Reinbert

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Reinbert is first mentioned as Raginbratus Mikilanburgensis episcopus in an entry for the year 992 in the Chronicon Quedlenburgense (copy from 1550; SLUB Dresden , Mscr. Dresd. Q.133, No. 4, sheet 21r)

Reinbert († April 16, 1013 or 1014), initially provost of Walbeck , was ordained bishop of Oldenburg (Holstein) in 991/992 and was in fact the first bishop of Mecklenburg from 992 .

The diocese of Oldenburg was founded in 972 for the Slavic mission in the Abodritic Empire . As early as 990, the bishopric on the Oldenburg was lost again due to an uprising by the Wagrians . Nevertheless, the Archdiocese of Hamburg - Bremen stuck to its suffragan and ordained a titular bishop with Reinbert . As part of a provisional canonical law, Reinbert took his diocesan seat at least temporarily on the Mecklenburg .

For older research, Reinbert as bishop on the Mecklenburg could not be declared without contradictions. The Abodrite prince residing there was considered an enemy of the East Frankish-German Empire . It was only at the end of the 20th century that the view began to gain acceptance that Reinbert actually worked as bishop on the Mecklenburg.

Origin and family

Reinbert, also called Reginbert, Raginbrat or Rembert in the sources , came from an unknown gender of East Franconian noblemen . This sex seems to have been related to the Counts of Walbeck . Count Lothar II founded the Walbeck Abbey in his castle in 942 as the house monastery of the Counts of Walbeck. The post of provost , which Reinbert held, was given mainly to relatives of the Walbeck family, including Thietmar von Merseburg . In addition, he was appointed to the special intercession of Mathildes von Arneburg, the widow of the monastery founder, Count Lothar II, and with the express consent of her sons. Another indication of a relationship with the Counts of Walbeck is the support of Reinbert's application for the office of bishop by Count Lothar III. by Walbeck .

Bishop of Oldenburg

Reinbert was at the end of 991 - probably after December 3, 991 - by King Otto III. appointed Bishop of Oldenburg. The Diocese of Oldenburg was founded in 972 at the instigation of Emperor Otto I by Archbishop Adaldag from Hamburg-Bremen for the purpose of Christianizing the Abodritic settlement areas in Holstein and Mecklenburg . It extended along the Baltic coast from Kiel to Rostock and in the south to the borders of the dioceses of Havelberg and Brandenburg . The seat of the bishop was on the eponymous Oldenburg, the main castle of the Abodritic sub-tribal area Wagrien . After the Slav uprising of 983 , the Slavic population in Wagria began to return to pagan tribal beliefs, which ultimately led to the collapse of the Christian church organization. The followers of the old faith destroyed the bishopric and the Johanneskirche on the Oldenburg in 990, numerous clergy were killed, Reinbert's predecessor Folkward was expelled. Nevertheless, the Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen held on to Oldenburg as the bishopric and demonstrated this through the continuous appointment of bishops. Reinbert was also consecrated by the responsible Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen, Libentius I , but was unable to take up his post on the Oldenburg due to the uncertain circumstances.

Bishop of Mecklenburg

Instead, Reinbert is referred to as "Mikilanburgensis episcopus", that is, as Bishop of Mecklenburg , for the year of his episcopal ordination at the Oldenburg diocesan seat in the reports on the Halberstadt cathedral consecration on October 16, 992 . At that time Mecklenburg was the main castle of the Abodrites and their Nakonid velvet ruler Mistivoy . He and his family were Christians. His daughter Tove had married the Danish King Harald Blue Tooth. Another daughter, Hodica , was the abbess of a nunnery on the Mecklenburg . Mistiwoj's son Mistislaw fled from Schwerin to Lüneburg in 1018 because of his Christian faith . Mistiwoj himself is said to have been married to a sister of the former Oldenburg bishop Wago. The Saxon chaplain Avico took care of the salvation of the princely family . In addition to the nunnery one which is on the Mecklenburg Apostle Peter as patron consecrated occupied church.

