Abodrites

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Settlement area of ​​the tribal union of the Abodrites

The Abodriten or Obodriten (also Abotriten, Obotriten or Bodrizen ) were an Elbe Slavic tribal association , which settled from the 8th to the 12th century in the area of ​​today's Mecklenburg and eastern Holstein . The name is derived from the tribe of the Abodrites, who lived around Wismar and Schwerin and played a leading role within the association.

At the end of the 7th century, Slavs immigrated to the area between the Elbe and Oder , from which the Abodritic tribal association was formed in the northwest. At different times the Wagrier , Travnjanen , Polaben , Kessiner , Warnower , Zirzipanen , Smeldinger , Bethenzer and Linonen belonged to it. Despite its exposed geopolitical location, the Abodrite tribal association maintained its political, cultural and religious independence from the Franks , Saxons and Danes . Under the Christian princely family of nakonids the territory of Abodrites stretched as far as the Oder and Havel . After the death of the last velvet ruler Knud Lavard , the Abodritic Empire began to fall apart at the beginning of the 12th century. Henry the Lion incorporated the western part with Wagrien and Polabia into his domain from 1138/39. In the eastern part of the country, the descendants of the Abodritic Prince Niklot established themselves permanently as lords of Mecklenburg .

For centuries, the Mecklenburg princes promoted an imaginative historiography of the Slavic past in order to prove their descent from Abodritic kings. With his collection of sources on the West Slavic tribes published in 1860, the Schwerin archivist Friedrich Wigger laid the foundation for scientific research on the history of Abodritis. Initially, however, the Abodrites rarely got beyond the stage of the object responding to Germanic conquest and Christianization efforts. Only the post- doctoral thesis by Wolfgang H. Fritzes on the abodritic constitutional history from 1960 paved the way for researchers to perceive the abodrites as an interacting subject of the Middle Ages under international law. Current research focuses are ethnogenesis and the failed nation building.

Surname

The name of the Abodrites appears for the first time in 789 in the contemporary imperial annals as Abotriti . Einhard reports on Abodriti in the Vita Karoli Magni . The spelling Obodritos can be found from the middle of the 9th century, initially in a letter from the Frankish emperor Lothar from the year 851. The chroniclers Adam von Bremen ( Obodriti ) and Helmold von Bosau ( Obotriti ) then used it consistently in the 11th and 12th centuries the name Obodriten. A self-naming is not passed down. Both spellings are used today. In contrast, the designation as Bodrizen could not prevail. It was the result of a linguistic derivation from the 19th century.

A generally recognized definition of the origin and meaning of the name does not yet exist. Opinions range from Slavic to completely Unslavic . The interpretations are correspondingly different: It is assumed that the name refers to an origin from the Oder region ( ob-odriti ), is derived from a tribal chief Bodr, which has not been handed down , corresponds to the Russian obodrat for border robbers or it has its roots in the Greek ἀπάτριδες which can be translated as The Homeless . The name Rereger , which Adam von Bremen uses in his Hamburg church history , describes the Abodrites as a tribe. ('Rereger' is apparently derived from the name of the Obodritic trading center Reric .)

Settlement area

At the end of the 8th century, the Abodrites settled in two spatially separate areas: The western settlement area, consisting of the northern Lauenburg with the main castle in Hammer , the Lübeck basin with the main castle in Pöppendorf and Ostholstein with the main castle in Starigard bordered the Danes in the north , in the west to the Saxon northern Albingia and in the south to the also Saxon Ostfalen . The tribal area of ​​the Wilzen was located adjacent to the eastern settlement area between Wismar and Schwerin with the main castles in the village of Mecklenburg and Ilow . Between the two Abodritic settlement areas, a thinly populated strip stretched from the Baltic Sea via Grevesmühlen , Gadebusch and Wittenburg to the Elbe west of Boizenburg . The border area between Abodriten and Wilzen ran from Darß along the Recknitz over Mecklenburg Switzerland to the Müritz area .

In the following centuries there were no notable changes in the settlement area. Increasing demand for space due to the slowly but steadily growing population was satisfied by densifying the settlement network; Land expansion through clearing is only recorded in exceptional cases.

story

After the conquest by immigrating Slavs, the abodritic tribal association was created, whose history can be divided into the main periods of the small tribal state, the partial tribal state and the large ancestral state until its fall in the 12th century.

Land grab

At the end of the 7th century, Slavic groups immigrated to Mecklenburg and Ostholstein after the Germanic tribes that had previously settled there had left the area in the course of the migration. Since only a few dendrochronological dates go back to the time before 700, it can be assumed that the Slavic conquest of the land began at the end of the 7th century. Only after 720 does the number of dendro data increase significantly, so that Slavic settlement structures that have already grown can be developed from it. There was still no central rule. Contrary to earlier assumptions, the immigrating groups were not closed associations or even the Abodritic tribe. Rather, it only formed after immigration, with - if necessary - remnants of the Germanic population were assimilated. In any case, a continuing Germanic settlement tradition in the later tribal area of ​​the Abodrites is not archaeologically tangible. According to the archaeological find, the Slavic immigrants did not settle everywhere, but in demarcated areas, mostly surrounded by dense forest, which are known as settlement chambers. Small tribes then formed from the settlement associations living within these chambers.

State of minority

From the 8th century onwards, the Abodritic tribal association was composed of a large number of small tribes whose names were unknown, each headed by a castle-seated leader, referred to as a small king or small prince (Latin regulus ) . The small tribes were linked to one another by their common membership in the large association. In addition, they were subordinate to the sovereignty of a grand duke or velvet ruler who was determined from among the reguli . The velvet ruler was faced with an assembly of the nobility , to whose authority he was subject.

