Polish language

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Polabisch ( vensťĕ rec )

Spoken in

Germany (until the middle of the 18th century)
speaker extinct
Linguistic
classification
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

-

ISO 639 -2

sla

ISO 639-3

pox

As Polabisch refers to the languages of the West Slavic tribes that since the 7th century areas of contemporary North-East Germany populated and northwestern Poland.

Together with Kashubian (also Slovincian ) and Polish , it is in turn combined to form the Lechian branch of West Slavonic .

Distribution area

Until the 10th century, the area of ​​distribution in the west extended over the Elbe and bordered in the south (approximately at the height of Wittenberg and south of Berlin) on areas that were also Slavic, but which were assigned to Sorbian .

Well-known tribes (tribal associations) were the Obodrites in West Mecklenburg and Holstein , the Lutizen in East Mecklenburg, northern Brandenburg and southern Western Pomerania , the Heveller in western Brandenburg , and the Ranen (Rujanen) on Rügen and in northern Western Pomerania. The language of today Kashubians mentioned Pomeranians east of the Oder, the Kashubian is closely related to the polabischen languages, but is viewed mostly as a separate group.

The word Polabisch goes to the designation originally a tribe east of Hamburg - the polabians - back and describes the situation of polabians 'on the Elbe ' ( po 'to' + Laba 'same'). Therefore, the term Elbslavisch is also common.

displacement

With the German settlement in the east in the 10th and 12th centuries, the Polish languages ​​were slowly displaced. The large number of settlers brought into the country from northern Germany and the Netherlands, as well as the sole use of the Low German language as the city and official language (language bans were sometimes issued) soon displaced Polish with the exception of a few linguistic islands. On Rügen , Polabish died out in the 15th century at the latest. In Lower Saxony, east of Lüneburg , Drawänopolabisch (based on the Drawehn ridge ) was spoken until the middle of the 18th century , giving this region the name Wendland after its Slavic inhabitants . The last speaker, Emerentz Schultze, died in Dolgow in 1756 at the age of 88 .

Today, remember, just as in the Sorbian region, countless local and field names to the previously spoken there Polabian Language, z. B. Berlin and Potsdam ( Podstupim ), Rostock ( Rastokŭ ) and Usedom .

Written records

Polish has never developed its own written language. Researchers only began to take an interest in the language shortly before it became extinct, for example Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , who asked a source for a dictionary and the Polish version of the Our Father. The most detailed records come from the Protestant pastor Christian Hennig von Jessen , who worked in Wustrow , another important source are the records of the Polish farmer Johann Parum Schultze from Sühten .

Linguistic particularities

Due to the long separate development, the Polish had moved away from the other Slavic languages: On the one hand, German influence can be clearly felt. For example, ö and ü belonged to the phonetic system in Drawenopolabic, as did diphthongs . (Exactly as with the transition from Middle to New High German and Middle to New English, long u and i became au and ai .) On the other hand, linguistic changes that have covered all other Slavic languages ​​have not prevailed due to the peripheral location in Polabian. The for the Proto-Slavonic typical "law of increasing Silbensonorität", according to which each syllable to a full vowel must end, has not been fully enforced in Polabischen so that the Liquidametathese , ie the replacement of urslawischem -or- and -OL- by -ro - and -lo- or -ra- and -la- , was not carried out in full here (cf. the place names Stargard , Sagard , Gartow and Garditz , the part of which gard 'Burg' corresponds to the word treated under Gradec ).

The vocabulary contained a large number of German and especially Low German loan words.

The following is a table with some examples of the Dravenopolabian dialect (first half of the 17th century) and Polabian (8th to 14th centuries) in comparison to other West Slavic languages ​​and the most widely spoken Slavic language, Russian:

