Ur-Slavic
| Ur-Slavic | ||
|---|---|---|
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Spoken in |
Central Europe , Eastern Europe , Southwest and Balkan Peninsula (before the 7th century ) |
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| Linguistic classification |
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Ur- Slavic (also Proto-Slavic ) is the hypothetical common ancestor (the original language ) of the modern Slavic languages .
This "original language" has not been passed down directly. For this reason, their sounds and words must be made accessible through methods of comparative linguistics . Unused forms are marked with an asterisk in historical linguistics ( e.g. * golva for head or * rǫka for hand). Many of the words in modern Slavic languages are derived from these "original words" through sound shifts .
history
The Ur-Slavonic developed from the Indo-European . It is controversial among linguists whether it split off directly from the Indo-European original language, or whether it initially formed a common Baltic -Slavic language together with the Baltic languages . At that time the Slavic tribes (as far as known) had no script and so there are no written records of the original Slavic language.
The end of the common original language can be seen as the time of the “Slavic migration” of various Slavic tribes from the 5th century following the Germanic migration .
The first Slavic written language is Old Church Slavonic , which was recorded in writing from the 9th century and which is believed to be very close to Primeval Slavonic .
Grammar - Phonology
Vowels
In its late phase, Urslavic had 11 vowels , all of which with the exception of ь and ъ could be short or long . In Slavonic studies they are usually represented as follows: i, ь, e, ę, ě, a, o, ǫ, ъ, y, u.
- ь, ъ - very short (reduced) vowels or half-vowels , probably [ ɪ ] or [ ɯ ];
- ę, ǫ - nasal front and back vowels
- ě - Jat , probably [ æː ]
- y - probably [ ɯː ] or as a diphthong [ ɯi ]
- The existence of syllabic consonants in Primeval Slavonic is controversial. Some linguists suggest the groups ъl, ьl, ъr, ьr instead of the syllable consonants l̥, ĺ̥, r̥, ŕ̥.
Consonants
The consonants of Ur-Slavonic in its late phase are shown in the following table (in the notation customary in Slavonic studies):
| bilabial | dental | palatalized dental | alveolar | palatalized alveolar | palatal | velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosives | p, b | t, d | t ', d' | k, g | |||
| Affricates | c, ʒ | č, ǯ | |||||
| Fricatives | v | s, z | s' | š, ž | x | ||
| Nasals | m | n | n ' | ||||
| Liquids | l | l ' | r | r ' | j |
- Entries in the table in pairs denote the corresponding unvoiced (left) and voiced (right) consonants
- c stands for the voiceless affricate [ ʦ ]
- ʒ stands for the voiced affricate [ ʣ ]
- x stands for the voiceless velar fricative [ x ]
- š, č, ž and ǯ stand for the sounds [ ʃ ], [ ʧ ], [ ʒ ] and [ ʤ ]
- 'stands for the soft sign, i.e. H. for the palatalization of the preceding sound , in the IPA palatalized consonants are represented by a subsequent superscript j (e.g. / tʲ /).
Notation
In Slavic studies, the symbols shown above are usually used to transcribe the original Slavic sounds (and words) and not their corresponding IPA symbols.
vocabulary
The vocabulary of the Primeval Slavonic can partly be reconstructed using methods of comparative linguistics based on later written Slavic languages as well as traditional Slavic words in other languages.
The following table shows some of the words of the Primeval Slavic language together with examples from other Slavic languages. The expressions written in italics represent transliterations with Latin letters. In South Slavic languages (except Old Church Slavonic), the h stands for the voiceless velar fricative [ x ]. The Cyrillic characters ь and ъ stand for the reduced vowels, which only occur in the Primeval and Old Church Slavonic . In today's Slavic languages, these sounds are no longer present. Therefore, the characters ь and ъ are transliterated in words used in modern languages. So the ' stands for the soft sign, i.e. H. for the palatalization of the preceding sound. Reconstructed, unused forms are marked with a preceding asterisk * .
