Danzig

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Gdansk
Gdańsk
Coat of arms of Danzig
Gdansk Gdańsk (Poland)
Gdansk Gdańsk
Gdansk
Gdańsk
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Pomerania
Powiat : District-free city
Area : 262.2  km²
Geographic location : 54 ° 21 '  N , 18 ° 39'  E Coordinates: 54 ° 21 '2 "  N , 18 ° 39' 10"  E
Height : 0-180 m npm
Residents : 468.158
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Postal code : 80-009 to 80-958
Telephone code : (+48) 58
License plate : GD
Economy and Transport
Street : DK 1 Gdańsk ↔ Cieszyn
DK 6 Kołbaskowo ↔ Pruszcz Gdański
DK 7 Żukowo ↔ Chyżne
Rail route : Warsaw – Gdansk
Gdansk – Stettin
inner city: Wrzeszcz – Osowa
Next international airport : Danzig
Gmina
Gminatype: Borough
Surface: 262.2 km²
Residents: 468.158
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Population density : 1785 inhabitants / km²
Community number  ( GUS ): 2261011
Administration (as of 2019)
City President : Aleksandra Dulkiewicz
Address:
ul.Nowe Ogrody 8/12 80-803 Gdańsk
Website : www.gdansk.pl



(1) View from St. Mary's Church to the town hall and Langgasse , (2) view from Motława over the city, (3) The Lady from the Window, (4)  Neptune Fountain , (5) Artus Court with Neptune Fountain, (6) Pope John Paul II Bridge

Gdańsk ( Polish Gdańsk [ ɡdaɲsk ] pronunciation ? / I , Kashubian Gduńsk ) is the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship in northern Poland . Gdansk is also the center of the geographical and cultural region of Kashubia . The independent city is located on the Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea around 285 km northwest of Warsaw . With over 468,000 inhabitants, it is sixth on the list of the most populous cities in Poland . Audio file / audio sample

In its complex city history, Danzig was under Polish , Prussian and German rule. From 1807 to 1814 and from 1920 to 1939 it was an almost sovereign city-state . From 1454/1466 to 1793, Danzig was part of the Polish crown, with considerable autonomy . At that time Gdansk was one of the richest and largest cities in Poland until Warsaw overtook Gdansk in the 18th century. With its shipyards, Danzig is an important port location and was an important Hanseatic city in the 14th and 15th centuries .

In the interwar period, not least because of its multi-ethnic composition and history, Danzig was claimed by Germany and Poland, which caused tensions due to its location in the so-called Polish Corridor . This finally culminated in Germany's attack on Poland outside the city gates of Gdańsk, followed by World War II and the flight and expulsion of large parts of the German population in 1945. In the 1980s, Gdańsk was the center of the opposition movement around the Solidarność union under the leadership of Lech Wałęsa . This played an important role in the end of communist rule in Poland and later influenced the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Together with the port city of Gdynia (Gdynia) and the seaside resort Sopot (Sopot) , Danzig forms the so-called Trójmiasto (Tricity) with more than 740,000 inhabitants. More than 1.2 million people live in the entire urban agglomeration of Gdansk (Aglomeracja gdańska).

geography

Geographical location

The city is located in the south of the Gdańsk Bay and west of the mouth of the Vistula River in a hilly landscape surrounded by large pine forests. The Hel Peninsula is 20 kilometers north . The Old Town of Gdańsk is located on the Motława River . The historical region of Kashubia lies in the west of Gdańsk . The area is also known for the occurrence and processing of amber .

Neighboring communities

In the northwest, Gdansk borders on the Baltic Sea resort of Sopot . Together with the city of Gdynia further north, these three cities form the Trójmiasto agglomeration with almost 750,000 inhabitants. Around 1.25 million people live in the entire agglomeration (the Aglomeracja gdańska ), including the cities of Dirschau (Tczew), Neustadt (Wejherowo) and Rahmel (Rumia). In the north the city borders on the Gdańsk Bay, in the east on the main river of the Vistula . There are only smaller villages here that belong to the rural community of Steegen (Stegna). In the south, the municipalities of the Danzig district ( Powiat Gdański ) border the city, from east to west: Groß Zünder (Cedry Wielkie), the rural municipality of Praust (Pruszcz Gdański), the city of Praust , in turn its independent rural municipality and the rural municipality of Kahlbude (Kolbudy). In the west, Danzig borders on the rural community of Zuckau (Żukowo) of the Karthaus district ( Powiat Kartuski ).

City structure

Since March 2019 , the city ​​has consisted of 35 administrative districts , the number had increased by four due to the division of districts in 2011 and by one in 2019.

There was no division into administrative districts in Gdansk before 1939 or 1945. Numerous places that today belong to the city and its districts were incorporated into the districts of Danziger Höhe and Danziger Niederung . By 1973 the urban area had expanded considerably through incorporations.

The current and historical district or suburb boundaries are not always congruent.

District name German place or part of town name Area in km² population Population density in inhabitants / km² map
VII Dwór Pelonken (7th courtyard) 03.0115 03,820 1,268 VII Dwór
Aniołki All angels 02.3079 04,922 2.133 Aniołki
Brętowo Brentau 07.0843 07,643 1,079 Brętowo
Brzeźno Bruise 02.7409 13,457 4,910 Brzeźno
Chełm Stolzenberg 03.89 32,242 8,288 Chełm (before division)
Jasień Nenkau 11.4833 08,157 00710 Jasień
Kokoszki Kokoschken 19.8447 07,465 00376 Kokoszki
Krakowiec-Górki Zachodnie Krakow and West of Neufähr 08.3796 01.994 00238 Krakowiec-Górki Zachodnie
Letnica Lauenthal / Lauental 04.029 01,333 00331 Letnica
Matarnia Mattern 14.4268 05,787 00401 Matarnia
Młyniska Schellmuehl 04.1813 03,404 00814 Młyniska
Nowy Port New fairway 02.2786 10,684 4,689 Nowy Port
Oliwa Oliva 18.3997 17,728 00963 Oliwa
Olszynka Large and small Walddorf 07.9696 03,209 00403 Olszynka
Orunia-Św. Wojciech-Lipce Ohra, St. Albrecht and Gutherberge 19.634 15,867 00808 Orunia-Św. Wojciech-Lipce
Orunia Górna-Gdańsk Południe Borgfeld, Matzkau
(" Hoch-Ohra and Danzig-Süd " )		 07.2 19,807 2,751 Orunia Górna-Gdańsk Południe
Osowa Aspen pitcher 14.1338 13,245 00937 Osowa
Piecki-Migowo Pietzkendorf and Müggau 04.3165 22,852 5,294 Piecki-Migowo
Przeróbka Troyl 07.0978 04,816 00679 Przeróbka
Przymorze Małe Konradshammer
close to the sea 		02.3274 15,348 6,594 Przymorze Małe
Przymorze Wielkie Konradshammer
close to the sea 		03.117 30,346 9,736 Przymorze Wielkie
Rudniki Citizens' meadows 14.1853 01,452 00102 Rudniki
Siedlce Schidlitz 02.6429 14,359 5,433 Siedlce
Stogi Hayloft 10.9634 12,128 1.106 Stogi
Strzyża Hochstriess 01.0863 05,759 5,301 Strzyża
Suchanino Zigankenberg 01.4011 11,234 8,018 Suchanino
Śródmieście
town center 		Formerly: Rechtstadt , Altstadt , Neugarten, Hagelsberg, Bischofsberg , Vorstadt, Speicherinsel , Bleihof , Langgarten, Niederstadt, Strohdeich 05.6245 30,648 5,449 City center
Ujeścisko-Łostowice Wonneberg and Schönfeld 07.7945 17,797 2,283 Ujeścisko-Łostowice
Wrzeszcz Dolny Langfuhr
(" Nieder-Langfuhr " )		 03.5219 25,817 7,330 Wrzeszcz Dolny
Wrzeszcz Górny Langfuhr
(" Hoch-Langfuhr " )		 06.4572 24,298 3,763 Wrzeszcz Górny
Wyspa Sobieszewska " Bohnsacker Island " 35.7897 03,443 00096 Wyspa Sobieszewska
Wzgórze Mickiewicza Neuwonneberg 00.5277 02,570 4,870 Wzgórze Mickiewicza
Zaspa -Młyniec Saspe (Mühlenhof) 01.2322 14,295 11.601 Zaspa-Młyniec
Zaspa -Rozstaje Saspe (Eckhof) 02.0322 12,794 6,296 Zaspa-Rozstaje
Żabianka-Wejhera-Jelitkowo-Tysiąclecia Poggenkrug,
" Weiher ",
Glettkau,
" Millennium "		 02,3336 18,546 7,947 Żabianka-Wejhera-Jelitkowo-Tysiąclecia

