St. Trinity Church (Gdansk)
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The St. Trinity Church , St. Anne's Church and the choir (the former monk's church ) in the suburb of Danzig together with the former Franciscan monastery form a building complex built by the Franciscans in the 15th century .
history
On October 9, 1419, Pope Martin V granted the Franciscans of the Saxon Franciscan Province ( Saxonia ) the privilege of founding a monastery in Danzig. In 1422, the Gdańsk Council granted the Franciscans a site in the Danzig suburb of 26 rods long and 20 rods wide (approx. 9600 m² / 1 rod = 4.3 m) to build the monastery . The site remained in the possession of the city, and the construction of the buildings was subject to the approval of the council. Shortly after the construction of the monastery began around 1423, a small monk's church was built adjacent to the monastery building, which the brothers could enter via the cloister of the monastery. In 1431 the monk's church was expanded to a length of 30 m, width 11.60 m and height 23 m. In 1481 it was raised and converted into a large choir and completed in 1495.
In the same year, 1481, construction began on the three-aisled St. Trinity Church, which was added to the west side of the choir. The vaults of the ships of equal height rest on five opposite pillars. It is connected to the choir via the central nave. The dimensions of the church are 51 m long, 29 m wide and 23 m high. Characteristic of the two church buildings are the large windows on their front sides, which are 13 m high and 2.50 m wide on the west side of the Trinitatiskirche. The choir has a correspondingly large window on the east side.
In 1495 the steeple was built between the Trinity Church and the choir. On October 4, 1503, the outer north wall of the Trinity Church collapsed with five pillars, parts of the vaulted ceiling and the roof. On May 12, 1514, the construction of the Trinity Church was completed. The monks obtained the funds for the procurement of the large quantities of building material from alms collections and gifts from the wealthy Hanseatic people . The name of the builder of the churches has not been passed down.
The St. Anne's Church was built between 1480 and 1484 on the west side of the Trinity Church. She should at the request of the Polish King Casimir III. serving the Polish population, the cost of their construction was borne by the city.
With the beginning of the Reformation of Martin Luther in 1517, resistance against the monastery business arose among the Protestant Danzigers, which in 1525 led to the partial evacuation of the monastery and its conversion into the subsequent academic high school . The Danzig Council favored the turn to the Reformation. With the increasing resignation from the monastic order, many monks left the monastery, so that only a few remained there. In 1555, the Franciscans ceded the monastery building and the Trinity Church to the Danzig Council for the introduction of Protestant worship. As early as 1552, the council had employed a Lutheran, Polish clergyman at St. Anne's Church. The monks still present were assured that they would stay in the monastery and receive food at the city's expense. The monks' church remained for them to worship.
In 1558 the monastery was converted into a high school with four classes and three teachers and a municipal council library, which is now the national museum . Between 1670 and 1680 the church played a central role in the political and social unrest in the city. Pastor Aegidius Strauch , who came from Wittenberg, sided with the trades, who demanded greater say from the city council, which was dominated by patricians. When he deposed the pastor, there were massive demonstrations, whereupon the council was forced to reverse its decision.
In 1710 the St. Anne's Church received a new organ, which the organ builder Andreas Hildebrandt (* between 1681 and 1691; † 1762) built.
In 1807 Danzig was besieged by Napoleon's retreating French troops and subsequently occupied by 40,000 soldiers. They used the Trinity Church and the monastery as a hospital as well as a hay and clothing store, which caused severe damage to the building. The St. Anne's Church was still available for services. From October 18 to November 27, 1813 , Danzig was again besieged and bombed by the advancing Russian army . The roofs of the churches were badly damaged.
In 1829 the monastery served as a garrison hospital. In 1852 the monastery was converted into a museum for the art and history of West Prussia at the instigation of King Friedrich Wilhelm IV .
In 1945 the church was again badly damaged in the Second World War and the church tower burned down.
In 1987 the Franciscans returned and formed a new association. The extensive renovations of the Trinity Church are recorded on the west wall of the church: 1819, 1869, 1955 and 1978 as well as 2001 (correspondingly).
