Slowinese language

Slowinese
Spoken in	Pomerania (until the middle of the 20th century)
speaker	extinct
Linguistic ; classification	Indo-European Slavic West Slavic Slowinese ;
Official status
Official language in	-
Language codes
ISO 639 -1	-
ISO 639 -2	-
ISO 639-3	-

Map of Kashubian dialects based on Friedrich Lorentz (1903), who classified Slowinzisch as a Kashubian dialect. At that time, the three north-western dialects in Western Pomerania were already heavily fragmented into individual villages and elderly people, with the other two being displaced rather than Slowinese.

The Slovenian language ( Slovjĩnsħï ją̃zĕk, slovjĩnsħė gådą̃ńė ) is a West Slavic language that became extinct in the 20th century . Together with the also extinct Polabian languages and the still spoken Kashubian , it formed a remnant of the Slavic languages that were originally spoken along the Baltic Sea coast in Pomerania and northeast of the Elbe . Whether Slovinian was a separate language or can be seen as a dialect of Kashubian is debatable. Quite a few people in or from northeastern Pomerania defined themselves as Slowinzen (also Lebakashubes ), although they could no longer speak the language.

Exploration and Disappearance

Research only became aware of this small language community in the middle of the 19th century, which lived in northeast Pomerania , especially in the parishes of Groß Garde and Schmolsin in the Stolp district . The first to report on them was the Russian Slavist Alexander Hilferding , and after him other Russian, German and Polish linguists visited the area. At the beginning of the 20th century , the language was recorded by the Slavist Friedrich Lorentz .

It is not entirely clear when the last speakers died, the last retreat was apparently the village of Klucken on Lake Lebasee . Apart from a few terms that had flowed into the regional East Low German , in 1945 only a few old people spoke the Slovenian language.

Linguistic particularities

Slovinian was a particularly archaic language in which some peculiarities had been preserved that were no longer found in most (West) Slavic languages (e.g. it had a free accent ). In addition, it was also heavily influenced by East Low German and German , especially in terms of vocabulary, but also in terms of syntax .

Written records

Slowin has never developed its own written language. Only shortly before the extinction, at the beginning of the 20th century, the language of the Slavic was Friedrich Lorentz in loud writing recorded -kodifizierter form.

Dialects

Map of Slovak and Lower Kashubian language varieties from the middle of the 19th century after Friedrich Lorentz (in Russian). 1 = West Slovenian, 2 = East Slovenian, 3–35: Lower Kashubian varieties, 1–7 in Pomerania no longer exist.

Dialectal structure

The Slowinzische can be divided into two main varieties , which in turn are divided into different local dialects.

East Slovenian

Kluckener dialect

Schmolsiner Klucken
Selesener Klucken

Holzkathen-Scholpiner dialect

Holzkathen (includes, among other things, the individual farms Lassen, Lochzen, Klötzen, Radtke)
Scholpin

Virchenzin-Vietkow-Zietzen dialect

Virchenzin and the associated Rambow
Vietkow
Zietzen

Stohentiner dialect

West Slovenian

Groß-Garder dialect

Groß-Garde and the associated Kerske

Klein-Garder dialect

Little Guard

Wittstock-Rotten-Wittbeck dialect

Wittstock
Rotten and Lotken

Rotten
Lotken

Wittbeck and Blottken

Wittbeck
Blottken

Differences between the two main varieties

The main differences between East and West Slovak can be described as follows.

1. The original Slavic vowels i, y, u and z. T. ę are represented in the stressed syllable after hard consonants in East Slovak by s, in West Slovak by ä (only after c ʒ by ȧ):

urslaw. * glina → oslz. glȧ̃nă and wslz. glä̀ · nă

urslaw. * ryba → oslz. rȧ̃bă and wslz. rä̀ · bă

urslaw. * struga → oslz. strȧ̃gă and wslz. strä̀ · gă

urslaw. * ręditь → oslz. řȧ̃ʒĕc and wslz. řä̀ · ʒĕc

2. The originally short Slovenian vowels i, ʉ and ȧ or ä are long in stressed internal syllables in East Slovene and short in West Slovene, whereby the following consonant is stretched:

slz. * bjĭtï → oslz. bjĩtï and wslz. bjì tï

slz. * mʉ̆χa → oslz. mʉ̃χă and wslz. mʉ̀ · χa

slz. * lȧpa → oslz. lȧ̃pă and wslz. lä̀ · pă

slz. * cȧχѳ → oslz. cȧ̃χѳ and wslz. cä̀ · χѳ

3. The Slovene diphthongs ie̯ and ʉѳ̯ are monophthongized in Western Slovene before nasals in stressed syllables , in East Slovene they are preserved as diphthongs:

slz. * jie̯mʉ̇ → wslz. jì · mʉ̇ and oslz. jìe̯mʉ̇

slz. * plecie̯ńė → wslz. plecì · ńė and oslz. plecìe̯ńė

slz. * slʉѳ̯ma → Gardener wslz. slǜ · mă and oslz. slʉ̀ѳ̯mă

slz. * tʉѳ̯ńa → Gardener wslz. tǜ · ńă and oslz. tʉ̀ѳ̯ńă

4. In the dative singular masculine , East Slovak has the ending -ѳjʉ̇ or -ejʉ̇ , West Slovak -lowvʉ̇ or -evʉ̇ :

oslz. vʉ̀ѳ̯lѳjʉ̇ - wslz. vùѳ̯lѳvʉ̇

oslz. kʉ̀ѳ̯ńejʉ̇ - wslz. kʉ̀ѳ̯ńevʉ̇

5. In the locative plural masculine and neuter , East Slovak has the ending -ėχ́ , West Slovak -ie̯χ or unstressed -eχ́ :

oslz. lĕscė́χ́ - wslz. lĕscìe̯χ

oslz. jãstřėχ́ - wslz. jãstřĕχ́

6. To form the Reflexivverba, the East Slovak są , the West Slovak sä :

oslz. jå̋u̯-są-smjìe̯ją - wslz. jå̋u̯-sä-smjìe̯ją

Language example: The Lord's Prayer

The language example given below is one of Friedrich Lorentz developed phonetic transcription recorded.

Slowinese
East Slovak ( Vietkower dialect)	West Slovenian ( Rotten dialect)
Vө · Icae NAS, tȧ-JES v-ńìe̯bjä, svjącѳnѳ bąʒä Imja tvùѳ̯jä, přïʒä krѳlɛi̯stvѳ tvùѳ̯jä, tvùѳ̯jä vùѳ̯lå są-fstąńĭ jãkѳ v-ńìe̯bjä tãkѳ nãzemjï, χlėb NAS pѳfšėdnï Dei nȯu̯m ʒïs, a-vө · tpʉscä-nȯ̋u̯m našėvjĩnä , jäk-mȧ̃ vө̀tpʉ̇́scïmä nãšėmʉ̇ vjinѳvãtėmʉ̇, a-ńìe̯vevѳʒä-na̋s f-pѳkʉšìe̯ńė, ãlä năs-vȧ̃bavjĭ vѳt-fšìe̯vå zlė̂vå. Te-tváo̯-jĕstă mùѳ̯c, χváo̯lă, počìe̯snosc vө̀d-vjekʉ̇ ăš-nã-vjeḱ. Áo̯mĕn.	Vò · Icae NAS, χtùo̯rï Jie's v-ńìe̯bjä, svjì · cänŏ bąʒä Imja tvùo̯jä, přïʒä do-nas TVE krŏlɛi̯stvŏ, fstąńĭ Vuola tvùo̯jă Jako-v-ńìe̯bjä tak na-zì · MJI, χlėp pŏfšėdnï Dei nȯu̯m ʒïs, Vo * tpŭscä nose gřėχ̌ĭ, Jako-ma vŏtpu̇scïmä Nasim vjĭnŏvãi̯cȯu̯m, ńìe̯vŏʒä Nas f pŏkŭšì · ne, NAS va-bavjĭ VOT-fšìe̯vå zlėvå, χtùo̯rï mǻu̯š mùo̯c, χvǻu̯lą, pùo̯čestnŏsc ve vječnùo̯scï. Amen.