Because of these favorable conditions, the royal court of Otto III. Negotiations with the Abodritic velvet ruler about the establishment of a bishopric on the Mecklenburg. The empire hoped that Reinbert's dispatch to the Abodritic prince's seat would strengthen the church positions in the Abodritic empire that remained between Wagrien and the Liutizen area . Lothar III. von Walbeck, the later Margrave of the North Mark, who had campaigned for Reinbert's appointment as bishop, hoped to gain politically moderate influence on his immediate neighbor through Reinbert. For Mistivoj, on the other hand, the opportunity opened up for a gentile sacred organization that was largely independent of the imperial church and “exclusively based on the Slavic rulership base”. Whether Reinbert linked his own ideas with his episcopal office in the crosshairs of these different interests remains in the dark. The sources are silent about his concrete work on the Mecklenburg.

After Mistiwoj's death in 995, Reinbert seems to have left Mecklenburg. He could be in the wake of Otto III. went to Italy and took part in the coronation synod in Rome , because his stay in Verona is assumed to be in 996 . It is unclear whether he immediately stayed at the seat of a Saxon bishop for the Havelberg and Brandenburg titular bishops or returned to Mecklenburg. Since it is reported about his successor Bernhard that he successfully proselytized in the Abodrite area, the ecclesiastical order in the Abodrite country must have continued to exist.

Reinbert will have died in 1013 or 1014, as his successor Bernhard was consecrated around this time. The Merseburg necrology gives April 16 as the day of death for "Reinbertus ep (iscopu) s".

Sources

Mainly Thietmar von Merseburg in his chronicle from 1012 and 1018 and Adam von Bremen in his Hamburg church history , written around 1070, report on Reinbert . There is also other news, for example in contemporary chronicles and memorial books . In an imperial charter from 996 Reinbert appeared as a witness. A presence at synods is not proven. No certificates or seals issued by him have survived.

Research history

Despite knowing the reports about the consecration of the Halberstadt cathedral, Reinbert's work as bishop on the Mecklenburg could not be explained without contradictions for a long time for older research. Mistivoy was considered a participant in the Lutizen uprising of 983 and if not an enemy of Christians, at least as a military opponent of Otto III , due to the destruction of Hamburg attributed to him in 983 and an attack on the Kalbe monastery . One was therefore usually content with the assumption that Reinbert was only named after the Mecklenburg without ever having stayed there. In 1989, Albrecht Count Finck von Finckenstein assessed interpretations of the Quedlinburg Annals that Reinbert had moved from the Oldenburg to the Mecklenburg as doubtful. The political situation in the Abodritic Empire would have "hardly allowed a stay in Mecklenburg".

For the first time in 1960 , Wolfgang H. Fritze took the view that the naming of Reinbert after the Mecklenburg refers "to this place as the seat of the bishop". The idea was taken up in 2003 by Jürgen Petersohn . Petersohn made Reinbert a key witness for his considerations on a friendship visit by Otto III. with his abodritic ally Mistiwoj on the Mecklenburg in 995.

swell

  • The chronicle of Bishop Thietmar von Merseburg and its Korveier revision = Thietmari Merseburgensis episcopi chronicon (= Monumenta Germaniae Historica. 1: Scriptores. 6: Scriptores rerum Germanicarum. Nova Series. Volume 9, ISSN  0343-088X ). Edited by Robert Holtzmann . Weidmann, Berlin 1935, digitized .