The velvet rulers also lacked sovereignty in terms of foreign policy . While the small tribes on the Baltic coast in particular maintained close economic relationships in the Scandinavian-Danish region via the sea trading centers Reric and Dierkow , the Abodritic elites had entered into an alliance with the Franks under Charlemagne against the Saxons in 780 under the velvet ruler Witzan or his predecessor , which had feudal traits and allowed the Franks to perceive the Abodritic velvet rulers as vassals . The establishment of the Abodritic velvet rulers Drasco , Sclaomir and Ceadrag by the Frankish emperors gave rise to the consideration that velvet rulership among the Abodrites was first introduced by the Franks in order to have a central political contact with the large number of abodritic small tribes. This is supported by the fact that in the Franconian conception of an imperial border on the Elbe and adjacent pacified territories, the Abodrites were assigned the task of controlling the right-Elbe areas. Against this background, the expansion of the Abodritic territory to the Prignitz , which took place in 789, and the transfer of northern Albingia to the Abodrites in 804 , as a result of which the Abodritic territory under Drasco temporarily extended from the mouth of the Havel to the North Sea and how put a locking bolt in front of the imperial border.

Dominion of the Abodritic ruler Drasco after the surrender of northern Albingia by Charlemagne 804-810.

Since the Franconian border conception ruled out the incorporation of the small tribal areas across the Elbe into the territory of the Reich, the Franconian exercise of rule had to be limited to political influence on the person of the respective sovereign. He was personally obliged to the Frankish rulers to travel to court and to serve in the adjacent areas. Witzan had to accompany Charlemagne on his campaign against the Wilzen in 789, as a result of which the subjugated tribes of the Linonen, Bethenzer and Smeldinger were placed under the Abodritic velvet rule. After Witzan's death in 795, his son Drasco defeated the Saxons of northern Albingia in 798 at the head of the Abodritic army in the battle of the Sventana field . After the subsequent deportation of the Saxons, Charles appointed him as velvet ruler in 804 and left northern Albingia to the Abodrites. Drasco had a free hand across the border. On the Baltic coast he was able to seize the trading center of Reric unhindered, but conversely he had to fight back against Danish retribution in 808 even without Franconian support, as a result of which two thirds of the small tribes temporarily refused allegiance to him and turned to the Danish king Göttrik . Drasco had to hold his son Ceadrag hostage as part of a peace agreement in 809, a sure sign of defeat and submission. Karl's policy in the north had failed. He therefore transferred northern Albingia back to the Saxons in 810 and demarcated their settlement area from the Abodrites with the Limes Saxoniae .

In 810, Charles appointed his brother Sclaomir to be Drasco's successor, under whose rule the Abodrites in 812 initially took part in a renewed campaign by the Franks against the Wilzen. But after Ludwig the Pious had appointed Drasco's son Ceadrag as co-regent in 817, Sclaomir broke away from the Franks and, in alliance with the Danes, besieged the Franconian fortress Esesfelth . Thereupon Ludwig appointed Ceadrag as sole ruler in 819. The decision turned out to be unfortunate from a Franconian perspective, because Ceadrag also made a pact with the Danes. The Frankish influence on the Abodrites began to wane. Ceadrag appeared in 823 only after several summons before the Reichstag in Compiègne , but was dismissed as a free man. The procedure was repeated at Ingelheim in 826 , but this time the Franks only let the unfaithful velvet ruler go after he had backed up his promise of loyalty by placing hostages. When the Emperor finally sent Frankish counts with an army against the Abodrites in 838/839, nothing was left of the former alliance.

Partial Tribal State

Ludwig the German as an emperor statue at the Hamburg city hall
Partial tribes of the Abodritic tribal association around the year 1000

The prelude to the second period of Abodritic history was a campaign by Ludwig the German in 844 , to which the Abodrites surrendered after the death of their velvet ruler Goztomuizli . Unlike his predecessors, however, Ludwig did not appoint a new velvet ruler, but divided the Abodritic Empire among their princes. Subsequently, sub-tribes with monarchical leadership were formed, namely the Wagrians, the Abodrites as a tribe and the Kessiner. The sub-tribe of the Polabians, on the other hand, only emerged as a split from the Wagriern in the 11th century. The Warnower did not develop a partial principality. Through the formation of the sub-tribes with their own princes, the reguli of the small tribes lost their power, which in the archaeological evidence shows as a noticeable decline in the smaller castles within the settlement chambers. In contrast, the position of the velvet ruler strengthened, as he always headed a sub-tribe as a prince. While Tabomuizli held the East Franconia hostages in 862, the Abodritic velvet ruler in 889 is already in the comfortable position of defying an apparently superior army from Franconia and Saxony under Arnulf of Carinthia with the force he has deployed .

Three generations later, around the year 966, the Jewish traveler Ibrahim ibn Jacub placed the velvet ruler Nakon, who resided on the Mecklenburg , in a row with the princes of the Bulgarians , Bohemia and Poland , the most important Slavic rulers of that time. The foregoing Slavic campaigns Heinrichs I . 928/929 as well as Otto I. 955 could have brought the Abodrites into a tributary dependency, if they were directed against the tribal association at all. Widukind von Corvey performed the Abodrites among the subjugated peoples of the campaigns of 928/929, but reported neither military conflicts nor tribute payments. The devastating defeat of the anti-Saxon coalition of Abodrites, Tollensans , Zirzipans and Redariers on October 16, 955 in the Battle of the Raxa against the Ottonian army under Otto I and Margrave Gero had no political consequences for the Abodritic velvet ruler Nakon. The expedition of the Saxon army to the north was more of a traditional Saxon campaign of revenge or retaliation than an enterprise suitable for subjugating the Abodrites or even conquering their territory. An incorporation of the Abodritenland into the Saxon dominion was out of the question, because without the support of the empire there was already a lack of troops for at least a temporary occupation of the area to be conquered. In the empire, however, the disputes with the Abodrites were viewed as an exclusively Saxon matter, so that no participation in such a project was to be expected from there.