German drawenopolabisch polabic Polish Lower Sorbian Upper Sorbian Czech Slovak Russian
human clawak, clôwak człowiek cłowjek čłowjek člověk človek человек (čelovek)
God iron bóg bent bóh bůh boh бог (bog)
Brothers loaf fry bratš roast roast fry брат (brat)
sister sestra siostra sotša sotra sestra sestra сестра (sestra)
beech build baked baked baked baked baked baked бук (buk)
White bjole belë biały běły běły bílý biely белый (belyj)
Farmer bör chłop, rolnik bur, buŕ bur, ratar, rólnik rolník, sedlák roľník, sedliak ратай (rataj), пахарь (pachar '), крестьянин (krest'janin)
birch breza breza brzoza brjaza brěza bříza breza берёза (berjoza)
Bull, bull bôla byk byk, wół byk byk, ćělc byk, vůl byk, vôl бык (byk), телец (telec)
Day Don dzień Zen dźeń the the день (den ')
kiss hepôk pocałunek póšk hubka polibek, hubička bozk, pusa поцелуй (poceluj)
autumn jisin, prenja zaima jesień nazymje nazyma podzim jeseň осень (osen ')
cap klöbük, klübik kapelusz kłobyk kłobuk klobouk klobúk шляпа (šljapa) / клобук (klobuk)
summer let lato reading lěćo léto leto лето (leto)
mouse mois myš mysz myš myš myš myš мышь (myš ')
raspberry molaina malina malina malina malena malina malina малина (malina)
Meadow plana ląka łąka łuka łuka louka lúka поляна (polyana), луг (lug)
fish raibo, roiboi ryba ryba ryba ryba ryba ryba рыба (ryba)
hand ręka ręka ruka ruka ruka ruka рука (ruka)
snow sneg lean sněg sněh sníh sneh снег (sneg)
warm teplü tepëlë ciepły śopły ćopły teplý teplý тёплый (tjoplyj)
Eve wicer wieczór wjacor wječor večer večer вечер (večer)
Fire widin, wüdjin ogień wogeń woheń oheň oheň огонь (ogon ')
wind wjôter wiatr wětš wětřik, wětr vítr vietor ветер (veter)
water wôda voda voda voda voda voda voda вода (voda)
garden wôgord wogard ogród zagroda zahroda zahrada záhrada огород (ogorod)
winter zaima zima zymje zyma zima zima зима (zima)

Language example: The Lord's Prayer

In Polish, the Lord's Prayer is as follows:

Nos fader, tå tåi jis vå nĕbiśai,
sjǫtă vårdă tüji jaimă;
Tüjă rik komă;
Tüjă viľă šinót, kok vå nĕbiśai, tok kăk no zimě;
nosėj vėsědanesnă sťaibě doj-năm dans;
un vitědoj-năm nos grex, kăk moi vitědojimě nosěm gresnărüm;
un ni brinďoj nos kå farsükońě;
tåi lözoj nos vit vėsokăg x́audăg.
Pritü tüje ją tü ťenądztwü un müc un câst, warchni Büzac, nekąda in nekędisa.
Amen.

Another language example is the Polish folk song Das Lied von den Vogelein .

literature

  • Słownik etymologiczny języka Drzewian połabskich , volume 1: Eds. Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński & Kazimierz Polański, Wrocław, 1962, from volume 2 to: Ed. K. Polański, Wrocław 1971
  • Kazimierz Polański, Janusz Sehnert: Polabian-English Dictionary . The Hague, Mouton 1967
  • Reinhold Olesch : Thesaurus linguae Dravaenopolabicae . (= Slavic research; Volume 42). Böhlau, Cologne / Vienna 1983–1987 (dictionary in 3 volumes and register volume)
  • August Schleicher, Alexander Leskien: Phonology and forms of the Polabian language. Imperial Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 1871 (Reprints: Saendig-Reprint-Verlag, Wiesbaden 1967; Reprint-Verlag, Vaduz / Liechtenstein 1999) archive.org -Digitalisat https://archive.org/details/lautundformenle00leskgoog
  • Johann Parum Schultze , Reinhold Olesch (eds.): Fontes linguae Dravaenopolabicae minores et Chronica Venedica JP Schultzii. (= Slavic research; Volume 7). Böhlau, Cologne / Graz 1967
  • Christian Hennig von Jessen : Vocabularium Venedicum (or Wendish Word Book) (1705). Reprinted by Reinhold Olesch. Böhlau, Cologne [a. a.] 1959 (the author of Pastor C. Hennig von Jessen was the Polish-speaking farmer Johann Janieschge from Klennow )
  • Wolfgang Juerries , Berndt Wachter (Ed.): Dravänopolabisch. In: Wendland-Lexikon . Volume 1: A – K, 2nd edition. Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft Köhring & Co., Lüchow 2008, ISBN 978-3-926322-28-9 , pp. 157-158

Web links

Test Wikipedia in Polish

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Language (Wendish) in: Johann Georg Krünitz , Friedrich Jakob Floerken, Heinrich Gustav Flörke : Economic Encyclopedia, Volume 161, p. 437 [1]
  2. ↑ 250 years after the Obodritic-Wendish language died out
  3. ↑ [2]
  4. ↑ Altes Land and Rundlingsdörfer suggested - Who will be World Heritage? , haz.de, June 18, 2012
  5. ↑ Polabian. (No longer available online.) Christ Rex, Inc., archived from the original on October 19, 2017 ; accessed on April 11, 2018 .