Ground plan and location of the church
Legend for the floor plan : A: large church, B: rear choir with large altar, C: large altar, D: organ, E: small Polish church, F: two sacristies, G: churchyard, H: pulpit (apartments for church servants), I. : Residential buildings of the school attendants, K: cloisters, L: large auditorium, M: vaults of the large auditorium, N: small auditorium, O: library, P: classes of the primary, secondary, tertiary, Q: stairs to the monastery and dormitory, R: Medical Garden, S: Garden of the Lords Lords, T: Garden between the cloisters in the monastery, V: past community, W and X: entrance doors to the Great Church, Y: entrance to the monastery and the cloisters, Z: exit from the cloisters . Two spiral staircases each in the large church and the rear choir.
Interior
Central nave, choir in the eastern part.
Central nave, details of renovations on the west wall.
pulpit
St. Anne's nave
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Organs
Main organ
In the years 1616 to 1618 Merten Friese built a three-manual organ with 37 registers . In 1697 Georg Nitrowski added a Zimbelstern . The instrument was rebuilt in 1703 by Tobias Lehmann and received a new pedal housing to the right of the main housing (III / P / 39). In 1757 Rudolph Dalitz worked on the organ and expanded it to III / P / 41. After changes were made by Carl Schuricht in 1872, Otto Heinrichsdorf created a new pneumatic work in 1914 with 58 stops on three manuals and a pedal. In 1960 it gave way to a much smaller pneumatic organ by Ryszard Plenikowsk (II / P / 24).
The preparatory work for the restoration of the Friese-Lehmann organ in the Mannerism style began in 2007; the execution took place in several construction phases. In 2012/2013 the Wegscheider organ workshop reconstructed the Rückpositiv together with the Polish organ builder Szymon Januszkiewic . The complete organ behind the historic prospectus , which was restored by Polish conservators, was completed in 2018. It was based on its condition from 1703. Only parts of the case are original. The disposition is as follows:
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- 4 shut-off valves : I, II, 2 for pedal
- 2 cymbal stars, calcant, army drum
Organ of the St. Anna Chapel
In 1710 Andreas Hildebrandt built a small organ with 13 stops on a manual and pedal for the St. Anna Chapel . It was replaced in 1910 by Otto Heinrichsdorf with a pneumatic mechanism with two manuals. It has eleven registers with the following disposition:
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- Coupling : I / I super, II / I, II / I super, I / P, II / P
- Tremolo, tutti
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Bartel Ranisch: "Description of all church buildings in the city of Dantzig" Raths und Gymnasii Buchdruckern, Johann Zacharias Stollen, 1695 (p. 94, 117), University and State Library Saxony-Anhalt (ULB).
- ↑ a b c 1514-2014 The Holy Trinity Church in Gdansk , leaflet of the Franciscans Convent.
- ↑ a b c d The St. Trinitatis Church in Danzig past and present , P. Schmidt, Commissionsverlag der Evangelischen Vereinbuchhandlung, Danzig 1901.
- ^ Historical background of the monastery in Danzig , Franciszkanie, Gdańsk.
- ↑ Trinity Church , Pomorskie Travel.
- ↑ Medieval chapel ST. ANNA at the Franciscan Church of ST. Trinity in Danzig (in Polish) , Marek Żydowicz, Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici. Nauki Humanistyczno-Społeczne. Zabytkoznawstwo i Konserwatorstwo, z. 16 (pp. 52–90), 1992 (with images of the St. Anne's Church around 1900 and a floor plan of the monastery-church complex).
- ↑ This name of the building comes from the fact that it is adorned by a 23.50 m long balcony corridor open to Trinitatiskirchgasse, which Gdańsk people call the pulpit . See Paul Schmidt, Die St. Trinitatis-Kirche zu Danzig after past and present , Danzig: Commissionsverlag der Evangelischen Vereinbuchhandlung, 1901, p. 48 , accessed on January 28, 2019. Accordingly, the term pulpit was translated into Polish as 'galeria' ( open, long balcony corridor), which is why the building is called dom galeriowy in Polish , which is sometimes retranslated as a gallery house.
- ↑ Andrzej Szadejko: Discovering a New Land , accessed on December 9, 2019 (PDF).
- ^ Organ of the St Anna Chapel , accessed on December 9, 2019.
Coordinates: 54 ° 20 ′ 45.1 ″ N , 18 ° 38 ′ 49.6 ″ E