The baptism of an Abodritic velvet ruler in 931, whose initiator Heinrich I is named, was significant for the further development of the partial tribal state to become a large tribal state. This baptism did not represent an act of submission by the velvet ruler to the East Frankish king, because the sources in this context do not report a campaign against the Abodrites. Rather, political calculation determined the actions of the velvet ruler who wanted to secure the amicitia of the East Franconian king, the support of the imperial church or both with this step . Outwardly, the acceptance of Christianity protected against encroachment by the Saxons and internally it served as an additional legitimation of rule against the sub-tribal princes. For the dynasty of the Naconids , a consistent affiliation with Christianity and the planned establishment of a church organization is documented. Adam von Bremen reports of churches in 15 of 18 districts of the Abodritenland, of which only Starigard and Mecklenburg have survived. In doing so, the Naconids did not shy away from enforcing the building of the church by force against the tribal princes. After Nakon's death, his son Mistiwoj fought the Vagrian tribal prince Selibur in 967, destroyed the Wagrian temple at Starigard Castle on the side of Hermann Billung and thus enabled the establishment of the Oldenburg diocese .

Otto III. Next to him are two clerical and secular representatives. Illumination from the Gospel Book of Otto III. (Bavarian State Library, Clm 4453, fol.24r)

The Abodritic dynasty's turn to Christianity and the friendship alliance with the Saxons could also be the reason why the Abodrites did not participate in the Slavic uprising of the Lutizi of 983. The attack on the monastery Kalbe in the Altmark , attributed to the Abodrites , did not find its way into contemporary annals. Also Thietmar of Merseburg not called the Abodrites. The mention of the Abodrites by Annalista Saxo 200 years later is possibly due to a previous confusion of the Laurentius monasteries in Kalbe and Hillersleben . In particular, the presence of the Abodritic velvet ruler Mistivoj at the Easter celebrations of Heinrich the Quedlinburg in the year 984 is difficult to reconcile with an Abodritic attack in the previous year. Nevertheless, there was also a pagan reaction among the Abodrites, supported by the tribal lords. However, this was primarily motivated in rebellion against Saxon politics in the border areas. The Oldenburg diocese was destroyed in a riot among the Wagrians in the early 990s. The designated bishop Reinbert had to take office around 992 in Mecklenburg. When Otto III. In 995 on a campaign against the Zirzipans who overflowed to the Lutizenbund as a guest of the velvet ruler Mistislaw in Mecklenburg, the visit served in particular to enhance the Christian dynasty. In 1018 a revolt of the pagan forces finally took hold of the entire area of ​​the tribal union and the adjacent northern Albingia. In the course of this elevation, the Hammaburg was also destroyed. Mistislaw saved himself from the rebels in Schwerin Castle , from which he was able to escape to the Bardengau .

After Mstislavs was expelled, the Abodritic Empire once again revealed itself as a partial ancestral state. The pagan princes Anadrog and Gneus ruled in Wagria and Polabia, Mistislaw's Christian son Udo over the tribe of the Abodrites. None of them achieved the dignity of velvet rulers. Kessiner and Zirzipanen had joined the Lutizenbund. Only with the Polaben Ratibor residing on the Ratzeburg did the tribal association get a velvet ruler again. This fell in 1043 in the fight against the Danish king Magnus the good .

Great Ancestral State

Archbishop Adalbert, bronze figure by Heinrich G. Bücker in the Bremen Cathedral Museum
Knud Lavard (medieval painting in the church of Vigersted near Ringsted on Zealand in Denmark)

The third period began with the Naconid velvet ruler Gottschalk , who established an Abodritic territorial state from 1043 onwards. His friendly relations with the Archbishop of Bremen, Adalbert, as well as connections to the Danish royal family and the Saxon Billungers were useful. Gottschalk was educated in the house monastery of the Billung Dukes St. Michael in Lüneburg and raised in a Christian way. Nonetheless, after the murder of his father Udo by a Saxon in northern Albingia in 1032, he led a retaliatory campaign until the Billung Duke Bernhard II captured and banished him. Gottschalk went into exile in Denmark and fought under King Canute the Great in England and Normandy. With Knut's death in 1035 he entered the service of the later Danish king Sven Estridsson , whose daughter Sigrid he married. After the victory of the Danes under King Magnus over Ratibor, Gottschalk returned in 1043. He defeated the Abodritic sub-tribal princes of the Wagrians, Polabians and Abodrites, eliminated the sub-principalities and ruled as sovereign rulers from Mecklenburg. In the east he expanded his territory in 1056 to include the lands of the Kessiner and Zirzipans, in the south he subjugated the Linons. Inside Gottschalk built a modern castle district constitution following the Danish model, which the political development in Poland under I. Mieszko met. To this end, he regrouped the entire country into 18 castle-ruled districts directly under him, some of which were still based on the old small tribal districts of the first period. In order to consolidate his power and to push back the influence of the Billunger, Gottschalk leaned closely to the Archbishop of Bremen Adalbert. This was enemies with Bernhard II. Adalbert supported the establishment of the dioceses in Oldenburg, Ratzeburg and Mecklenburg as well as the foundation of several churches and monasteries.

