected with each other at the time of the Teutonic Order , and thus freed from Polish rule. Oliva was now part of the Kingdom of Prussia. The place had about 500 inhabitants and around 70 buildings. The Prussians confiscated the entire property of the Cistercian monks.

Around 1789 there were 48 monks living in the monastery, and a patch with inns and inns had arisen around the monastery complex, in which craftsmen also lived and which included 70 households (fireplaces). The castle was last inhabited until 1836 by the abbot and prince-bishop of Warmia , Josef von Hohenzollern-Hechingen. From 1927 to 1945 it housed the State Museum of Gdansk History .

In 1804, Oliva became the administrative center of the surrounding villages.

From 1807 to 1814 the village and monastery were part of the Free State of Republic of Danzig, which was installed by Napoleon Bonaparte .

In 1814 Gdansk and its surrounding cities and towns came back to Prussia through the Congress of Vienna , and in 1818 it became part of the district of Gdansk .

Dom
Adam Mickiewicz Park
Abbot's Palace of the Oliva Monastery

In 1831 the monastery was secularized . One of the two churches became Catholic, the other Protestant.

Monastery complex and village of Oliva around the middle of the 19th century.

With the construction of the Köslin – Stolp – Danzig railway, Oliva was connected to the railway network. Oliva train station opened in 1870.

On June 21, 1873 the horse-drawn tram, which today connects Danzig with Oliva and Langfuhr as an electric tram , was opened.

In 1874 Oliva was granted city rights. About 3,000 people lived in the city. In 1887 Oliva moved to the new district of Danziger Höhe .

In 1907 Glettkau (today Jelitkowo ), Poggenkrug (Zabianka) and Konradshammer Przymorze were incorporated.

Around 1908 in Oliva there was a chief forester's house, iron hammers, roofing felt, soap and cement factories, a brickworks, an art gardening shop, an important mill, an after-work house for teachers, a poor and work institution and an orphanage.

After the First World War , Oliva had a population of around 11,000. With the entry into force of the Treaty of Versailles in 1920 the place was part of under the mandate of the League of Nations standing Free City of Danzig .

In 1926, Oliva, with around 14,000 inhabitants, became part of the urban district of Danzig itself and thus lost its independence.

On September 1, 1939, the Second World War began on the Westerplatte peninsula in the north of the city of Danzig . The Free City of Danzig with over 90 percent German population was incorporated into the German Empire. Polish-speaking residents were massively harassed in the following years, some of them also killed. Allied air raids on Danzig began at the end of March 1945, followed by ground fighting when the Red Army marched in . In the process, the structure and the park in the village were partially destroyed. Before and during the fighting, the evacuation and flight of the German-speaking population to the west took place. The castle was also damaged in the fighting and burned down.

After the end of the war, the village was placed under Polish administration together with West Prussia and the southern half of East Prussia . The immigration of Polish civilians began in Oliva. In the spring of 1945 Oliwa - now the official name - received its old town charter, but quickly lost its independence and became a district of Gdansk, which was given the Polish name of Gdańsk . The German population living in the city until 1946 was expelled in the period that followed .

On January 2, 1952, the SKM S-Bahn-like connection from Gdańsk to Sopot was opened with a stop in Oliwa - initially with single-track traffic, from May 15, 1952, double-track.

The Gdansk Zoological Garden (Miejski Ogród Zoologiczny w Gdańsku) opened its doors to the public in Oliwa on May 1, 1954.

The castle ruins were restored in the 1960s and have housed a museum again since the 1990s.

Pope John Paul II visited Gdansk twice: in June 1987 and June 1999. He stayed in the vicinity of the Oliva Cathedral.