literature

Remarks

  1. ^ Adam of Bremen, Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum II, 44: Reginbertum. In: Adam von Bremen: Hamburgische Kirchengeschichte = Magistri Adam Bremensis Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum (= Monumenta Germaniae Historica. 1: Scriptores. 7: Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi. Vol. 2, ISSN  0343-0820 ). Edited by Bernhard Schmeidler . 3. Edition. Hahn, Hannover et al. 1917, p. 107 .
  2. ↑ Quedlinburg Annals for the year 992: Raginbratus Mikilanburgensis episcopus. In: Martina Giese (ed.): The Annales Quedlinburgenses (= Monumenta Germaniae Historica. 1: Scriptores. 7: Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi. Vol. 72). Hahn, Hannover 2004, ISBN 3-7752-5472-2 , p. 481 .
  3. ^ Gesta episcoporum Halberstadensium : Rembertus Mikalenburgensis. Ludwig Weiland (Ed.): Gesta episcoporum Halberstadensium. In: Georg Heinrich Pertz (Ed.): Chronica aevi Suevici (= Monumenta Germaniae Historica. 1: Scriptores. 5: Scriptores (in Folio). Vol. 23, ISSN  0343-2157 ). Hahn, Hannover 1874, pp. 73–123, here p. 87 .
  4. ^ Herbert Zielinski:  Reginbert. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 21, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-428-11202-4 , p. 265 ( digitized version ).
  5. ^ Albrecht Graf Finck von Finckenstein: Bishop and Empire. Studies on the integration process of the Ottonian-Early Salian Empire (919-1056) (= Studies on Medieval Studies. Vol. 1). Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1989, ISBN 3-7995-5301-0 , p. 132.
  6. ^ Jürgen Schrader: The place Calvörde. A 1200 year history. The Calvörde natural area - more than 1200 years of history. From the Calvörder Plaice (Permian) and the Ice Age to the present. Verlag Die Werkstatt, Göttingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-89533-808-3 , p. 71.
  7. ^ Thietmar von Merseburg VI, 43.
  8. ^ Albrecht Graf Finck von Finckenstein: Bishop and Empire. Studies on the integration process of the Ottonian-Early Salian Empire (919-1056) (= Studies on Medieval Studies. Vol. 1). Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1989, ISBN 3-7995-5301-0 , p. 132.
  9. ↑ Jürgen Petersohn: King Otto III. and the Slavs on the Baltic Sea, Oder and Elbe around the year 995. In: Frühmittelalterliche Studien. Vol. 37, 2003, pp. 99-139, here p. 109.
  10. ^ Thietmar von Merseburg VI, 43.
  11. ↑ On the dating of Helmut Beumann : The founding of the Diocese of Oldenburg and the missionary policy of Otto the Elder. Size In: Horst Fuhrmann, Hans Eberhard Mayer, Klaus Wriedt (eds.): From the history of the empire and the history of the north. (Karl Jordan on his 65th birthday) (= Kiel historical studies. Vol. 16). Klett, Stuttgart 1972, ISBN 3-12-902710-6 , pp. 54-69, whose work marks the state of research to this day.
  12. ↑ Jürgen Petersohn: The southern Baltic region in the ecclesiastical-political power play of the empire, Poland and Denmark from the 10th to the 13th century. Mission, church organization, cult politics (= East Central Europe in the past and present. Vol. 17). Böhlau, Cologne et al. 1979, ISBN 3-412-04577-2 , p. 23, who assumed there would be a destruction of the church order as early as 983.
  13. ↑ The dating of the corresponding passages in Adam von Bremen II, 41 and II, 43 is highly controversial and varies between 983 and 1018. The prevailing opinion now assumes 990: Hermann Kamp : Violence and Mission: The Elbe and Baltic Sea Slavs in the crosshairs of the empire and the Saxons from the 10th to the 12th century. In: Christoph Stiegerman, Martin Kroker, Wolfgang Walter (Eds.): Credo. Christianization of Europe in the Middle Ages. Volume 1: Essays. Imhof, Petersberg 2013, ISBN 978-3-86568-827-9 , pp. 395-404, here p. 398; Bernhard Friedmann: Studies on the history of the Abodritic Principality up to the end of the 10th century (= Eastern European Studies of the State of Hesse. Series 1: Giessener Abhandlungen zur Agrar- und Wirtschaftsforschung der European Ost. Vol. 137). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-428-05886-0 , p. 267; Introduction to the dispute with Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages (= archeology and history in the Baltic Sea area. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westfalen) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , pp. 124–128, especially p. 127. Erich Hoffmann takes a different view : Contributions to the history of the Obotrites at the time of the Naconids. In: Eckhard Hübner, Ekkerhard Klug, Jan Kusber (eds.): Between Christianization and Europeanization. Contributions to the history of Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and early modern times. Festschrift for Peter Nitsche on his 65th birthday (= sources and studies on the history of Eastern Europe. Vol. 51). Steiner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-515-07266-7 , pp. 23–51, here p. 31 (in the year 1018).
  14. ↑ Adam von Bremen, Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum II, 44 In: Adam von Bremen, Hamburgische Kirchengeschichte = Magistri Adam Bremensis Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum (= Monumenta Germaniae Historica. 1: Scriptores. 7: Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi. Bd . 2). Edited by Bernhard Schmeidler. 3. Edition. Hahn, Hannover et al. 1917, p. 107 .
  15. ↑ Jürgen Petersohn: King Otto III. and the Slavs on the Baltic Sea, Oder and Elbe around the year 995. In: Frühmittelalterliche Studien. Vol. 37, 2003, pp. 99–139, here p. 110, refers to the Annales Quedlinburgenses for the year 992, in: Martina Giese (Ed.): The Annales Quedlinburgenses (= Monumenta Germaniae Historica. 1: Scriptores. 7: Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi. Vol. 72). Hahn, Hannover 2004, ISBN 3-7752-5472-2 , p. 481 , on the Gesta episcoporum Halberstadensium, Ludwig Weiland (ed.): Gesta episcoporum Halberstadensium. In: Georg Heinrich Pertz (Ed.): Chronica aevi Suevici (= Monumenta Germaniae Historica. 1: Scriptores. 5: Scriptores (in Folio). Vol. 23). Hahn, Hanover 1874, pp. 73–123, here p. 87 , and the Annalista Saxo for the year 992, Klaus Naß (Ed.): Die Reichschronik des Annalista Saxo = Annalista Saxo (= Monumenta Germaniae Historica. 1: Scriptores. 5 : Scriptores (in folio). Vol. 37). Hahn, Hannover 2006, ISBN 3-7752-5537-0 , p. 252 .
  16. ↑ Jürgen Petersohn: King Otto III. and the Slavs on the Baltic Sea, Oder and Elbe around the year 995. Mecklenburgzug - Slavnikid massacre - Meißen privilege. In: Early Medieval Studies. Vol. 37, 2003, ISSN  0071-9706 , pp. 99-139, here p. 110.
  17. ↑ Jürgen Petersohn: King Otto III. and the Slavs on the Baltic Sea, Oder and Elbe around the year 995. In: Frühmittelalterliche Studien. Vol. 37, 2003, pp. 99-139, here p. 110.
  18. ^ Albrecht Graf Finck von Finckenstein: Bishop and Empire. Studies on the integration process of the Ottonian-Early Salian Empire (919-1056) (= Studies on Medieval Studies. Vol. 1). Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1989, ISBN 3-7995-5301-0 , p. 132.
  19. ↑ Quoted from Jürgen Petersohn: The southern Baltic region in the ecclesiastical-political interplay of forces of the empire, Poland and Denmark from the 10th to the 13th century. Mission, church organization, cult politics (= East Central Europe in the past and present. Vol. 17). Böhlau, Cologne et al. 1979, ISBN 3-412-04577-2 , p. 23.
  20. ^ Ekkehard Eickhoff : Emperor Otto III. The first millennium and the development of Europe. 2nd Edition. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-608-94188-6 , p. 31.
  21. ^ Theodor von Sickel : Explanations of the diplomas Otto III. Second part. In: Communications from the Institute for Austrian Historical Research . Vol. 12, 1891, pp. 369-431, here p. 409 f. , gives for a rotten "Maguthensis" in Diplomata Ottonis III, 227: Theodor von Sickel (Ed.): The documents Otto III. = Ottonis III. Diplomata (= Monumenta Germaniae Historica. 3: Diplomata. 4: Diplomatum regum et imperatorum Germaniae. = The documents of the German kings and emperors. Vol. 2, Part 2, ISSN  0343-091X ). Hahn, Hannover 1893, p. 643 : Ego Reginpreth dei gratia Maguthensis archiepiscopus subscripsi optionally “Magnopolensis” or “Mikelinburgensis”.