However, Gottschalk's rule and the associated tax and Christianization policy met with increasing resistance from the population and the nobility. The overthrow of Archbishop Adalbert in 1066 was followed by an uprising in the Slavic sanctuary of Rethra , which, under the leadership of Gottschalk's brother-in-law Blusso, quickly seized the entire territory. Gottschalk was slain in Lenzen (Elbe) on June 7, 1066 , the priest Ansverus was stoned to death near Ratzeburg on July 15, 1066, and the bishop of Mecklenburg, Johannes , was tortured to death with many of his priests. Gottschalk's widow Sigrid, expelled naked from the Mecklenburg, fled with the later regent Heinrich to her father in Denmark. Budivoj , a son of Gottschalk's first marriage, was able to stabilize the situation in the country again for a short time before he had to flee to the Billungers from the pagan waggon prince Kruto . Budivoj's attempt to regain control with a contingent of troops made up of Bards, Holsten, Stormaren and Dithmarschern, which the Billung duke Magnus had placed under him, ended in 1073 with Budivoj's death near Plön . Kruto, now the undisputed velvet ruler of the tribal union, had to fend off an invasion by Heinrich around 1090, who landed on the Wagrian coast with Danish support. After the defeat, Heinrich changed his tactics and raided the Vagrian coasts several times in the Viking fashion, so that Kruto finally pretended to want to give Heinrich a part of the Abodrite land as a domain. Behind this was the plan to murder Heinrich at a banquet. This, warned by Kruto's wife Slawina, had the drunken Kruto killed by a Danish follower after the drinking binge.

In order to consolidate his claim to rule over Wagrien , Heinrich married Kruto's widow and, with the help of the Billung duke Magnus, subjugated the united army of the Polabians and Abodrites in the battle of Schmilau . He then conquered 14 of the 18 castles of the Abodritic country and expanded his immediate area of ​​rule to include Kessiner and Zirzipans, while Lutizen and all the tribes of Pomerania as far as the Oder were tributaries. He concluded a peace treaty with the northern Albingian Saxons, which obliged them to serve in the army. For his part, Heinrich, who is referred to as the King of the Slavs in contemporary sources , took the oath of allegiance to his relative, the Billung duke Magnus. In a departure from the Naconid tradition, Heinrich chose Alt-Lübeck as his residence instead of Mecklenburg , which was strategically located on the border of the sub-tribes of the Wagrians, Polabians and the Abodrites. In the church there he allowed the priest Vizelin, bearing in mind the events of 1066, to carefully resume the missionary work in Wagrien.

After Heinrich's death in 1127, his sons Knut and Sventipolk initially fought among themselves for sovereignty, but were soon murdered. The velvet rule fell in 1129 to Knud Lavard , who was appointed by Lothar von Supplinburg , a member of the Danish royal family, who had bought the mortgage from Lothar for a high price. When Knud suffered a violent death in the Danish struggle for the throne in 1131, the Abodritic velvet rulership ended. The Abodritic Empire split into the sub-tribal principalities of Wagria and Polabia in the west under Heinrich's nephew Pribislaw and the lands of the Abodrites, Kessiner and Zirzipans under Niklot in the east.

Downfall

Neither Pribislaw nor Niklot succeeded in overcoming the division of the country in the following years. Pribislaw, presumably a Christian as a Nakonide, first had to deal with the pagan krutons after his return from Knud Lavard's captivity. When power struggles broke out in Saxony after the death of Emperor Lothar in 1137, Pribislaw tried to gain sovereignty over Wagrien, but failed because he captured the imperial victory castle in Segeberg . The newly appointed Count of Holstein and Stormarn, Heinrich von Badewide , then destroyed the Wagrier villages in the winter of 1138/39, killed the cattle and destroyed the supplies. The population fled to the castles, where, as expected, famine broke out. When the seeds had risen in the summer of 1139, the fields of the Wagrians were devastated against the will of the Count von der Holsten and the heavily fortified Castle Plön was conquered. Pribislaw had to retreat to the Wagrian peninsula, which the Count had granted him as a territory, and no longer played a political role. At the same time, Wagrien was added to Holstein and thus lost its territorial independence. With most of Polabia, Heinrich the Lion enfeoffed Heinrich von Bathide, who was giving way to Holstein, in 1142. The Sadelbande and the Land Boizenburg remained under the direct administration of the Duke, while the Jabelheide and Darzing areas upstream of the Elbe fell to the Counts of Dannenberg.

Niklot made no effort to extend his rule to Wagria or Polabia. From 1143, he was linked by a friendship and assistance pact with Heinrich's successor as Count von Holstein, Adolf II von Schauenburg . In this respect, the destruction of Lübeck and its port as well as the devastation of Wagrien in 1147 did not serve to conquer the country, but rather, as a preventive strike, was intended to avoid a multi-front war in the impending Slavic Crusade . Niklot's loyalty to Adolf II went so far that he warned the count, who spoke the Slavic language, against his own attack, as agreed. Henry the Lion broke off the subsequent crusade against the Abodrites in front of Dobin Castle without result. Nonetheless, Niklot seems to have got into a tributary relationship of dependence on Heinrich, because when the Kessiner and Zirzipans refused to pay the required taxes in 1150, Niklot turned to none other than Duchess Clementia for support . At their instigation, Adolf II brought together a considerable contingent of 2,000 men to put down the uprising on the side of Niclot. In 1157/1158 Heinrich the Lion led a punitive expedition against the Abodrites due to continued piracy, in the course of which Niklot was captured, but was able to buy himself free by relinquishing land. Finally, in 1160, in another campaign by Heinrich against the Abodrites, Niklot found death near Werle Castle , after he had not stopped the attacks on Danish territory, contrary to the Duke's instructions. Unlike in Wagria and Polabia, the Duke of Saxony did not subsequently refuse the Abodritenland, but instead used Gunzelin von Hagen in Schwerin , Liudolf von Dahlum in Quetzin , Ludolf von Peine in Malchow and Heinrich von Schooten on the Mecklenburg Ministeriale , who directly took over the acquired territory should manage him. Kessin and Zirzipanien remained Niklot's sons.