climate

Gdansk is in the temperate zone in the transition area between oceanic climates (Cfb). and continental climate (Dfb) Here you will find mainly cold winter and mild summer temperatures. The hottest month is August, which has an average high of 21.3 ° C. The wettest days are also found in summer, which is an indicator of continentality. The total amount of precipitation is quite low at 507 mm per year.

Danzig
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.
 
 
25th
 
1
-3
 
 
18th
 
2
-3
 
 
22nd
 
6th
-1
 
 
30th
 
10
3
 
 
49
 
16
7th
 
 
64
 
19th
11
 
 
67
 
21st
13
 
 
56
 
21st
13
 
 
55
 
17th
10
 
 
47
 
12
6th
 
 
42
 
6th
2
 
 
34
 
3
-2
Temperature in ° C ,  precipitation in mm
Source: WMO
Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Gdansk
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 1.4 2.1 5.5 10.1 15.6 19.0 21.0 21.3 16.9 12.0 6.0 2.9 O 11.2
Min. Temperature (° C) −3.4 −3.0 −0.5 2.7 7.4 11.0 13.3 13.1 9.7 5.8 1.5 −1.6 O 4.7
Precipitation ( mm ) 24.6 17.9 22.4 29.5 48.9 63.5 66.7 55.8 54.9 47.4 42.0 33.7 Σ 507.3
Rainy days ( d ) 15th 13 13 11 12 13 13 12 14th 14th 16 16 Σ 162
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
1.4
−3.4
2.1
−3.0
5.5
−0.5
10.1
2.7
15.6
7.4
19.0
11.0
21.0
13.3
21.3
13.1
16.9
9.7
12.0
5.8
6.0
1.5
2.9
−1.6
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
N
i
e
d
e
r
s
c
h
l
a
g 		24.6
17.9
22.4
29.5
48.9
63.5
66.7
55.8
54.9
47.4
42.0
33.7
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Source: WMO

history

Goths and the Viking Age 1st - 10th century

At the mouth of the Vistula people settled since the 1st century BC. B.C. Goths , but there are no known archaeological finds in the urban area of ​​Gdansk from this period. The historian Jordanes mentioned in the 6th century the area Gothiscandza ( Gothic coast ), which probably meant the mouth of the Vistula.

The area has been used by Scandinavian sailors and traders since the 9th century at the latest. There was a fortified settlement on the Long Market and the eastern Langgasse with a port on the Motława River. The residents were artisans and fishermen, and they also farmed and raised livestock. Their ethnic origin is unknown up to now, and most likely they were Prussians, Kashubians and Scandinavians (as in comparable settlements Truso and Wolin). A cemetery has existed since the 10th century at the later Nikolaikirche . It is uncertain whether there was also a settlement or a castle on the Hagelsberg ( Góra Gradowa ), as no archaeological findings from later overbuilding have been found.

Polish and Pomeranian rule 10th - 13th centuries

Gyddanyzc with Johannes Canaparius

Around 970/990 the area was conquered by the early Polish ruler Mieszko I. A new castle settlement was built, which was mentioned in 997 as urbs Gyddanyzc . The missionary Adalbert of Prague came here and baptized numerous Prussians .

It is uncertain whether the urbs meant a castle settlement on the Hagelsberg, the settlement on the Long Market or a new Polish castle on an island in the Motława River. By 1050 at the latest, a new castle was built there , which was around 0.4 hectares in size and had an outer bailey settlement of around 2.4 hectares in size. Its inhabitants were mostly fishermen and amber collectors, probably of Prussian and Kashubian origin. In 1148 the castrum Kdancz was mentioned, with a church of the Theotokos Maria ( [ecclesia Sanctae Dei genetricis Mariae] ).

Governors of the Polish dukes sat in the castle. The Samborids have been mentioned since the end of the 12th century . The construction of the Nikolaikirche began around 1180, and the Katharinenkirche around 1200 . A settlement of merchants and craftsmen emerged, mostly of German origin (Lübeck).

Sobiesław I or his son Sambor I founded the Oliva Monastery around 1185 .

Seal of Zwantepolc de Danceke , around 1228
Wall remains of the Dominican monastery from the 13th / 15th centuries century

Around 1224/1227 (?) Duke Swantepolk II of Danzig granted the merchant settlement city charter according to Luebian law. In 1227 he founded the Dominican monastery as the first mendicant order monastery in Pommerellen.

In 1271/72 Danzig was briefly under Brandenburg control by Margrave Konrad I. From around 1280 Danzig was again under the direct rule of the Polish kings.

German Order 1308-1454

Peinkammertor built in the 14th century with the tower behind it
Pomeranian with Danzig in what was then the Teutonic Order State of Prussia
Seal of Gdańsk from the 15th century

At the beginning of the 14th century, conflicts over inheritance rights escalated between the Pomeranian governors and with the Margrave of Brandenburg . In addition, there was the participation of the Polish king, who from 1306 stationed a small garrison in the port city.

When the Brandenburgers invaded the city in the summer of 1308, the “royal in the castle” and the city representatives asked the Teutonic Order for help, which had inherited Mewe ( Gniew ) decades before and has since been represented on the left of the Vistula. The Teutonic Knights moved into the castle as allies of the royal Polish troops in August and defended it in September against the Brandenburg troops, for whom the city gates had been opened by the German citizens of Danzig. However, there was soon a dispute over the cost of this weapon aid, which led to the takeover of Danzig by the Teutonic Order .

The other events, especially in the context of the German-Polish conflicts of the 20th century, are presented in a contrary manner. From the Polish side it was and is claimed that the knights suddenly turned against the garrison and that on November 13th there was a massacre of the few soldiers and countless civilians. There is talk of up to 10,000 victims who are both ethnically and politically referred to as Poles.

The fact is that the order established itself in the city and the surrounding area ( Pommerellen ) and this was fixed in the contract of Soldin , in which the rights of the Brandenburgers were bought. The Kingdom of Poland fought against it with legal means and exaggerated representations with Pope Clement V , especially at the time when he was fighting the Knights Templar . Because of this, the order moved its seat from Venice to the Marienburg order castle in 1309 .

