Kashubians
The Kashubians (also Kassuben, Polish Kaszubi , Kashubian Kaszëbi ) are a West Slavic people living in Poland in the Pomeranian Voivodeship ( Województwo pomorskie ) in the region of Kashubia , also called Kashubia . In addition, many of those belonging to this ethnic group have emigrated to the USA , Canada and Germany or have settled in further Poland.
Name and language
The origin of the name is controversial. A common explanation is that it is derived from the kassub , a coat worn by the Kashubians. But this is not certain. One theory says that the name Cassubia "was identical to Slavia " and originally referred to "West Pomerania in contrast to East Pomerania". The name was initially only in use in the east for the more western Slavic countries, but was then adopted by the "western Pomorans themselves". As a result of the Germanization of the Slavic Pomerania and the associated extinction of the Pomoran , this name then "migrated" east to the last remnants of the Eastern Pomorans. The Kashubian language , a West Slavic language from the Lechian branch, which is understood by around 300,000 Kashubians today and is actively spoken as a colloquial language by approximately 108,000 people , contains both German (approx. 5%) and Old Prussian loanwords.
Among the Kashubians the defunct National Branch belonged Slovincians , the west moved today Kashubian. The Kashubian costume that is worn on the major holidays is famous .
history
In the 13th century " Caszubitae ", ie Kashubians, are mentioned in the Chronica Poloniae Maioris . Cassubia (Kashubia) was only called the country around Belgard an der Persante , an area in the later province of Pomerania . The name passed only to the country ( pomerelia , Pommerellen ) and the people of today's Kashubian people in the 16th century .
With the German settlement in the east , which began in Pomerania at the end of the 12th century when the Kolbatz monastery was founded, a process began, slowly running from west to east, of the Kashubians, who became a minority, in the immigrant German population. which in turn took over place and field names as well as customs and other traditions of the Kashubians. In the Pomeranian duchies, which had belonged to the German Empire since the 13th century , this development, in which the new German tribe of Pomerania emerged, was completed around the 16th century. In the eastern part of the Kashubian settlement area, however, it came to a standstill at the same time. This part, less affected by the eastern colonization, had belonged to Poland since 1466, where better conditions existed for the further development of the autarkic Kashubian culture . After the territory came to Prussia during the First Partition of Poland in 1772, no comparable process of Germanization and mixing took place there. The still Catholic Kashubians in the former Prussian royal share not mingled with the mainly Protestant Lower German-speaking population of their region - in contrast to the evangelical slowinzischsprachigen Lebakaschuben in Pomerania . While in the administrative district of Köslin of the Pomerania province in 1827 4,080 Kashubians were "calculated", in West Prussia around 1860 89,180 were counted. In 1900, 310 people in Pomerania, but 1132 in 1910, gave Kashubian as their mother tongue. In the province of West Prussia, however, their number had roughly doubled to around 107,000 between 1890 and 1910. Under both German and Polish dominance, the Kashubians were considered a rural minority. For Kashubians, “access to the world” with its opportunities for advancement was only possible through mastering the respective languages.
Culture
The Kashubians who live in the state of Poland today feel a historical and ethnic bond with Poland , but maintain their own language and tradition. Since the 19th century there have been Kashubians, on the one hand, who emphasize the particular closeness of the Kashubians to Poland and to Polishism and rather describe themselves as an ethnic group, and on the other hand (much smaller) currents that, in contrast, focus on the independent Kashubian nationality move, which is sometimes seen by some Poles as a separatist tendency. As an example of these two currents, two important Kashubian personalities of the 19th century can be named, both of whom made outstanding contributions to the Kashubian language and its development: While the Kashubian writer Hieronim Derdowski (1852–1902) wrote: “Nie ma Kaszëb bez Polonii, a bez Kaszëb Polśczi ”(“ There is no Kashubia without Polonia , but without Kashubia Poland ”), Florian Ceynowa (1817–1881) turned against both the Germanization and the Polonization of the Kashubians and criticized the Polish clergy and the Polish nobility. Today, Kashubian is taught in schools in various places in Kashubia, an independent literature is promoted and protected by the Polish state.
The Kashubian folk songs and dances are performed in a quiet 2/4 and 3/4 time. Earlier modal melody forms were abandoned in favor of major and minor scales. Two musical instruments characteristic of the Kashubians are the long wooden trumpet bazuna and the grating drum burczybas .
Today's localization
Kashubs inhabit the areas around Puck (Kasch. Puck ;. Dt Putzig ) Wejherowo (Kasch. Wejrowò ;. Dt .. Neustadt i Westpr ) Kościerzyna (Kasch. Kòscérzëna ; dt. Berent ) Chojnice (Kasch. Chònice ; dt . Konitz ), Bytów ( Kasch . Bëtowò ; German Bütow ), Kartuzy ( Kasch . Kartuzë ; German Karthaus ) and Gdańsk (Kasch. Gduńsk ; German Danzig ). The latter, Gduńsk , is considered by the Kashubians to be their capital, even if most of the larger cities live in Gdynia (Kasch. Gdiniô ; Eng. Gdynia ).
people
The most famous Kashubs of modern times include:
- Florian Ceynowa (1817–1881), doctor, writer, civil rights activist
- Jan Trepczyk (1907–1989), poet, writer
- Gerard Labuda (1916-2010), historian, medievalist
- Józef Jankowski (1910–1941), Pallottine priest and beatified martyr in World War II.