swell

  • Friedrich Kurz (Ed.): Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separately in editi 6: Annales regni Francorum inde from a. 741 usque ad a. 829, qui dicuntur Annales Laurissenses maiores et Einhardi. Hanover 1895 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized version )
  • Paul Hirsch , Hans-Eberhard Lohmann (ed.): Widukindi monachi Corbeiensis rerum gestarum Saxonicarum libri tres. Hanover 1935 ( MGH Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi, volume 60). Digitized
  • The chronicle of Bishop Thietmar von Merseburg and its Korveier revision. Thietmari Merseburgensis episcopi chronicon. Edited by Robert Holtzmann . Berlin 1935. (Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores. 6, Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, Nova Series; 9) Digitized
  • Adam of Bremen : Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum . In: Werner Trillmich , Rudolf Buchner (ed.): Sources of the 9th and 11th centuries on the history of the Hamburg church and the empire. = Fontes saeculorum noni et undecimi historiam ecclesiae Hammaburgensis necnon imperii illustrantes (= Selected sources on German history in the Middle Ages. Freiherr-vom-Stein-Gedächtnisausgabe. Vol. 11). 7th edition, expanded compared to the 6th by a supplement by Volker Scior. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2000, ISBN 3-534-00602-X , pp. 137-499.
  • Helmold : Slawenchronik = Helmoldi Presbyteri Bozoviensis Chronica Slavorum (= selected sources on German history in the Middle Ages. Freiherr-vom-Stein-Gedächtnisausgabe. Vol. 19, ISSN  0067-0650 ). Retransmitted and explained by Heinz Stoob . Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1963 (2nd, improved edition. Ibid 1973, ISBN 3-534-00175-3 ).

literature

  • Wolfgang H. Fritze : Problems of the abodritic tribal and imperial constitution and its development from a tribal state to a ruling state. In: Herbert Ludat (ed.): Settlement and constitution of the Slavs between the Elbe, Saale and Oder. W. Schmitz, Gießen 1960, pp. 141-219, online (PDF 6.9 MB) .
  • Bernhard Friedmann: Studies on the history of the abodritic principality up to the end of the 10th century. (= East European Studies of the State of Hesse. Series 1: Giessen Treatises on Agricultural and Economic Research in Eastern Europe . Vol. 197). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-428-05886-0 . ( Review by Timothy Reuter )
  • Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages. (= Archeology and history in the Baltic Sea region. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westphalia) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 . ( Review )
  • Michael Müller-Wille : Between Starigard / Oldenburg and Novgorod. Contributions to the archeology of West and East Slav areas in the early Middle Ages. (= Studies on the settlement history and archeology of the Baltic Sea regions. Vol. 10), Wachholtz, Neumünster 2011, ISBN 978-3-529-01399-7 .