In the city, which traditionally strives for independence, there was opposition to the rule of the Crusaders, which was suppressed with violence, which in turn was often overlooked by those who want to underline a purely internal German unity. In particular, the German merchants of the Hanseatic League were competing with Elbing , the nearby port city of the order, which at that time lost its direct access through the fresh spit to the Baltic Sea due to siltation, which may explain the sudden interest in Gdansk. As a result of the conflict with the Kingdom of Poland, trade along the Vistula was also impaired, so that the Gdańsk people, in their own interest, always had to maintain a good relationship with the rulers in the hinterland.

At the time of the order, Danzig consisted of five parts:

  • Ordensburg
  • Hakelwerk (first city with Magdeburg law, probably until the end of the 14th century)
  • Rechtstadt (since 1343) - the strongest of the cities of Danzig, since 1361 - full member of the Hanseatic League ; with two additional parts:
  • Old town (since 1370) - largely the city of craftsmen
  • Neustadt ( "Junge Stadt Danzig" , 1380–1455) - founded by the order against the legal city, after the uprising of the citizens of the legal city of 1454 completely destroyed.

After the conquest by the order, the immigration of Germans increased sharply, triggered by the economic prosperity of the Hanseatic city. In 1343 the Teutonic Order granted the city of Kulmer law , in 1361 Danzig became a full member of the Hanseatic League .

Hanseatic city

Danzig developed into an important member of the Hanseatic League and from 1361 took part in the Hanseatic Days. It remained part of the Hanseatic League until the last Hanseatic League in 1669, which became increasingly insignificant from the end of the 15th century. Together with Elbing and Thorn , Danzig was the leading Prussian Hanseatic city .

With special rights under Polish sovereignty 1454–1793

Remains of the medieval city wall
Example of an old city gate - the Hohe Tor, completed at the end of the 16th century
Dantzigk around 1570
City map from 1687
Langgasse with the town hall built around 1556 in the middle

The further course of the city's history is detailed in the article on Pomeranian . Due to dissatisfaction with the Order's policy after the Battle of Tannenberg in 1410, the Prussian Confederation placed itself under the protection of the Polish crown in 1454, which triggered the Thirteen Years' War in which the cities fought against the Order's castles or razed them as in Thorn. The Polish king initially had difficulties getting an army of the Polish aristocracy together for the war, which was defeated in the Battle of Konitz by a mercenary army of the Teutonic Order. However, the progress of the war forced the order economically to its knees.

In the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466, the Teutonic Order retained what would later become East Prussia , but without the Marienburg, Elbing and Warmia. The western parts of the "Teutonic Order State in Prussia" with the former Duchy of Pomerania , Danzig, Kulmer and Ermland and Thorn were subordinated to the King of Poland as Royal Prussia , with the city republics of Danzig, Thorn and Elbing enjoying extensive political, economic and cultural autonomy received, some of which had already been guaranteed to them during the war. This included the so-called Great Privilege, which King Casimir IV had granted the city of Danzig in 1457.

Gdansk became the main port of Poland-Lithuania, to which the Hanseatic city belonged politically from 1454 and for which it handled up to 80 percent of foreign trade. Its heyday began in 1453 with the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks . It led to the closure of the Bosphorus and reduced the importance of the Black Sea ports . Grain from the southeastern granaries of Europe was now transported down the Vistula even more than before and had to go through the Gdansk granaries before being exported to Scandinavia, England and the Netherlands due to the stacking privilege (ius emporium). With a maximum handling of 116,000 loads (over 230,000 tons) in 1618, the city became the most important European transshipment point for bread grain . It flourished so powerfully that it was able to force the Polish king Stephan Batory (r. 1576–1586), who wanted to restrict their privileges, to adhere to the status quo in a checkered war (April to December 1577) . Between 1626 and 1629 even Northern Europe's most feared ruler, Gustav II Adolf of Sweden (ruled 1611–1632), was repulsed no less successfully .

In 1470, the Peter von Danzig , originally a French ship, was the first large Hansa to be equipped for war purposes.

In November 1520, the city was attacked by an army of the order under Count Wilhelm von Eisenberg and Wolf von Schönberg. After unsuccessful negotiations, the city was besieged and shot at. On November 9th, the King of Poland sent 1,000 horsemen and 500 foot soldiers to reinforce the city, whereupon the siege was broken off.

From 1522 the Reformation began in Danzig with the evangelical preacher Jacob Hegge . It was allowed by the Polish crown on the condition that the family jurisdiction remained with the diocese of Włocławek . From around 1534, the radical Reformation Mennonites who had fled from the Netherlands and Friesland also settled in and around Gdansk, and since 1581 also the radical Reformation anti-Trinitarians (see Unitarians , Polish Brothers , Socinians ), who, however, are not an open community within the city could form. Instead, there were German-speaking Unitarian communities in the surrounding communities of Buskow and Straszin, which were also frequented by Danzigers.

The Union of Lublin of 1569 threatened the autonomy of Gdansk as well. In numerous conflicts, Danzig continued to claim independence. In 1577 , during the Danzig War, homage to the new King Stefan Bathory was refused unless he renewed his privileges. After unsuccessful sieges of Danzig, the king consented.

In 1612 there was a dispute between Lutherans and Reformed people about the building of a high altar in the church of St. John, which the Reformed people, above all Pastor Jakob Adam , rejected.

In 1615, the city secretary Reinhold Kleinfeld led the delegation of Danzig in a dispute between the city of Elbing and the Warmian bishop - the initiator of the Counter Reformation in Poland - together with the mayor and the councilor. The main point of contention was the bishop's demand that the Evangelicals give up a church. At the last moment a war was averted in 1616.

Around 1650, when the Polish catchment area of ​​the city experienced its heyday, Danzig was the most populous city with a German population, ahead of Vienna, Augsburg, Cologne and Hamburg, with around 77,000 people (estimates range up to 100,000 inhabitants for the Danzig agglomeration ).

Work on the Amber Room began in 1701 in Danzig and Königsberg .

Kingdom of Prussia 1793–1807

As part of the Second Partition of Poland , Danzig became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1793 . So that the city lost in the absolute monarchy of the Hohenzollern their special autonomy status and urban freedom.

Napoleonic Free City Republic 1807–1813

Napoleon monument on Gradowa hill

In the Franco-Prussian War, Danzig surrendered on May 25, 1807 after a three-month siege. As a result of the Peace of Tilsit , the city formally had the status of a “free city”, but was ruled by a French governor and had to raise 20 million francs in war tax. In November 1813, after an eleven-month siege, French and Polish troops surrendered to a Russian-Prussian army, and Danzig returned to the Kingdom of Prussia through the Congress of Vienna in 1815.

Return to Prussia 1815-1919

Historical photo of Langgasse around 1855
View around 1850
Jopengasse and Marienkirche around 1900
Languages ​​in the urban district of Danzig according to the Prussian language statistics
year total German Poland Zwspr. Other
1861 72,280 72,256 24
1890 120,338 116.179 2988 946 225
1900 140,563 135.216 3147 1758 442
1910 170,337 164,343 3626 1895 473

Danzig became the capital of the province of West Prussia, which existed between 1816 and 1823 and 1878 and 1919 . As part of the district reform in the administrative district of Danzig on July 1, 1818, the urban district of Danzig was set up, which in addition to the city of Danzig initially also included a number of surrounding rural places. In May 1828 the surrounding rural places were reclassified from the urban district to the district of Danzig . Since then, the urban district has only included the actual city of Danzig.