  22. ^ Albrecht Graf Finck von Finckenstein: Bishop and Empire. Studies on the integration process of the Ottonian-Early Salian Empire (919-1056) (= Studies on Medieval Studies. Vol. 1). Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1989, ISBN 3-7995-5301-0 , p. 132.
  23. ^ Adam of Bremen, Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum II, 49: in populo Sclavorum multum predicando fructum attulit. In: Adam von Bremen: Hamburg Church History. = Magistri Adam Bremensis Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum (= Monumenta Germaniae Historica. 1: Scriptores. 7: Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi. Vol. 2). Edited by Bernhard Schmeidler. 3. Edition. Hahn, Hannover et al. 1917, p. 110 .
  24. ^ Gerd Althoff : Noble and royal families in the mirror of their memorial tradition. Studies on the commemoration of the dead of the Billunger and Ottonen (= Münster medieval writings. Vol. 47). Fink, Munich 1984, ISBN 3-7705-2267-2 , p. 297.
  25. ^ Theodor von Sickel (ed.): The documents Otto III. = Ottonis III. Diplomata (= Monumenta Germaniae Historica. 3: Diplomata. 4: Diplomatum regum et imperatorum Germaniae. = The documents of the German kings and emperors. Vol. 2, Part 2). Hahn, Hannover 1893, p. 643 , (= DO III, 227).
  26. ^ Bernhard Friedmann: Investigations into the history of the Abodritic Principality up to the end of the 10th century (= Eastern European Studies of the State of Hesse. Series 1: Giessener Abhandlungen zur Agrar- und Wirtschaftsforschung der European Ost. Vol. 137). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-428-05886-0 , p. 267, who asks himself why Reinbert is named after the Mecklenburg if he has not stayed there; Jürgen Petersohn: The southern Baltic region in the ecclesiastical-political interplay of forces of the empire, Poland and Denmark from the 10th to the 13th century. Mission, church organization, cult politics (= East Central Europe in the past and present. Vol. 17). Böhlau, Cologne et al. 1979, ISBN 3-412-04577-2 , p. 24; Karl Schmaltz : Church history of Mecklenburg. Middle Ages. Volume 1: Middle Ages. Bahn, Schwerin 1935, p. 22; Albert Hauck : Church history in Germany. Volume 3: The time of the Saxon and Frankish emperors. 3rd and 4th edition. Hinrichs, Leipzig 1906, p. 254, (5th edition, unchanged reprint of 3rd and 4th editions, ibid. 1920); similar to Richard Wagner : Die Wendenzeit (= Mecklenburg history in individual representations. Issue 2, ZDB -ID 982989-1 ). Süsserott, Berlin 1899, p. 91.
  27. ^ Albrecht Graf Finck von Finckenstein: Bishop and Empire. Studies on the integration process of the Ottonian-Early Salian Empire (919-1056) (= Studies on Medieval Studies. Vol. 1). Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1989, ISBN 3-7995-5301-0 , p. 132.
  28. ↑ Wolfgang H. Fritze: Problems of the abodritic tribal and imperial constitution and its development from a tribal state to a ruling state. In: Herbert Ludat (ed.): Settlement and constitution of the Slavs between the Elbe, Saale and Oder. W. Schmitz, Gießen 1960, pp. 141-219, here p. 162, notes 154 and 155.
  29. ↑ Jürgen Petersohn: King Otto III. and the Slavs on the Baltic Sea, Oder and Elbe around the year 995. In: Frühmittelalterliche Studien. Vol. 37, 2003, pp. 99-139, here p. 110; likewise already Nils Rühberg: Obodritische velvet rulers and Saxon empire power from the middle of the 10th century up to the elevation of the principality of Mecklenburg in 1167. In: Mecklenburgische Jahrbücher. Vol. 110, 1995, ISSN  0930-8229 , pp. 21-50, here p. 24.
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on March 4, 2015 .
personal data
SURNAME Reinbert
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Reginbert; Raginbrat; Rembert
BRIEF DESCRIPTION first bishop of Mecklenburg
DATE OF BIRTH 10th century
DATE OF DEATH April 16, 1013 or 1014