Web links

Remarks

  1. ^ Map after Michael Müller-Wille : Between Starigard / Oldenburg and Novgorod. Contributions to the archeology of West and East Slav areas in the early Middle Ages. (= Studies on the settlement history and archeology of the Baltic Sea regions. Vol. 10), Wachholtz, Neumünster 2011, ISBN 978-3-529-01399-7 . P. 46 ff.
  2. ↑ Hartmut Hoffmann : Investigations on Carolingian annals (= Bonn historical research. Vol. 10, ZDB -ID 500545-0 ). Röhrscheid, Bonn 1958, p. 138 ff .: records from the nineties of the 8th century.
  3. ↑ Critical to this derivation already Friedrich Wigger : Mecklenburgische Annalen up to the year 1066. A chronologically ordered collection of sources with notes and treatises. Hildebrand, Schwerin 1860, p. 105.
  4. ^ Friedrich Wigger: Mecklenburgische Annalen up to the year 1066. A chronologically arranged collection of sources with notes and treatises. Hildebrand, Schwerin 1860, p. 105.
  5. ^ Heinrich Kunstmann : The Slaves. Her name, her migration to Europe and the beginnings of Russian history from a historical and onomastic point of view. Steiner, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-515-06816-3 , p. 51; also Wolfgang H. Fritze : Problems of the abodritic tribal and imperial constitution and its development from a tribal state to a ruling state. In: Herbert Ludat (ed.): Settlement and constitution of the Slavs between the Elbe, Saale and Oder. W. Schmitz, Gießen 1960, pp. 141–219, here p. 150 note 68, has the impression that it is inherently a name of non-Slavic origin. Left open with Joachim Herrmann (Ed.): The Slavs in Germany. History and culture of the Slavic tribes west of Oder and Neisse from the 6th to 12th century (= publications of the Central Institute for Ancient History and Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR . Vol. 14). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1985, p. 13.
  6. ^ Overview in Friedrich Wigger: Mecklenburgische Annalen up to the year 1066. A chronologically ordered collection of sources with notes and treatises. Hildebrand, Schwerin 1860, p. 105.
  7. ^ Heinrich Kunstmann: The Slaves. Her name, her migration to Europe and the beginnings of Russian history from a historical and onomastic point of view. Steiner, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-515-06816-3 , p. 51 .; older interpretations by Paul Kühnel: The Slavic place names in Meklenburg. In: Year books of the Association for Mecklenburg History and Archeology. Vol. 46, 1881, ISSN  0259-7772 , pp. 3–168, here p. 101, according to which the name could be derived from bŭdrŭ for vigilant, brave or from odry for pile work , i.e. for those who live by the water .
  8. ^ Adam of Bremen: Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum II, 21: Deinde secuntur Obodriti, qui nunc Reregi vocantur.
  9. ^ Friedrich Wigger: Mecklenburgische Annalen up to the year 1066. A chronologically arranged collection of sources with notes and treatises. Hildebrand, Schwerin 1860, p. 106.
  10. ↑ Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages (= archeology and history in the Baltic Sea area. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westphalia) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , pp. 65-75.
  11. ↑ Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages (= archeology and history in the Baltic Sea region. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westphalia) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , p. 65.
  12. ^ First Wolfgang H. Fritze: Problems of the abodritic tribal and imperial constitution and its development from a tribal state to a ruling state. In: Herbert Ludat (ed.): Settlement and constitution of the Slavs between the Elbe, Saale and Oder. W. Schmitz, Gießen 1960, pp. 141-219, in particular pp. 201 ff. Following him Klaus Zernack: Abodriten. In: Herbert Jankuhn, Heinrich Beck et al. (Hrsg.): Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Volume 1: Aachen - Bajuwaren. 2nd, completely revised and greatly expanded edition. de Gruyter, Berlin et al. 1974, ISBN 3-11-004897-3 , pp. 13–15, here p. 13; In contrast, Fred Ruchhöft is divided into three parts: from the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages (= archeology and history in the Baltic Sea area. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westfalen) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , pp. 80 ff., 113 ff., 155 ff.
  13. ↑ Felix Biermann: About the “dark century” in the late migration and early Slav period in northeast Germany. In: Felix Biermann, Thomas Kersting, Anne Klammt (eds.): The early Slavs - from expansion to gentes and nationes. Beier and Beran, Langenweißbach 2016, pp. 9–26, here pp. 17–20.
  14. ↑ Torsten Kempke: Scandinavian-Slavic contacts on the southern Baltic coast in the 7th to 9th centuries. In: Ole Harck, Christian Lübke : Between Reric and Bornhöved. Relations between the Danes and their Slavic neighbors from the 9th to the 13th centuries. Contributions to an international conference, Leipzig, 4. – 6. December 1997 (= research on the history and culture of Eastern Central Europe. Vol. 11). Steiner, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-515-07671-9 , pp. 9-22, here p. 12.
  15. ↑ Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages (= archeology and history in the Baltic Sea area. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westphalia) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , p. 67.
  16. ^ Felix Biermann : Centralization processes among the northern Elbe Slavs. in: Przemysław Sikora (Ed.): Processes of centralization and the formation of rule in early medieval East Central Europe (= Studies on the Archeology of Europe 23), Habelt, Bonn 2014 pp. 157–193, here p. 161.
  17. ^ But still Manfred Hellmann : Basic questions of Slavic constitutional history of the early Middle Ages. In: Yearbooks for the History of Eastern Europe. NF Vol. 2, 1954/1955, ISSN  0021-4019 , pp. 387-404, especially p. 396 ; Wolfgang H. Fritze: Problems of the abodritic tribal and imperial constitution and its development from a tribal state to a ruling state. In: Herbert Ludat (ed.): Settlement and constitution of the Slavs between the Elbe, Saale and Oder. W. Schmitz, Gießen 1960, pp. 141-219, here p. 152; Bernhard Friedmann: Studies on the history of the Abodritic Principality up to the end of the 10th century (= Eastern European Studies of the State of Hesse. Series 1: Giessener Treatises on Agricultural and Economic Research in the European East. Vol. 197). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-428-05886-0 , p. 49.
  18. ↑ Sebastian Brather: Archeology of the Western Slavs. Settlement, economy and society in early and high medieval East Central Europe (= Real Lexicon of Germanic Antiquity. Supplementary volumes. Vol. 61). 2nd, revised and expanded edition. de Gruyter, Berlin et al. 2008, ISBN 978-3-11-020609-8 , pp. 55 and 57.