In 1831 the Prussian administration carried out a survey on the mother tongue of the residents of the Danzig administrative district for the first time. According to the survey, in the Gdansk administrative district , which included the city of Gdansk and the surrounding area, 24 percent of the residents were Polish or Kashubian and 76 percent German-speaking. The statistics at that time only differentiated between German and Polish / Kashubian speakers. Bilingual people were counted as Germans across the board. If this group of people were assigned to the Poles, later calculations by historians came to an estimated 64 percent German speakers.

In contrast, almost only German was spoken in the urban district of Danzig. Official statistics recorded no Poles of the 54,660 inhabitants in 1831. The religious statistics for this year showed 71% Protestants, 23.7% Catholics and 4.1% Jews. In the following decades the relative proportion of Catholics increased slowly (figures for 1910: 64.7% Ev., 32.6% K., 1.4% J.)

During the March Revolution in 1848, Danzig took part in the elections for the Frankfurt National Assembly . In 1848 104 merchant ships were based in the port of Danzig.

In 1852, in the course of the railway construction, Danzig was connected to the Prussian East Railway Berlin – Königsberg, which had been under construction since 1842 . The first direct rail connection opened up access to the Central European rail network via Berlin.

In the second half of the 19th century, Danzig experienced an economic boom and, like the nearby Elbing, became a center of modern shipbuilding ( Schichau works ) and industrialization in West Prussia. The industrialization was accompanied by an accelerated population increase.

Danzig remained a fortress . In 1909, the garrison , which was spread over Danzig, Langfuhr and Neufahrwasser with Fort Weichselmünde , included Grenadier Regiment No. 5 , Infantry Regiment No. 128 , and the Leib-Hussar Brigade with the two Regiments No. 1 . and no. 2 , the field artillery regiment no. 36 and the 1st battalion of Foot artillery regiment. 17. Since 1890, Gdansk seat was the General command of the XVII. Army Corps .

Until 1895, only the city walls, which restricted the development of the city, were removed and replaced by streets, while the ring of water surrounded by 20 bastions continued to exist.

Free City of Danzig 1920–1939

Area of ​​the Free City of Danzig northeast of the Polish Corridor

Due to the provisions of the Versailles Treaty of 1919, Danzig and its surrounding areas were separated from the German Reich and, with the simultaneous establishment of Polish access to the Baltic Sea ( Polish Corridor ) , declared an independent state on November 15, 1920, the Free City of Danzig . This state was under the control of the League of Nations ; Polish and British troops ensured the city's new status. Since this decision was made without a referendum , the German Reich and many of the city's mostly German residents saw the peoples' right to self-determination developed by US President Wilson in his 14-point program violated.

On December 6, 1920, the first Gdansk People's Day , which had emerged from free elections, was constituted. It consisted of 120 members. Lord Mayor Heinrich Sahm was elected President of the Senate of the Free City of Danzig. The parties made the following MPs:

In the census of November 1, 1923, 95 percent of citizens stated German and three percent Polish or Kashubian as their mother tongue.

Result of the census of November 1, 1923
Number of speakers total German German
and Polish 		Polish
and Kashubian 		Russian
and Ukrainian 		Yiddish No information
City of Gdansk 335.921 327,827 1.108 06,788 0099 022nd 0077
District of Gdansk 030,809 020,666 00521 05,239 2,529 580 1,274
total 366.730 348.493 1,629 12,027 2,628 602 1,351
percent 100 95.03 0.44 3.28 0.72 0.16 0.37
Demonstration for the reintegration of the Free City of Danzig into Germany in 1933
Adolf Hitler in Danzig on September 20, 1939

The Free City of Danzig then consisted of the cities of Danzig and Sopot as well as the small towns of Tiegenhof , Praust , Neuteich , Oliva and Ohra, with Neuteich and Tiegenhof in Danzig Werder and in the Großes Werder district. The Polish minority had their own schools and an association, but was often viewed with disapproval and discriminated against by the German population; Furthermore, before 1939 there were Kashubians and Russians in Danzig . There were also numerous Jews among the residents who were expropriated and deported after 1939.

In the interwar period, after an initial economic boom, Danzig had considerable economic problems due to the customs borders with the German Empire, the global economic crisis and a poorly developed industry.

The port and customs as well as the international rail connections - but not the trams and small railways in the Free State area - were placed under Polish administration. The Republic of Poland built an ammunition dump in the Danzig port ( Westerplatte ) and stationed its military there. Furthermore, in order to connect the port area with Poland, the Polish state was allowed to set up a post and telegraph administration, the so-called “ Polish Post Office ”, in the port area.

The problematic circumstances, which gave rise to many - neglected - complaints by the Free City of Danzig to the League of Nations created resentment against Poland among the population. This mood was promoted by immigrants from the formerly German areas that came to Poland after the war, who had emigrated because of the discrimination on the Polish side.

In mid-1933, the National Socialists (NSDAP) also came to power in Danzig, but until 1936/37 they had to come to terms with opposition parties due to the international control of the area, which in the People's Day elections of 1935 (despite massive electoral influence and falsification) had a two- A third majority of the National Socialists could clearly prevent this. While Hermann Rauschning tried to get closer to Poland as President of the Senate in 1933/34, his successor Arthur Greiser kept his distance and led the Free City of Danzig to become increasingly dependent (also financially) on the German Reich. In the summer of 1939 the tension between Poland and Danzig increased again after Poland increased the military occupation on the Westerplatte from 88 soldiers originally permitted by the League of Nations to 240, and increased the number of customs officers from 6 to 110. The Polish customs officers tightened controls in border traffic and now assumed authority over the German customs officers; then the German customs officers no longer worked with them. The customs inspector dispute broke out , in the course of which an ultimatum was issued by the Polish Commissioner General Marian Chodiaki to call for cooperation, “otherwise the Polish government would immediately retaliate against the Free City”. The Polish customs officers have now been armed. In fact, Hitler urged the President of the Senate to relax the situation and “not to poison the matter even more,” especially since France and Great Britain pledged their support to Poland in every war initiated by Germany.

At the end of August 1939, Gauleiter Albert Forster declared himself head of state and on September 1, 1939, after the German armed forces attacked the Polish ammunition depot on the Westerplatte , ordered Danzig to join the German Reich , in violation of international law . The German attack on the Westerplatte is seen today as the beginning of the Second World War in Europe.

Second World War: Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia 1939–1945

"Reichsgau" Danzig-West Prussia (August 1943)

During the Second World War, the Jews in particular , who had been systematically persecuted and disenfranchised since 1933, but also the Polish minority in Danzig in concentration camps , including the nearby Stutthof concentration camp , were deported and mostly murdered, a total of around 65,000 people (including 35,000 Jews). The entry as a German in the so-called German People's List was a way for Poles to avoid persecution by changing their nationality.

Since the beginning of the war, various satellite camps of the Stutthof concentration camp have been set up in Danzig. In today's urban area were:

After Gauleiter Albert Forster had declared the Reichsgau Gdansk-West Prussia to be “ free of Jews ” in October 1939 , 575 Jews lived in Gdansk in 1941. Their deportation continued until June 1943, including to Auschwitz and Theresienstadt . 22 old people remained in the city. Of 11,228 Jews in 1930, 10,500 survived through emigration, and at least 700 were murdered by Germans.

