Fresh spit
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Fresh Spit Polish: Mierzeja Wiślana Russian: Балтийская коса ( Baltijskaja Kossa ) |
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 Baltic beach at Krynica Morska |
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| Geographical location | |
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| Coordinates | 54 ° 24 ′ N , 19 ° 30 ′ E |
| Waters 1 | Baltic Sea |
| Waters 2 | Fresh lagoon |
| length | 70 km |
| width | Max. 1.8 km |
| surface | 25.22 km² |
The Fresh Spit ( Polish Mierzeja Wiślana " Weichsel -Nehrung", Russian Балтийская коса Baltijskaja Kossa "Baltic Spit") is a narrow headland ( spit ) around 70 km long and a few hundred meters wide (greatest width 1.8 km), which runs in a north-easterly direction and separates the Fresh Lagoon from the open Baltic Sea ( Danzig Bay ). This means that the Fresh Spit is more than twice as long as the more populous Hel peninsula . The border between Poland ( Pomeranian Voivodeship ) and Russia ( Kaliningrad Oblast ) runs across the Fresh Spit .
Naming
Since the time of the order, the name was also " Danziger Spit ".
The older Prussian name was "Aismares" ("aislu": fast, fresh and "mari, mary": Haff ). The term fresh for the spit is likely to be a translation of "aislu". In the literature, another explanation is to be found: It used to be called fresh water fresh water (English freshwater). All Haffe (Danish hav = sea) with sweetened water were called fresh , as was the Stettiner Haff around 1600 . At the beginning of the 19th century the name “Fresh” was transferred from the lagoon to the spit. As early as 1676, in the book Speculum Germaniae or a brief geographical report from the whole of Germany, it was referred to as a fresh lagoon, with references to older sources.
geography
At the foot of the Fresh Spit is the village of Kąty Rybackie (Bodenwinkel) . Following the road from Gdansk to the northeast, on the Polish side since 1945, there are the towns of Skowronki (Vogelsang) and the towns of Borowo (Scotland) , Przebrno (Pröbbernau) , Lipe (Liep) , the seaside resort of Krynica Morska (Kahlberg), which belong to the town of Krynica Morska. and finally Nowa Karczma (also Piaski , formerly Neukrug ), approx. 3 km southwest of the Polish-Russian border. The places on the Polish side belong to the Pomeranian Voivodeship and are still attractions for tourism .
The entire Russian area is now part of the Baltijskaja kossa district of the port city of Baltijsk (Pillau) . The only place today is the former Neu Tief , which can be reached by ferry from Baltijsk. The former German, later Soviet and finally Russian air force base is inhabited by around 1,000 people.
The highest peaks are the Kamelberg near Kahlberg and the imposing 25 meter high former shifting dune of Narmeln on Russian territory.
history
In the 13th century, a passage through the spit silted up, which had given Elbing and previously Truso direct access to the Baltic Sea. However, a new breakthrough came with Pillau .
After the second partition of Poland , the spit as far as Narmeln came to Prussia in 1793 and again to the Republic of Danzig in 1807–1814 . Since 1814 this western part of the spit belonged to West Prussia . The historical border between East and West Prussia ran between Narmeln and the Narmelner Dune, which corresponded to the earlier border between Prussia royal share under the Polish king and the Duchy of Prussia under the duke or king in Prussia.
After the Versailles Peace Treaty , the places from Pröbbernau to Narmeln came to the district of Elbing in the administrative district of West Prussia in the province of East Prussia in 1920 . Bodenwinkel and Vogelsang fell to the Free City of Danzig . Pröbbernau and Scotland only belonged to the free city from January to December 1920.
After the encirclement of East Prussia by the Red Army , the main route of the refugee treks ran across the frozen lagoon and the fresh spit to the west from the end of January 1945 . Numerous people were killed, including by attacks by Soviet low-flying aircraft. Vogelsang was only captured by the Red Army on the last day of the war.
After the end of the war, the border was drawn between Neukrug and Narmeln, making the latter the only place in West Prussia that fell to the Soviet Union . The eastern part was a restricted military area from 1945 to 2012, the places Narmeln , Großbruch and Alt Tief ceased to exist. In Neu Tief and Kaddighaken , the Soviet Air Force used the facilities of the Reich Air Force, built in 1939, with a runway over 2 km long.
Nature and tourism
The Fresh Spit is a designated nature reserve by law. The barren, sandy land of the Fresh Spit is continuously covered with a pine forest and is home to 96 different bird species. The plant world is dominated by junipers, but there are also 13 plant species that are exclusively found on the spit. (East Prussia for juniper) used to be the set of the "Kaddigbeeren" Mennonites of Werder's famous almond liquor ago. For the "free border traffic" of the wild boars, the border fence between Poland and Russia is about 1 m high so that the animals can pass underneath. As a restricted area, the Russian part has developed into a unique biotope .
At Krynica Morska there is a 2.5 km long beach, extensive parks and mixed forest. As early as 1939, the place was visited by around 5000 guests a year. In the former new low on the easternmost tip of the spit there are smaller holiday homes and a branch of the Oceanology Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences .
Penetration of the canal through the fresh spit
Is threatened by the unique landscape plans of the city Elblag (Elbing) to pierce at Skowronki the spit with a channel to the Baltic Sea in order not to be dependent on the Russian-controlled Baltic access at Baltiysk. The Polish Minister for Maritime Economics, Marek Gróbarczyk , announced in 2016 that the project would start at the end of 2018 and be completed in 2022. The project met with criticism from circles of environmental protection and the population as well as the EU. Environmental pollution, salinisation of the Haff and losses for tourism on the spit are feared. The Voivode of the Pomeranian Voivodeship gave its permission to start construction on February 15, 2019. On the same day, the clearing of the trees in the nature reserve began. In just five days a clear-cut aisle was created across the spit.
Independent experts regard the construction as a prestige project of the PiS government, which should show the independence of Poland from the Russian-administered Pillauer Tief, but has no economic significance. The port of Elblag plays a minor role economically because the ports of Szczecin, Gdynia and Gdansk fully meet the requirements for handling capacity. The planned canal should be 20 meters wide and 5 meters deep. The mean water depth in the Frischen Haff is 2.7 meters.
See also
Other spits in the region are the Hel Peninsula in Poland and the Curonian Spit .
literature
- Erich Weise : Fresh Spit . In: Erich Weise (Hrsg.): Handbook of historical sites . Volume: East and West Prussia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 317). Unchanged reprint of the 1st edition in 1966. Kröner, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-520-31701-X , pp. 60-61.
- Johann Christian Wutzke : Description of the fresh lagoon, the spit, the port near Pillau u. s. w. In: Prussian provincial sheets . Volume 8, Koenigsberg 1832, pp. 356-364.
Web links
- Sewer construction. A breakthrough to freedom from A to Z. Radiodienst Polska
Individual evidence
- ↑ Klaus Domers: Baltic Kahlenberg Vistula Spit. Truso Verlag, Münster 1991.
- ^ H. Baudler: Fresh Nehrung and Fresh Haff in the literature until 1945 (contributions to climate and marine research). University of Rostock, 2003.
- ↑ Speculum Germaniae… Nuremberg 1676; z. E.g .: p. 458 Frauenburg on the fresh lagoon.
- ↑ also Sosnowo
- ↑ Because of Kaliningrad: Poland dredges its own Baltic Canal , www.mdr.de, September 8, 2017.
- ↑ Is the puncture necessary? Gazeta Wyborcza November 19, 2007
- ^ Journal of Ecology and Health