literature

Alexander Hilferding : The remains of the Slavs on the south side of the Baltic Sea . In: Journal of Slavic Literature, Art and Science . 1st volume, 1st issue. Publishing house by JE Schmaler, Bautzen 1862, p. 81-97 ( full text ).
Alexander Hilferding: The remains of the Slavs on the south side of the Baltic Sea . In: Journal of Slavic Literature, Art and Science . 1st volume, 4th issue. Publishing house by JE Schmaler, Bautzen 1864, p. 230-239 ( full text ).
Alexander Hilferding: The remains of the Slavs on the south side of the Baltic Sea . In: Journal of Slavic Literature, Art and Science . 2nd volume, 2nd issue. Publishing house by JE Schmaler, Bautzen 1864, p. 81–111 ( full text ).
F. Tetzner: The Slowinzen and Lebakashubes . Country and people, house and farm, customs and traditions, language and literature in eastern Pomerania. With a language card and 3 panels of illustrations (= contributions to folklore and ethnology . Volume 8 ). Emil Felber publisher, Berlin 1899 ( archive.org ).
Friedrich Lorentz : Slovinzische Grammar . Изданіе Второго Отдѣленія Императогской Академіи Наукъ, St. Petersburg 1903 ( digitized version ).
Friedrich Lorentz: Slovenian texts . Изданіе Второго Отдѣленія Императогской Академіи Наукъ, St. Petersburg 1903 ( digitized version ).
Friedrich Lorentz: Slovincian dictionary . First part. A – Ѳ . Изданіе Отдѣленія Русскаго Языка и Словесности Императорской Академія Наукъ / printing office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 1908 ( Digitalisat München , Słupsk ).
Friedrich Lorentz: Slovincian dictionary . Second part. P-Z. Place and person names. Supplements. Unsure words. Изданіе Отдѣленія Русскаго Языка и Словесности Императорской Академія Наукъ / printing office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 1912 ( Digitalisat München , Słupsk ).
Hans F. Rosenfeld (Hrsg.): Hind Pomeranian Dictionary . The dialect of Gross Garde (Stolp district) (= publications of the Historical Commission for Pomerania, Series IV: Sources on Pomeranian history . Volume 11 ). Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 1994, ISBN 978-3-412-05993-4 .
Ewa Rzetelska-Feleszko: The Elbe and Baltic Sea Slavonic . In: Peter Rehder (Ed.): Introduction to the Slavic languages . 3rd, improved and enlarged edition. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1998, ISBN 3-534-13647-0 , pp. 165-170 .
Ewa Rzetelska-Feleszko: Slovincian . In: Miloš Okuka (Hrsg.): Lexicon of the Languages of the European East (= Wieser Encyclopedia of the European East ). tape 10 . Wieser, Klagenfurt 2002, ISBN 3-85129-510-2 , p. 509-512 ( [1] [PDF]).

Individual evidence

↑ Friedrich Lorentz: Slovinzische grammar . Изданіе Второго Отдѣленія Императогской Академіи Наукъ, St. Petersburg 1903, p. 1 ( digitized version ).
^ Map designed after: F. Lorentz: Gramatyka Pomorska . Poznań 1927, folding map on the back cover page (digitized image 78). The Slovenian varieties are brown, the Lower Kashubian varieties are red, the Central Kashubian varieties are green, and the Upper Kashubian varieties are purple. The map does not show the distribution in the year of publication, as the Russian map suggests, but all varieties researched since the middle of the 19th century.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Friedrich Lorentz: Slovinzische Grammatik . Изданіе Второго Отдѣленія Императогской Академіи Наукъ, St. Petersburg 1903, p. 3 ( digitized version ).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Friedrich Lorentz: Slovinzische Grammatik . Изданіе Второго Отдѣленія Императогской Академіи Наукъ, St. Petersburg 1903, p. 4 ( digitized version ).
↑ Friedrich Lorentz: Slovinzische texts . Изданіе Второго Отдѣленія Императогской Академіи Наукъ, St. Petersburg 1903, p. 47, number 54 ( digitized version ).
↑ Friedrich Lorentz: Slovinzische texts . Изданіе Второго Отдѣленія Императогской Академіи Наукъ, St. Petersburg 1903, p. 134, number 115 ( digitized version ).

[1] Friedrich Lorentz: Slovinzische grammar . Изданіе Второго Отдѣленія Императогской Академіи Наукъ, St. Petersburg 1903, p. 1 ( digitized version ).

[2] Map designed after: F. Lorentz: Gramatyka Pomorska . Poznań 1927, folding map on the back cover page (digitized image 78). The Slovenian varieties are brown, the Lower Kashubian varieties are red, the Central Kashubian varieties are green, and the Upper Kashubian varieties are purple. The map does not show the distribution in the year of publication, as the Russian map suggests, but all varieties researched since the middle of the 19th century.

[Grammatik3-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Friedrich Lorentz: Slovinzische Grammatik . Изданіе Второго Отдѣленія Императогской Академіи Наукъ, St. Petersburg 1903, p. 3 ( digitized version ).

[Grammatik4-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Friedrich Lorentz: Slovinzische Grammatik . Изданіе Второго Отдѣленія Императогской Академіи Наукъ, St. Petersburg 1903, p. 4 ( digitized version ).

[5] Friedrich Lorentz: Slovinzische texts . Изданіе Второго Отдѣленія Императогской Академіи Наукъ, St. Petersburg 1903, p. 47, number 54 ( digitized version ).

[6] Friedrich Lorentz: Slovinzische texts . Изданіе Второго Отдѣленія Императогской Академіи Наукъ, St. Petersburg 1903, p. 134, number 115 ( digitized version ).