In the district of Matzkau (today Maćkowy) there was a prison camp for the SS and police after the start of the war . In 1941, the A / B 6 pilot school was located in Danzig- Langfuhr . The pilot school was housed in the Pestalozzi School until the end of 1941. In 1942, the flying school was renamed the pilot school A / B 52 and was housed in the Bölcke barracks on the Heeresanger.

Nikolaikirche was the only medieval church to survive the devastation of the old town in 1945 .
Refugee march in Danzig, February 1945

The party leadership repeatedly invited prominent NSDAP politicians to the city, including Alfred Rosenberg and Joseph Goebbels in 1940 and Adolf Hitler in May 1941. There were large numbers of marches and military parades; the Nazi propaganda claiming monthly spend it "nearly a thousand" party meetings. According to the propaganda, the Gau would flourish through German order without any unemployed people, which did not agree with the facts. In 1942, 900 mother crosses were awarded in the city .

On July 11, 1942, the first and heaviest of the air raids on Danzig took place . The British bombers killed 89 civilians. At the end of March 1945 Danzig was enclosed and conquered by the Red Army and Polish military units in the course of the Battle of East Pomerania . Large parts of the inner city (consisting of the Rechtstadt, Altstadt, Vorstadt and Niederstadt) were destroyed by the fighting. During and after the invasion, the remaining houses in the inner city were looted and set on fire by the Soviet soldiers. In the right city of Gdańsk and the entire historical city center there was a loss of building fabric of around 90 percent, an extent like (among other things) in Warsaw's old town .

Post-war period 1945–1990

1957, Marienkirche and town hall with new roofs between cleared rubble plots
Panorama of Gdansk 1982

Most of the Germans remaining in Danzig were expelled by the Polish authorities in the first few months after the war. On January 1, 1949, 13,424 people were still living in Gdansk who had acquired Polish citizenship as part of a “rehabilitation process”, a minority of around five percent of the original city population, mostly with Polish ancestors.

Due to the Bierut Decree , property was expropriated from people of German nationality and origin. Crimes committed against the German civilian population were only partially prosecuted. Only after the political change in Poland was it started to deal with these events.

The right town of Danzig and numerous monuments in the old town were reconstructed by the Polish government based on early modern models.

At the same time, satellite settlements were built in the suburbs such as Przymorze, especially in the 1960s. Characteristic here are the so-called wave houses ( Falowiec ) - blocks of flats, some hundreds of meters long, made of prefabricated panels, which meander and thus evoke an association with the nearby sea.

Both the December 1970 uprising in Poland and the August 1980 strikes in Poland began with strikes in the Gdańsk shipyards . From a local strike committee of the Gdańsk Shipyard ("Lenin Shipyard", Stocznia Gdańska im. Lenina) under the leadership of Lech Wałęsa , the nationwide trade union movement Solidarność developed , whose activities ultimately led to the collapse of the People's Republic of Poland and the establishment of the Third Polish Republic .

present

Paweł Adamowicz , Mayor 1998–2019
View of Gdańsk's old town, July 2013
Redesign of the storage island, August 2019

With the fall of the Iron Curtain , the situation of the national minorities in the Republic of Poland changed, including that of the German minority . The Association of the German Minority was founded in Gdansk on March 15, 1990 , and in 2012 had around 5000 members.

Various shipyards have been spun off from the Gdańsk shipyard since 1990. The port of Gdańsk was expanded to include a deep water port for container and bulk cargo handling. The numerous new building measures include shopping malls, for example, the tunneling under the Vistula and the new development of the northern part of the Speicherinsel . Solidarność Center and World War II Museum are listed under Museums below.

In January 2019, the mayor Paweł Adamowicz fell victim to a knife attack.

Demographics

Population development until 1945
year Residents Remarks
1793 036,700
1796 037,408 without military
1800 041,072 (with military: 46,213)
1806 044,511 without military
1819 049,392 At the end of the year
1827 0 60.132 at the beginning of the year, including 42,124 Evangelicals, 14,992 Catholics, 641 Mennonites and 2,375 Jews
1828 061.902 at the end of the year, including the military, with the suburbs
1831 054,660 without the garrison
1864 078.131 (with military: 90,334), including 54,203 Evangelicals and 19,411 Catholics
1867 089,311 including 64,376 Evangelicals, 22,147 Catholics, 305 Mennonites and 2350 Jews
1871 089.121
1875 097.931
1880 108,551
1885 114,805
1890 120,338 of which 80,723 Protestants, 35,851 Catholics, 2535 Jews and 1229 others
1900 140,563 92,272 Protestants, 44,230 Catholics, 4061 others including Jews
1900 140,563 with the garrison, of which 92,272 Protestants, 44,230 Catholics and 2,553 Jews (2,791 speak only Polish , 1573 also speak German)
1910 170,337 thereof 110,253 Evangelicals, 55,513 Catholics and 4,571 others including Jews
1929 256.406
1945 139.087 46,058 Poles, 93,029 Germans (as of November 1, 1945)

The population of today's city is largely constant. After falling slightly from 2000 with just under 463,000 inhabitants to a good 455,000 in 2008, it has increased again since then; In 2016 it reached almost 464,000 inhabitants.

Population since 1945
year 1946 1970 2000 2005 2010 2015
population 118,000 365,600 462.995 458.053 460.509 462.249

Denominations

Development between 1815 and the First World War (city only, for the surrounding area see district of Danzig ):

year evangelical Catholic Jewish
absolutely % absolutely % absolutely %
1821 39,343 71.0 13,137 23.7 2,288 04.1
1852 43,957 71.7 14,410 23.5 2,550 04.2
1871 62,015 70.5 23,428 26.6 1,625 01.8
1890 80,723 67.1 35,851 29.8 2,535 02.1
1910 110.253 64.7 55,513 32.6 2,390 01.4

politics

City President

At the head of the city administration is a city ​​president , who is directly elected by the population. Since 1998 this has been Paweł Adamowicz (formerly Platforma Obywatelska , from 2015 “Everything for Danzig”). The last regular election in 2018 led to the following result:

In the second ballot, the incumbent Adamowicz prevailed with 64.8% of the votes against the PiS candidate Płażyński, who received 35.2% of the votes. Adamowicz was assassinated on January 13, 2019, as a result of which he died the following day. His deputy Aleksandra Dulkiewicz was then appointed by the voivode as acting mayor . In the necessary new election, she ran for Adamowicz 'electoral association “Alles für Danzig” on March 3, 2019 and was also supported by the PO , PSL , Nowoczesna and Wiosna . It was already elected in the first ballot with 82.2% of the vote. Their opponents Grzegorz Braun (Konfederacja Korony Polskiej) and Marek Skiba (non-party) ended up being far behind with 11.9% and 5.9% of the vote, respectively.

City council

The city council consists of 34 members and is directly elected. The 2018 city council election led to the following result:

  • Koalicja Obywatelska (KO) 39.3% of the vote, 16 seats
  • Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS) 26.3% of the vote, 12 seats
  • Election Committee Everything for Gdansk 19.1% of the vote, 6 seats
  • Electoral committee of Gdańsk residents 6.5% of the vote, no seat
  • Electoral Committee of Gdańsk Urban Movement 5.2% of the vote, no seat
  • Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej (SLD) / Lewica Razem (LR) 3.1% of the votes, no seat
  • Remaining 0.6% of the vote, no seat

coat of arms

The main coat of arms of the city of Gdansk consists of a Gothic shield flanked by two golden lions. The red escutcheon contains an open golden crown at the top and two equal-armed, silver (white) crosses below. At the feet of the shield and the shield holder, it shows the motto written in black in a golden bow: nec temere nec timide - neither careless nor fearful.