  19. ↑ Ulrich Schoknecht: Vendelzeitliche finds from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. In: Felix Biermann , Ulrich Müller, Thomas Terberger (eds.): "Observing things ...". Archaeological and historical research on the early history of Central and Northern Europe. Festschrift for Günter Mangelsdorf on the occasion of his 60th birthday (= archeology and history in the Baltic Sea region. Vol. 2). Leidorf, Rahden (Westfalen) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-462-0 , pp. 123–130, in particular pp. 128 f .; Sebastian Brather: Archeology of the Western Slavs. Settlement, economy and society in early and high medieval East Central Europe (= Real Lexicon of Germanic Antiquity. Supplementary volumes. Vol. 61). 2nd, revised and expanded edition. de Gruyter, Berlin et al. 2008, ISBN 978-3-11-020609-8 , p. 61 f.
  20. ^ Felix Biermann : Centralization processes among the northern Elbe Slavs. in: Przemysław Sikora (Ed.): Processes of centralization and the formation of rule in early medieval East Central Europe (= Studies on the Archeology of Europe 23), Habelt, Bonn 2014 pp. 157–193, here p. 158.
  21. ↑ a b c Wolfgang H. Fritze: Problems of the abodritic tribal and imperial constitution and its development from a tribal state to a ruling state. In: Herbert Ludat (ed.): Settlement and constitution of the Slavs between the Elbe, Saale and Oder. W. Schmitz, Gießen 1960, pp. 141-219, here p. 201.
  22. ↑ Meliores ac praestantatiores are mentioned in the Frankish sources , among which the primores and principes again stood out .
  23. ↑ Bernhard Friedmann: Studies on the history of the Abodritic Principality up to the end of the 10th century (= Eastern European Studies of the State of Hesse. Series 1: Giessener Abhandlungen zur Agrar- und Wirtschaftsforschung der European Ost. Vol. 197). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-428-05886-0 , p. 281 f.
  24. ↑ The Lorsch annals refer to Witzan for the year 795 as vassum domni regis . Basically on this already Richard Wagner : The alliance of Charlemagne with the Abodrites. In: Year books of the Association for Mecklenburg History and Archeology. Vol. 63, 1898, ISSN  0259-7772 , pp. 89-129.
  25. ↑ Wolfgang H. Fritze: The dating of the Geographus Bavarus. In: Wolfgang H. Fritze: Early days between the Baltic Sea and the Danube: Selected contributions to the historical development in eastern Central Europe from the 6th to the 13th century (= Berlin historical studies. Vol. 6 = Germania Slavica. Vol. 3). Edited by Ludolf Kuchenbuch and Winfried Schich . Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-428-05151-3 , pp. 111-126, here p. 123; Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages (= archeology and history in the Baltic Sea area. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westphalia) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , p. 78.
  26. ↑ Michael Schmauder: Thoughts on the eastern border of the Carolingian empire. In: Walter Pohl , Helmut Reimitz (Ed.): Limit and Difference in the Early Middle Ages (= Austrian Academy of Sciences. Philosophical-Historical Class. Memoranda. 287). Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-7001-2896-7 , pp. 57–97, here pp. 60 ff.
  27. ↑ Settlement area of ​​the Linonen, Smeldinger and Bethenzer after Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages. (= Archeology and history in the Baltic Sea region. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westphalia) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , p. 85
  28. ↑ On the occasion and result of the Wilzen campaign in detail Christian Hanewinkel: The political significance of the Elbe Slavs with regard to the changes in rule in the East Franconian Empire and in Saxony from 887–936. Political sketches of the eastern neighbors in the 9th and 10th centuries. Münster 2004, p. 34 ff., Online (PDF; 5 MB) .
  29. ^ Bernhard Friedmann: Investigations on the history of the Abodritic principality up to the end of the 10th century. (= East European Studies of the State of Hesse. Series 1: Giessen Treatises on Agricultural and Economic Research in Eastern Europe . Vol. 197). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-428-05886-0 , p. 223.
  30. ↑ Annales regni Francorum 798 Nordliudi contra Thrasuconem ducem Abodritorum ... victi sunt.
  31. ↑ Annales regni Francorum 804 Imperator ... pagos Transalbianos Abodritis dedit.
  32. ↑ Annales regni Francorum 808 Abodritorum duas partes sibi vectigales fecisset.
  33. ↑ Sandra Polzer: The Franks and the North. On the difficulty of interpreting early medieval sources on the history of Denmark. Vienna 2008, p. 65, online (PDF; 1.23 MB) .
  34. ↑ Werner Budesheim: The "Limes Saxoniae" after the source Adam of Bremen, especially in its southern section. In: Werner Budesheim (ed.): On the Slavic settlement between Elbe and Oder (= contributions to science and culture. Vol. 1). Wachholtz, Neumünster 1994, ISBN 3-529-02053-2 , pp. 28–42, here p. 31.
  35. ↑ Annales Sancti Amandi 810: Carolus ... placitum habuit in Fereda: et ibi Wenedi venerunt, et dedit illis regem.
  36. ↑ Annales Bertiniani : imperatore ... Adalgarius et Egilo comites ad Abodritos directi.
  37. ↑ Annales Fuldenses 844: terramque illorum et populum ... per duces ordinavit.
  38. ↑ Helmold, Chronica Slavorum I, 2, 6 and 12 mentions the Kessiner in a series with Wagriern and Abodriten. For the membership of the Kessiner to the Abodrites Gerard Labuda : On the structure of the Slavic tribes in the Mark Brandenburg (10th-12th centuries). In: Otto Büsch, Klaus Zernack (Hrsg.): Yearbook for the history of Central and Eastern Germany . Volume 42, Saur, Munich 1994, ISSN  0075-2614 , pp. 103-139, here p. 130.
  39. ↑ Torsten Kempke: Comments on the Delvenau-Stecknitz route in the early Middle Ages. In: Hartwig Lüdtke, Friedrich Lüth , Friedrich Laux : Archaeological findings and historical interpretation. Festschrift for Wolfgang Hübener on his 65th birthday on June 15, 1989 (= Hammaburg. NF Bd. 9). Wachholtz, Neumünster 1989, ISBN 3-529-01357-9 , pp. 175-184, here p. 182.
  40. ↑ a b Wolfgang H. Fritze: Problems of the abodritic tribal and imperial constitution and its development from a tribal state to a ruling state. In: Herbert Ludat (ed.): Settlement and constitution of the Slavs between the Elbe, Saale and Oder. W. Schmitz, Gießen 1960, pp. 141-219, here p. 202.
  41. ↑ Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages (= archeology and history in the Baltic Sea region. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westphalia) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , p. 114.
  42. ↑ Annales Fuldenses 862: filium suum cum aliis obsidibus dare coegit.
  43. ↑ Annales Fuldenses 889: ad Obodritos cum maximo exercitu .
  44. ↑ Widukind I, 36; Christian Hanewinkel: The political significance of the Elbe Slavs with regard to the changes in rule in the East Franconian Empire and in Saxony from 887–936. Political sketches of the eastern neighbors in the 9th and 10th centuries. Münster 2004, p. 192 f.
  45. ^ Gerd Althoff : Saxony and the Elbe Slavs in the Tenth Century. In: The New Cambridge Medieval History . Volume 3: Timothy Reuter (Ed.): C. 900 - c.1024 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 1999, ISBN 0-521-36447-7 , pp. 267-292, here p. 282.
  46. ↑ Annales Augienses 931: Henricus rex reges Abodritorum et Nordmannorum effecit christianos , as well as the Annales Hildesheimenses 931.