| Ur-Slavic | South Slavic | East Slavic | West Slavic | German | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altksl. | Serbo-Croatian | Bulgarian | Macedonian | Slovenian | Belarusian | Russian | Ukrainian | Kashubian | Lower Sorbian | Upper Sorbian | Polish | Slovak | Czech | ||
| * golva | глава ( glava ) | glava / глава | глава ( glava ) | глава ( glava ) | glava | галава ( halava ) | голова ( golova ) | голова ( holova ) | głowa | głowa | hłowa | głowa | hlava | hlava | head |
| *eco | око ( oko ) | oko / око | око ( oko ) | око ( oko ) | eco | вока ( voka ) | око ( okо ) | ok | eco | woko | woko | eco | eco | eco | eye |
| * ucho | ухо ( ucho ) | uho / ухо or uvo / уво | ухо ( uho ) | уво ( uvo ) | uho | вуха ( vucha ) | ухо ( ucho ) | вухо ( vucho ) | ùchò | wucho | wucho | ucho | ucho | ucho | ear |
| * nosъ | nos / нос | нос ( nos ) | нос ( nos ) | nos | нос ( nos ) | нoс ( nos ) | ніс ( nіs ) | nos | nos | nós | nos | nos | nos | nose | |
| * rǫka | рѫка ( rǫka ) | ruka / рука | ръка ( răkа ) | рака ( raka ) | roka | рука ( ruka ) | рука ( ruka ) | рука ( ruka ) | rãka | ruka | ruka | ręka | ruka | ruka | Hand / arm |
| * noga | нога ( noga ) | noga / нога | крак ( krak ) | нога ( noga ) | noga | нага ( naha ) | нога ( noga ) | нога ( noha ) | noga | noga | noha | noga | noha | noha | Foot leg |
| * sr̥dьce | срьдьце ( srьdьce ) | srce / срце | сърце ( sărcе ) | срце ( srce ) | srce | сэрца ( sėrca ) | сердце ( serdce ) | серце ( serce ) | serce | wutšoba | wutroba | serce | srdce | srdce | heart |
| * mati | мати ( mati ) | majka, mater / мајка, матер | майка ( majka ) | мајка ( majka ) | mati | маці ( maci ) | мать ( mat ' ) | мати ( maty ) | uterus | maś | mać | uterus | uterus | uterus | mother |
| * otьcь | отьць ( otьcь ) | otac / отац | татко / баща ( tatko / baštа ) | татко ( tatko ) | oče | бацька ( bac'ka ) | отец ( otec ) | батько ( bat'ko ) | òjc | nan (high sp. wóśc ) | nan (high sp. wótc ) | ojciec | otec | otec | father |
| * sestra | сестра ( sestra ) | sestra / сестрa | сестрa ( sestra ) | сестра ( sestrа ) | sestra | сястра ( sjastra ) | сестра ( sestra ) | сестра ( sestra ) | sostra | sotša | sotra | siostra | sestra | sestra | sister |
| * roast | братръ ( bratrъ ) | brat / брат | брaт ( brat ) | брат ( brat ) | fry | брат ( brat ) | брат ( brat ) | брат ( brat ) | fry | bratš | roast | fry | fry | roast | Brothers |
| * dъkti | дъшти ( dъšti ) | kći or ćerka / ћерка | дъщеря ( dăšterjа ) | ќерка ( ḱerka ) | hči | дачка ( dačka ) | дочь ( doč ' ) | дочка ( dočka ) | córka | źowka | dźowka | córka | dcéra | dcera | daughter |
| * synъ | сынъ ( synъ ) | sin / син | син ( sin ) | син ( sin ) | sin | сын ( syn ) | сын ( syn ) | син ( syn ) | syn | syn | syn | syn | syn | syn | son |
literature
- Bernard Comrie , Greville Corbett ( Ed. ): The Slavonic languages . Routledge, London 1993, ISBN 0-415-28078-8 .
- Sebastian Kempgen u. a. (Ed.): Die Slavischen Sprachen / The Slavic Languages . Half volume 2, Handbooks for Linguistics and Communication Science 32.2 (HSK), De Gruyter Mouton, Berlin, 2014, ISBN 3-11-017153-8 .
- Roland Sussex, Paul Cubberley: The Slavic Languages . Pp. 25-41, Cambridge Language Surveys, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006, ISBN 978-0-521-22315-7 .
Web links
- Link catalog on the topic of Urslavisch at curlie.org (formerly DMOZ )
- Georg Holzer: Ur-Slavic . (PDF; 242 kB). In: M. Okuka: Lexicon of the Languages of the European East