Town twinning

Partnership and city partnerships exist with the following cities:

city country since Type
Aarhus Coat of arms of Aarhus.svg DenmarkDenmark Midtjylland, Denmark resting
Barcelona Escut de Barcelona.svg SpainSpain Catalonia, Spain 1990 collaboration
Bremen Bremen coat of arms (middle) .svg GermanyGermany Germany 1976 Twin town
Cleveland Cleveland seal - T.png United StatesUnited States Ohio, United States 1990 Twin town
Ghent Wapen van Gent.svg BelgiumBelgium East Flanders, Belgium 2009 collaboration
Elsinore Coat of arms of Elsinore.svg DenmarkDenmark Hovedstaden, Denmark 1992 collaboration
Kaliningrad Coat of arms of Kaliningrad.svg RussiaRussia Russia 1993 Twin town
Squid Kalmar vapen.svg SwedenSweden Småland, Sweden 1991 Twin town
Marseille Armoiries de Marseille.svg FranceFrance Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, France 1992 Twin town
Navapolatsk Coat of Arms of Navapołack, Belarus.svg BelarusBelarus Vitebsk, Belarus 2009 collaboration
Newcastle upon Tyne Coat of arms of Newcastle upon Tyne City Council.png United KingdomUnited Kingdom North East England, UK 2001 collaboration
Nice Arms of Nice.svg FranceFrance Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, France 1999 Twin town
Nur-Sultan Emblem of Nur-Sultan-1.svg KazakhstanKazakhstan Kazakhstan 1996 Twin town
Odessa Coat of Arms of Odessa.svg UkraineUkraine Ukraine 1996 Twin town
Omsk Coat of Arms of Omsk.png RussiaRussia Siberia, Russia 2008 collaboration
Palermo Palermo-Stemma uff.png ItalyItaly Sicily, Italy 2005 collaboration
Rijeka Coat of arms of Rijeka.svg CroatiaCroatia Primorje-Gorski Kotar, Croatia collaboration
Rotterdam Rotterdam wapen.svg NetherlandsNetherlands Zuid-Holland, Netherlands 1997 Twin town
Rouen Blason Rouen 76.svg FranceFrance Normandy, France 1992 collaboration
St. Petersburg Coat of Arms of Saint Petersburg (2003) .svg RussiaRussia Russia 1997 Twin town
Sefton United KingdomUnited Kingdom North West England, UK 1993 Twin town
Shanghai China People's RepublicPeople's Republic of China People's Republic of China 2004 collaboration
Turku Turku.vaakuna.svg FinlandFinland Varsinais-Suomi, Finland 1976 Twin town
Vilnius Grand Coat of Arms of Vilnius.svg LithuaniaLithuania Lithuania 1998 Twin town
  1. ↑ The name of Aarhus is currently still on a partnership sign in front of Gdańsk's New Town Hall. According to information from the city of Gdansk, the partnership has meanwhile "fallen asleep". (As of January 2016)

New Hanseatic League

The city of Danzig is a member of the New Hanseatic League and was the host of the 17th Hanseatic Days of the Modern Age in 1997 .

Attractions

Crane gate
Marienkirche
Green Gate at Long Market at night
European Solidarność Center
World War II Museum (Muzeum II Wojny Światowej)
Baltic Philharmonic
Baltic Opera
Westerplatte memorial

Secular structures

Churches

Other sacred buildings

Squares, streets

Museums

music

theatre

Monuments and fountains

Parks and beaches

The city of Gdansk has five beaches of its own, which can be reached by public transport . The first two have guarded bathing establishments.

  • Bröse (Brzeźno)
    • Pier (Molo), 130 m long
  • Heubude (Stogi) (with nudist beach)
  • Glettkau (Jelitkowo)
  • Bohnsack (Sobieszewo)
  • Wordel (Sobieszewo-Orle)

Nature reserves and natural monuments

  • 144 natural monuments:
    • 88 trees and groups of trees
    • 2 trees on boulders
    • 52 boulders and rock groups
    • 2 surface objects

Regular events (selection)

In August, the Dominican market takes place over several weeks and is attended by numerous foreigners. It was created through an indulgence privilege on the feast of St. Dominic (August 8th).

Culinary specialties (selection)

Sports

PGE Arena Gdańsk
Ergo arena

Soccer

Gdansk was one of four Polish venues for the 2012 European Football Championship . Three group matches and a quarter-final of the tournament took place in the newly built PGE Arena Gdańsk . Lechia Gdańsk has been playing in the Ekstraklasa , the highest Polish football league , since 2008 .

Handball and volleyball

The Ergo Arena is a multifunctional hall on the city limits to Sopot . It was opened in 2010 and hosted the 2013 Men's European Volleyball Championship , the 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship and the 15th IAAF World Indoor Championships in 2014 . In 2016, six preliminary rounds of the 12th Men's Handball European Championship took place here.

ice Hockey

The Gdańsk ice hockey team PKH Gdańsk , founded in 2014, has been playing in the first-class Polska Hokej league since 2016 . GKS Stoczniowiec , founded in 1970, has been playing in the second-class I league since 2017 . The home of both clubs is the 1972 “Olivia” ice rink with seating for around 5000 spectators. It was the venue for the Ice Hockey World Championship (Div. I, Gr. B) in 2004 and the European Basketball Championship in 2009 .

Economy and Infrastructure

traffic

Gdansk Central Station
Gdansk Lech Walesa Airport

In 2013, Gdansk was connected to central and southern Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic via the A1 motorway .

The city can be reached by rail directly from the main Polish cities, to and from Warsaw on the Warszawa – Gdańsk railway line, and the Gdańsk – Stargard railway line in the direction of Szczecin . Since June 6, 2012, the EuroCity  55 has again offered a continuous connection to and from Berlin. All long-distance trains also stop at the Wrzeszcz and Oliwa district stations .

There is an S-Bahn (SKM Szybka Kolej Miejska w Trójmieście) that connects Gdansk with Sopot (Sopot) , Gdynia (Gdynia) and Wejherowo (New Town in West Prussia) . From Wrzeszcz, the PKM S-Bahn connects the city ​​with the airport.

In 2015 the Gdańsk Wrzeszcz – Gdańsk Osowa railway was opened.

Urban public transport is handled by the SKM, the Gdansk tram and a dense network of buses on Gdansk streets .

Since Poland joined the EU grows Gdansk airport strong. It is the third largest airport in Poland (after Warsaw and Krakow; as of 2014). In 2010 over 2.23 million passengers were handled. It is served by over 40 national and international airlines, including Lufthansa (from Frankfurt and Munich) or the low-cost airlines Ryanair and Wizz Air .

The port of Gdansk is currently the largest port in Poland. In 2012 a total of 26.9 million  t were handled. The city can also be reached by ferry from Sweden ( Nynäshamn ).

From smaller inner-city piers on the Motława, excursion boats operate regularly, mainly on the tourist routes towards Westerplatte, Sopot and Gdynia (lines F1 and F2). Since June 2012, two new tourist or inner-city ferry connections have been connecting the city center from the Poggenpfuhl pier (Żabi Kruk) with the Westerplatte (line F5) and the fish market (Targ Rybny) with the mouth of the Vistula (Narodowe ) on the Motława River since June 2012 Centrum Żeglarstwa) (line F6).