  47. ↑ Bernhard Friedmann: Studies on the history of the Abodritic Principality up to the end of the 10th century (= Eastern European Studies of the State of Hesse. Series 1: Giessener Abhandlungen zur Agrar- und Wirtschaftsforschung der European Ost. Vol. 197). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-428-05886-0 , pp. 183-185, with an evaluation of contemporary sources.
  48. ↑ Erich Hoffmann : Contributions to the history of the Obotrites at the time of the Naconids. In: Eckhard Hübner, Ekkerhard Klug, Jan Kusber (eds.): Between Christianization and Europeanization. Contributions to the history of Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and early modern times. Festschrift for Peter Nitsche on his 65th birthday (= sources and studies on the history of Eastern Europe. Vol. 51). Steiner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-515-07266-7 , pp. 23–51, here p. 27.
  49. ↑ Adam II, 24.
  50. ^ Helmold I, 12: Aldenburgensis ecclesia and Michilinburgensis ecclesia.
  51. ↑ Widukind III, 68.
  52. ^ Abodritic participation in dispute. Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages (= archeology and history in the Baltic Sea region. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westphalia) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , pp. 124-128 with an introduction to the dispute.
  53. ↑ Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages (= archeology and history in the Baltic Sea region. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westphalia) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , p. 126 with reference to the Annales Quedlinburgenses , the Annales Hildesheimenses and the Annales Altahenses Maiores.
  54. ↑ Thietmar III, 18: Posteaque monasterium sancti Laurencii martiris in urbe, quae Calwo dicitur, situm desolantes, nostros sicuti fugaces cervos insequebantur.
  55. ↑ Annalista Saxo 983: Postea vero Mistowi dux Abdritorum et sui monasterium sancti Laurentii martiris, in urbe que Calvo dicitur situm, desolantes, nostros sicuti fugaces cervos insequebantur.
  56. ↑ Disputed. Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages (= archeology and history in the Baltic Sea area. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westfalen) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , pp. 124–128, here p. 125; different Wolfgang H. Fritze: Problems of the abodritical tribal and imperial constitution and its development from a tribal state to a ruling state. In: Herbert Ludat (ed.): Settlement and constitution of the Slavs between the Elbe, Saale and Oder. W. Schmitz, Gießen 1960, pp. 141-219, here p. 160, note 136.
  57. ↑ Thietmar IV, 2.
  58. ↑ a b Adam II, 43.
  59. ↑ Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages (= archeology and history in the Baltic Sea area. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westphalia) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , p. 127: Friendship visit
  60. ↑ Jürgen Petersohn : King Otto III. and the Slavs on the Baltic Sea, Oder and Elbe around the year 995. Mecklenburgzug - Slavnikid massacre - Meißen privilege. In: Early Medieval Studies. Vol. 37, 2003, ISSN  0071-9706 , pp. 99-139, in particular pp. 106-113; Christian Lübke: Between Poland and the Reich. Elbe Slavs and Gentile Religion. In Michael Borgolte (ed.): Poland and Germany 1000 years ago. The Berlin conference on the "Gnesen Act" (= Europe in the Middle Ages. Treatises and contributions to historical comparative literature. Vol. 5). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-05-003749-0 , pp. 91–110, here p. 97, doi: 10.1524 / 9783050047386.91 , went from a conquest of Mecklenburg by Emperor Otto III. in 995 .
  61. ↑ On the chronology of Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages (= archeology and history in the Baltic Sea region. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westphalia) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , pp. 124-128.
  62. ↑ Adam II, 42.
  63. ↑ Wolfgang H. Fritze: Problems of the abodritic tribal and imperial constitution and its development from a tribal state to a ruling state. In: Herbert Ludat (ed.): Settlement and constitution of the Slavs between the Elbe, Saale and Oder. W. Schmitz, Gießen 1960, pp. 141-219, here p. 163.
  64. ^ Ernst Steindorff : Gottschalk in: Historical Commission at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences (ed.): Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie , Volume 9, 1879, pp. 489–493, p. 489
  65. ↑ Helmold I, 19.
  66. ↑ Saxo Grammaticus X, 557: Et filia Siritha, quae postmodum Guthskalco Sclavico conjux accessit.
  67. ↑ Helmold I, 21
  68. ↑ Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages (= archeology and history in the Baltic Sea region. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westphalia) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , p. 128.
  69. ↑ Helmold I, 22, 23.
  70. ↑ Karl Jordan :  Gottschalk. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 6, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1964, ISBN 3-428-00187-7 , p. 684 ( digitized version ).
  71. ↑ Wolfgang H. Fritze: Problems of the abodritic tribal and imperial constitution and its development from a tribal state to a ruling state. In: Herbert Ludat (ed.): Settlement and constitution of the Slavs between the Elbe, Saale and Oder. W. Schmitz, Gießen 1960, pp. 141–219, here p. 170.
  72. ↑ Helmold I, 26.
  73. ↑ Helmold I, 34.
  74. ↑ Helmold I, 34: iuramentum fidelitatis ac subiectionis.
  75. ↑ Helmold I, 48.
  76. ↑ Helmold I, 52, 71.
  77. ↑ Helmold I, 84 reports on Pribislaw's participation in a Christian church service in 1156 in Lübeck.
  78. ↑ Helmold I, 55: Duae enim cognaciones Crutonis atque Heinrici propter principatum contendebant.
  79. ↑ Helmold I, 56
  80. ↑ Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages (= archeology and history in the Baltic Sea region. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westphalia) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , pp. 158, 160.
  81. ↑ SHRU Vol. I, Certificate No. 162: Ego Adolfus, Dei gratia comes Wagrie, Holtsatie et Stormarie
  82. ↑ Wolfgang Prange : Settlement history of the state of Lauenburg in the Middle Ages (= sources and research on the history of Schleswig-Holstein. Vol. 41). Wachholtz, Neumünster 1960, ISSN  0173-0940 p. 13
  83. ^ Heike Krause: Slavs and Germans in the countries of Wittenburg and Boizenburg. To the German east settlement in the Middle Ages. in: Soil Monument Maintenance in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania , Yearbook 1999, Volume 47, Lübstorf 2000, ISSN  0138-4279 , p. 221
  84. ↑ Joachim Ehlers : Heinrich the lion. Biography. Siedler, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-88680-787-1 , p. 73.
  85. ↑ Karl Jordan : Heinrich the Lion. A biography . 4th edition. Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-423-04601-5 , p. 37.
  86. ↑ Helmold I, 63.
  87. ↑ Hans-Otto Gaethke: Duke Heinrich the Lion and the Slavs northeast of the lower Elbe. Lang, Frankfurt am Main et al. 1999, ISBN 3-631-34652-2 (= Kieler Werkstücke. Series A: Contributions to Schleswig-Holstein and Scandinavian history. Vol. 24), p. 140.
  88. ↑ Helmold I, 71
  89. ↑ Helmold I, 87.
  90. ↑ Joachim Ehlers: Heinrich the lion. Biography. Siedler, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-88680-787-1 , p. 158.
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