Population development

year Residents Remarks
1772 about 500 in around 70 houses
1836 1,250 in around 100 houses
1875 3,284
1880 3,922
1890 3,822 1,408 Protestants
1905 6,894 including 2,713 Evangelicals
1919 approx. 11,000
1926 approx. 14,000
1930 approx. 16,000
2012 17,728 As of January 12, 2012

Buildings and green spaces

  • Oliva Cathedral (Bazylika archikatedralna w Oliwie): from the 14th century, with an external dimension of 107 meters, it is the longest Cistercian church building in the world
  • Oliva Monastery (Opactwo Cystersów w Oliwie): From 1185 until its secularization in 1831 and again since 1945 monastery
  • Abbot's Palace in Oliva (Pałac Opatów w Oliwie): built from 1754 to 1756
  • Olivaer Park (Park Oliwski): 11.3 hectares, originally owned by the monastery, now publicly accessible park
  • Oliva Botanical Garden (Ogród Botaniczny w Oliwie): Part of the Oliva Park, laid out between 1952 and 1956
  • Gdansk Zoological Garden (Miejski Ogród Zoologiczny w Gdańsku) ; 136 hectares in size, over 1000 animals

Personalities

Sons and daughters of the place

  • Louis von Brauchitsch (1857–1930), Prussian lieutenant general
  • Kurt Anger (1888–1961), German officer, most recently major general and commander for prisoners of war in military district XIII
  • Bruno Wansierski (1904–1994), German naval officer, most recently Vice Admiral and member of the control group of the NVR of the GDR
  • Bruno Gröning (1906–1959), German faith healer

Connected to the place

  • Anton Spetzler (1869–1934), German farmer and politician, active in Oliva in the Empire, later member of the Reichstag for constituency 6 (Pomerania)

Others

  • The Olivaer Platz in Berlin is named after Oliva.
  • Oliwa gained media attention in Germany in spring and summer 2012 through the headquarters of the German football team during the European Football Championship 2012 in the Hotel Dwór oliwski ("Olivaer Hof" - and not, as is often wrongly reproduced in German press articles - "Olivenhof") .

literature

(in chronological order)

Web links

Commons : Oliwa  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Podział administracyjny Gdańska - Gdańsk - oficjalna strona miasta - Official website of the City of Gdańsk. As of January 12, 2011, accessed June 20, 2012
  2. ^ Hans Prutz : History of the Neustadt district in West Prussia . Danzig 1872, p. 104 .
  3. ^ A. Reusch: West Prussia under Polish scepter. Ceremonial speech given at the Elbinger Gymnasium on 13th Spt. 1872 . In: Altpreußieche Monatsschrift , NF, Volume 10, Königsberg 1873, pp. 140–154, especially p. 146 .
  4. ^ Hans Prutz : History of the Neustadt district in West Prussia . Danzig 1872, p. 104 ff.
  5. ↑ a b The modern country dictionary. Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1978, Volume 8, p. 83.
  6. ↑ Erich Weise (ed.): Handbook of historical sites. Volume: East and West Prussia (= Kröner's pocket edition. Volume 317). Unchanged reprint of the 1st edition in 1966. Kröner, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-520-31701-X , pp. 163-164.
  7. ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part II, Marienwerder 1789, pp 55-56.
  8. ^ The modern country dictionary. Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1978, Volume 8, p. 78.
  9. ↑ a b Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 15, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, p. 41.
  10. ↑ Wydarzyło się w Gdańsku - Gdansk - oficjalna strona miasta - Official Website of Gdansk. Retrieved June 20, 2012
  11. ^ Leopold von Zedlitz-Neukirch : The Prussian state in all its relationships . Volume 2, Berlin 1836, pp. 468-469 .
  12. ↑ a b Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Province of West Prussia, Danziger Höhe district. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  13. ^ Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon . 14th edition, Volume 12, Berlin and Leipzig 1894, p. 575.
  14. ↑ The Big Brockhaus . 15th edition, Volume 13, Leipzig 1932, p. 657.
  15. ↑ Podział administracyjny Gdańska - Gdańsk - oficjalna strona miasta - Official website of the City of Gdańsk. As of January 12, 2011, accessed June 20, 2012
  16. ↑ Miejski Ogród Zoologiczny w Gdańsku - Website of the Gdańsk Zoo, accessed on June 20, 2012 ( memento of the original from May 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.zoo.gd.pl
  17. ↑ The German national team and their hotel in Gdansk , article on Spiegel Online from May 24, 2012, accessed on June 20, 2012
  18. ↑ DFB gets a luxurious olive farm in front of the Spaniards , article on Welt Online from September 7, 2011, accessed on June 22, 2012