Gdansk is connected to some official international long-distance cycle routes, such as: For example, the Baltic Sea Cycle Route , which once circles the Baltic Sea, and the Iron Curtain Trail , which runs along the former “ Iron Curtain ” from Norway to the Black Sea .

Resident companies (selection)

Gdansk has been known as a trading city since the Hanseatic era, primarily because of its favorable location on the Baltic Sea. The port still plays a major role for the Polish economy with 23.3 million tons of cargo handled (2004). The main industries in the city are shipbuilding (e.g. the Danzig - Stocznia Gdańsk shipyard , the Remontowa SA repair and offshore service yard , the Northern Shipyard SA ), the petrochemical and chemical industry (e.g. the LOTOS SA group ) as well as more recently high technologies such as electronics (e.g. Intel or WS OY (Young Digital Poland)), telecommunications and information technology (e.g. Wirtualna Polska , Lido Technologies). The pharmaceutical industry, the food industry (e.g. PepsiCo (USA), Dr. Oetker (Germany), Fazer OY (Finland) and Baltic Malt / Malteurop (France)) and the cosmetics sector are also gaining in importance.

tourism

Gdańsk is the starting point of the EuroVelo 9 cycle route ( Baltic Sea-Adriatic Route or Amber Route , Szlak bursztynowy in Polish ), which leads from Gdańsk through Poland, the Czech Republic, Austria and Slovenia to Pula in Croatia. The EuroVelo 10 ( Baltic Sea Cycle Route or Hanse Route , in Polish Obwód Hanzeatycki ) also runs through Gdansk.

Tourism is an important source of income with around 1.5 million tourists annually.

Main building of the Technical University of Gdansk

education

In Gdansk there are u. a. ten universities with around 60,000 students and around 10,000 graduates annually (as of 2001). These are

Personalities

Günter Grass

The list of personalities of the city of Gdańsk includes personalities who were born in the city or who worked in the city. The personalities made honorary citizens by the city can be found in the list of honorary citizens of Gdansk .

The most famous personalities in Gdańsk include Abraham van den Blocke , Izaak van den Blocke , Ludwig August Clericus , Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit , Andreas Schlueter , Jakob Friedrich von Rüchel-Kleist , Arthur Schopenhauer , Johannes Hevelius , Daniel Chodowiecki , Holger Czukay , Hugo Conwentz , Richard Faltin , Günter Grass , Klaus Kinski , Anton Möller (the “Painter of Danzig”), Horst Ehmke , Rupert Neudeck , Paweł Huelle , Lech Walesa , Dariusz Michalczewski , Tomasz Wałdoch , Andrzej Grubba and Donald Tusk .

Culture of remembrance and reception

The early stories of the Nobel Prize winner for literature Günter Grass , who was born in Langfuhr in 1927, take place in the city. In the novel Die Blechtrommel he summarized the history of Danzig as follows: “First came the Rugians , then came the Goths and Gepids , then the Kashubians , from whom Oskar is a direct descendant. Soon after, the Poles sent Adalbert from Prague . He came with the cross and was killed by Kashubes or Pruzzen with an ax. […] It happened in a fishing village and the village was called Gyddanyzc. Gydannyzc was made Danczik, Danczik became Dantzig, which later spelled itself Danzig, and today Danzig is called Gdańsk. ” Sabrina Janesch's novel Ambra (2012) about a German Polish woman in Danzig ties in with Grass' literary tradition.

The culture of remembrance is shaped by museums. Their turmoil can be seen, among other things, in the museum concepts of the Muzeum II Wojny Światowej and the Westerplatte Museum for the commemoration of the Second World War that started in Gdansk, supported by different political currents and history teachings.

The Museum Haus Hansestadt Danzig is located in Lübeck .

literature

A bibliography on the history of Gdańsk is available from the Litdok East Central Europe database (query) .

travel Guide

  • Peter Oliver Loew : Literary travel guide Danzig. German Cultural Forum for Eastern Europe, Potsdam 2009, ISBN 978-3-936168-43-3 .
  • F. Schwarz: Danzig, guide through the city and its surroundings, with city map and illustrations. Danzig 1936 ( digitized ).