- Aleksander Majkowski (1876–1938), doctor, Kashubian and Polish-speaking writer
- Marian Mokwa (1889–1987), painter of the Kashubian landscape and the Baltic Sea
- Danuta Stenka (born 1961), actress
- Edmund Wnuk-Lipiński (1944–2015), Polish -speaking science fiction author and sociologist
- Dorota Masłowska (* 1983), Polish-speaking writer
- Donald Tusk (* 1957), former Polish Prime Minister; 2014-2019 President of the European Council
Some have Kashubian ancestors:
- Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg (1759–1830), Prussian field marshal
- Paul Nipkow (1860–1940), German technician and inventor
- Erich von Lewinski gen. Von Manstein (1887–1973), German field marshal
- Günter Grass (1927–2015), German writer
- Walter Hoeft (1906–1939), priest, victim of violence ( Piaśnica massacre )
- Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski (1899–1972), SS-Obergruppenführer
- Emil von Zelewski (1854-1891), Prussian officer
See also
- Slowinzen ( Lebakaschuben )
literature
- Max Broesike: Germans, Poles, Masurians and Kashubians in the province of West Prussia . Berlin 1910.
- Alfred Cammann : The Kashubians. From their world, from their fate in history and stories. Sources and representations on the history of West Prussia No. 31. Nicolaus-Copernicus-Verlag, Münster 2007, ISBN 978-3-924238-37-7 .
- Florian Ceynowa : The Germanization of the Kashubians . In: Yearbooks for Slavic Literature, Art and Science , 1843, pp. 243–247. (Text on the net)
- Gerard Labuda : Historia Kaszubów w dziejach Pomorza Vol. 1 Czasy średniowieczne. Gdańsk 2006
- Friedrich Lorentz : History of the Kashubians . Berlin 1926.
- Aleksander Majkowski: Historia Kaszubów . Gdynia 1938 (reprint: Gdańsk 1991) (pl.) (German history of the Kashubians , official translation, Berlin-Dahlem, approx. 1940, [typ. Autograph])
- Arthur Noffke: The Kashubian people . Itzehoe 1988.
- Cezary Obracht-Prondzyński : Kashubians today: culture, language, identity [from the Polish. by Anna Wilczewska] Danzig: Instytut Kaszubski, 2007, ISBN 978-83-89079-78-7
- Peter Rehder (Ed.): Introduction to the Slavic languages . Darmstadt 1998, ISBN 978-3-534-13647-6
- Ernst Seefried-Gulgowski: From an unknown people in Germany. A contribution to the folklore and regional studies of Kashubia . Berlin 1911.
- Reinhold Trautmann: The Slavic peoples and languages . Göttingen 1947.
Movie
- The Kashubians in Poland. Documentary, Germany, 2012, 43 min., Written and directed by: Adama Ulrich, production: fernsehbüro, Saarländischer Rundfunk , arte , series: Forgotten Völker, first broadcast: February 14, 2013 by arte, summary by ARD .
Web links
- About Kaschuben - a reader by Klaus Dieter Kreplin, PDF file
- About Kashubians - content by Klaus Dieter Kreplin
- Kaszubia - Kashubian information pages ( Memento from April 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (German)
- Zasoby kaszubsko-pomorskie (pl. + Kasch.)
- Cassubia slavica; Kashubian Studies ( Memento of March 6, 2005 in the Internet Archive )
- Kashubian Institute (pl.)
- Big cloths. A village in Western Pomerania by Heinz Radde
- The Kashubians in eastern Pomerania. - Private work by an author of Kashubian origin on Glischinski.de
- Cash booths
Footnotes
- ↑ Christoph Obermüller: The German tribes. Tribal history as history of names and imperial history , Bielefeld and Leipzig 1941, pp. 510–511
- ^ Kashubian today: Culture-Language-Identity, pages 8-9 (in German)
- ↑ Kashubians in Statistics (Part III), Table 3.Page 7/10 (in Polish)
- ^ Noffke, A. (1988). The Kashubian people - a piece of East Pomeranian folk history. Oldenborstel: sn, p. 4
- ^ Ceynowa, 1843, p. 244
- ↑ The cash boxes . In: Berliner Revue , Volume 20, 1860, pp. 57–61 .
- ↑ See CFW Dieterici : Handbuch der Statistik des Prussischen Staats , Berlin 1861, p. 179. The author describes the Germanization process as follows (p. 175): "(...) the transition from the foreign nationality to the German is progressing gradually, for some sexes, however, the original dialect and nationality remain unchanged " . [1]
- ↑ Results of the 1900 census in: Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon , Volume 16, Leipzig and Vienna 1907, keyword Pommern, p. 134. and the 1910 census in: Statistisches Jahrbuch für den Prussischen Staat . Königlich Statistisches Landesamt, Berlin 1913, p. 21 f.
- ^ Statistical yearbook for the Prussian state . Königlich Statistisches Landesamt, Berlin 1913, p. 21.
- ↑ January Stęszewski: Poland. II. Folk music. 4. Regional differentiation. In: MGG Online, October 2017
- ↑ January Stęszewski, Zbigniew J. Przerembski: Burczybas . In: Grove Music Online , January 13, 2015