history

Web links

Commons : Gdansk  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Danzig  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Wikivoyage: Gdansk  Travel Guide
Wikisource: Danzig  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ^ Edmund Gussmann: The phonology of Polish . Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 4.
  3. ↑ http://www.staypoland.com/danzig-de.htm
  4. ↑ a b c d Dzielnice - Gdańsk - oficjalny portal miasta - official web portal of the city of Gdańsk. As of January 12, 2011. Accessed June 8, 2019.
  5. ^ Renamed districts at the time of the Free City of Danzig (1920–1939).
  6. ↑ GOV Lauental, Lautenhal. The Genealogical Directory , accessed on February 22, 2018 .
  7. ↑ Weatherbase.com - Gdansk. Retrieved February 14, 2018
  8. ↑ Britannica - Köppen climate classification Accessed on February 14, 2018
  9. ^ Daniel Gralath : An attempt at a history of Danzig from reliable sources and manuscripts. First volume. Hartung, Königsberg 1789, p. 10. suspected a linguistic connection, after him other linguists and historians
  10. ↑ Beginnings of Danzig Gedanopedia, detailed on the early history (Polish)
  11. ↑ Jerzy Kmieciński: Gdańsk - geneza średniowiecznego miasta i portu. [Gdansk, Development of the Medieval City and the Port], In: Zakład archeologiczny. No. 65. 2017. pp. 133-149, especially pp. 138f. with a plan of the 10th and 11th century settlements
  12. ↑ Johannes Canaparius : S. Adalberti Pragensis episcopi et martyris vita prior, ed. by Jadwiga Karwasińska (= Monumenta Poloniae historica, Seria nova 4/2). Warsaw 1969
  13. ^ Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler : Regesten and documents of the constitutional and legal history of the German cities in the Middle Ages. Erlangen 1863, p. 700 ff.
  14. ↑ See a digital reproduction of the source at Gyddanyzc - Gdańsk w X wieku. In: Merkuriusz Polski , April 12, 2016. Transcription: "Ipse vero (Adalbertus) adiit primo urbem Gyddanyzc quam ducis (Poloniorum Bolizlavi) latissima regna dirimentum maris confinina tangunt." Quoted from Kazimierz Lucyan Ignacy Römer: Contributions to the answer to the Nationality of Nicolaus Copernicus. Priebatsch, Breslau 1872, p. 17.
  15. ^ Peter Loew: Danzig. Biography of a city. Beck, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-406-60587-1 p. 22ff. , in detail on the development of the city of Gdansk
  16. ↑ Johannes Voigt : History of Prussia from the oldest times to the fall of the rule of the Teutonic Order . Fourth volume: The time from the subjugation of Prussia in 1283 to Dieterich von Altenburg's death in 1341 , Königsberg 1830, pp. 210-219, online.
  17. ^ Danzig Museum: From the History of Danzig ( Memento from February 7, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  18. ↑ Gdansk and the puzzling early medieval chronology gap in the Vistula Delta - on fantomzeit.de , accessed on November 28, 2018
  19. ^ Karl Friedrich Friccius: History of the fortifications and sieges of Danzig: With special consideration for the East Prussian Landwehr, which stood in front of Danzig in the years 1813–1814 . Veit, Berlin 1854, p. 9 .
  20. ^ Mennonite Lexicon . tape 1 , 1913, pp. 426 .
  21. ↑ Sabine Beckmann, Klaus Garber (ed.): Cultural history of Prussia, royal Polish share in the early modern period . Niemeyer, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-484-36603-6 , p. 267 ff .
  22. ^ Antoni Walewski: History of St. Ligue and Leopolds I. vom Umschwung im ..., p. 344
  23. ↑ Walter Leitsch, Stanisław Trawkowski (ed.): Poland and Austria in the 17th century , p.210.
  24. ↑ Corina Heß: Danzig living culture in the early modern period , p. 47.
  25. ↑ Großer Generalstab (Ed.): 1806 - The Prussian officer corps and the investigation of the war events. Ernst Siegfried Mittler and Son, Berlin 1906.
  26. ↑ a b Leszek Belzyt: Linguistic minorities in the Prussian state: 1815–1914; the Prussian language statistics in progress and commentary . Herder Institute, Marburg 1998, ISBN 978-3-87969-267-5 , pp. 95 .
  27. ↑ Walther Hubatsch (ed.): Outline of German administrative history 1815-1945. Johann Gottfried Herder Institute, Marburg / Lahn; Volume 1: East and West Prussia , edited by Dieter Stüttgen, 1975, ISBN 3-87969-108-8
  28. ^ Official Journal of the Royal Government of Danzig 1828, sheet 18, message no.6
  29. ↑ Leszek Belzyt: Linguistic minorities in the Prussian state: 1815-1914; the Prussian language statistics in progress and commentary . Herder Institute, Marburg 1998, ISBN 978-3-87969-267-5 , pp. 17-24 .
  30. ^ E. Wendt & Co. (Ed.): Overview of the Prussian Merchant Navy . Stettin January 1848, p. 6th ff . ( online [accessed June 4, 2015]).
  31. ↑ Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon , 6th edition, Vol. 4, Leipzig, Vienna 1909: "Danzig" (p. 508) and "Germany" (supplement to p. 793 and p. 795.)
  32. ^ Richard Blanke: Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland 1918–1939 . The University Press of Kentucky, 1993, ISBN 0-8131-1803-4 , chap. 2: The Great Exodus, p. 32-53 .
  33. ^ Peter Oliver Loew : Danzig / Gdańsk. In: Online encyclopedia on the culture and history of Germans in Eastern Europe, 2012, as of November 5, 2015.
  34. ↑ Dieter Schenk : Danzig 1930–1945. The end of a free city. Ch.links, Berlin 2013, p. 135 f.
  35. ↑ Dieter Schenk : Danzig 1930–1945. The end of a free city. Ch.links, Berlin 2013, p. 136.
  36. ↑ Dieter Schenk : Danzig 1930–1945. The end of a free city. Ch. Links, Berlin 2013, p. 136. See also Danziger Latest News , July 13, 1942; Our Danzig , No. 11, 1958, p. 7.
  37. ^ Jerzy Kukliński, Danzig yesterday and today. Wydawnictwo Parma Press, Marki 2005, ISBN 83-7419-054-X . See Peter Oliver Loew: Danzig. Biography of a city. CH Beck, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-406-60587-1 , p. 227. Then a Polish soldier planted the white and red flag with the Polish eagle on the facade of the Artus Court.
  38. ^ Jacek Friedrich: New city in an old guise. Reconstruction of Danzig 1945–1960 , p. 18 f.
  39. ^ Jacek Friedrich: New city in an old guise. Reconstruction of Danzig 1945–1960 , p. 19, section remarks
  40. ↑ http://www.sb-verlag.de/programm/070/ Grzegorz Piatek and Jaroslaw Trybus: Warsaw, The thematic guide through Poland's capital → Museum of the Warsaw Uprising: “Immediately after the start of the uprising, Hitler gave the order to leave the city to be razed to the ground and completely liquidated their population. 180,000 people fell victim to this mass murder; historic Warsaw west of the Vistula was almost completely destroyed. "
  41. ^ Sylwia Bykowska: The Rehabilitation and Ethnic Vetting of the Polish Population in the Voivodship of Gdańsk after World War II . Peter Lang Publishing Group , 2020, ISBN 978-3-631-67940-1 , p. 231 (English).
  42. ^ Association of the German Minority in Gdansk , accessed on April 28, 2012.
  43. ^ The stabbed mayor of Danzig has died. In: The world. January 14, 2019, accessed January 17, 2020 .
  44. ↑ a b c d e f August Eduard Preuß : Prussian country and folklore . Königsberg 1835, pp. 392–409, no. 25.
  45. ^ A b Friedrich Carl Gottlieb von Duisburg: Attempt of a historical-topographical description of the Königl. Prussia. Maritime and trading city of Gdansk . Second edition, G. Adolph Krause, Danzig 1816, p. 471.
  46. ^ ACA Friedrich: Historical-geographical representation of old and new Poland . Berlin 1839, p. 621.
  47. ^ Regensburger Zeitung , No. 171 of July 20, 1829, p. 1 ( online )
  48. ↑ H. Oelrichs: Statistical communications on the administrative district of Danzig . Danzig 1867, p. 3.
  49. ↑ H. Oelrichs: Statistical communications on the administrative district of Danzig . Danzig 1867, p. 7.
  50. ^ A b Gustav Neumann : Geography of the Prussian State . 2nd edition, Volume 2, Berlin 1874, pp. 36-39, item 1.
  51. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Danzig. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  52. ↑ a b Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, 4th volume, Leipzig and Vienna 1906, pp. 506-510.
  53. ^ Sylwia Bykowska: The Rehabilitation and Ethnic Vetting of the Polish Population in the Voivodship of Gdańsk after World War II . Peter Lang Publishing Group , 2020, ISBN 978-3-631-67940-1 , p. 116 (English).
  54. ↑ For demographics since 2000 and for the following table see Gdańsk w liczbach. In: Gdansk.pl , March 9, 2018 (Polish). A detailed breakdown by municipalities can be found on this page at Gdansk.pl (Polish).
  55. ↑ Leszek Belzyt: Linguistic minorities in the Prussian state from 1815 to 1914. Marburg 1998, p. 95.
  56. ^ Result on the website of the election commission, accessed on July 20, 2020.
  57. ↑ Result on dziennikbaltycki.pl, accessed on July 20, 2020.
  58. ^ Result on the website of the election commission, accessed on July 20, 2020.
  59. ↑ gdansk.pl: Miasta współpracujące
  60. ↑ Miasta partnerskie. In: Gdansk.pl.
  61. ↑ Friendly and Sister Cities. Retrieved February 9, 2020 .
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  63. ↑ Official website of the Historical Museum of the City of Gdansk (Polish)
  64. ^ Historical Museum of the City of Gdansk. In: Pomorskie.travel. Retrieved December 6, 2018 .
  65. ^ Official website of the National Maritime Museum
  66. ↑ Beaches of the city at Gdansk.pl.
  67. ↑ Gazoport liquid gas terminal is delayed . In: Daily port report of October 2, 2013, p. 13.
  68. ^ Gazeta Wyborcza: Gdańsk jak Amsterdam. Od czerwca małe stateczki na Motławie , article of May 9, 2012 , accessed on June 21, 2012.
  69. ^ Official website of the Gdańsk public transport company: Rejsy tramwajem wodnym , accessed on June 22, 2012.
  70. ↑ Iron Curtain Trail - The northern part. Retrieved April 18, 2017 .
  71. ↑ Günter Grass: The tin drum. Luchterhand, Munich 1959, p. 379.
  72. ^ Daniel Logemann: Dispute over the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk. How should one show “Polish history”? In: Zeitgeschichte-online , April 2017