Limes Saxoniae
The Limes Saxoniae was an unpaved border that separated the Frankish sphere of influence in the Saxon northern Albingia from the area of the Slavic Abodrites since around 809 .
Historical background
The Limes Saxoniae, ie the "border of Saxony" to the Abodrites, was agreed by Charlemagne in 809 during his last stay in northern Germany by contract with the Abodrites, when the Eider was established as the northern border of the empire. With this demarcation, the Saxon territory given to the Abodrites by Charlemagne in 804 was incorporated into the Franconian Empire, which now came up to the Baltic Sea on a narrow strip between Levensau and Schwentine . This border, however, was not a continuously fortified weir system, but a line defined in the middle of a difficult-to-penetrate marshland and woodland, the actual border zone. Even an isolated border fortification on the “Limes” is not known. So this could not offer sustainable protection against attacks and conquests by the Abodrites, who for example penetrated to Hamburg in 1066 and 1072 and destroyed the city.
course
The course essentially follows natural obstacles, rivers, swamps and impassable forests and is by no means as sharply defined or even fortified as the Roman Limes .
Adam von Bremen described the borderline in 1075 in the " Hamburg Church History " he wrote , referring to a document from the time of Charlemagne as follows:
Invenimus quoque limitem Saxoniae, quae trans Albiam est, prescriptum et Karolo et imperatoribus ceteris, ita se continetem, hoc est:
Ab Albiae ripa orientali usque ad rivulum quem Sclavi Mescenreiza vocant,
a quo sursum limes currit per silvam Delvunder usque in fluvium Delvundam.
Sicque pervenit in Horchenbici et Bilenispring;
inde ad Liudwinestein et Wispircon et Birznig progreditur.
Tunc in Horbinstenon vadit usque in Travena silvam, sursumque per ipsam in Bulilunkin.
Mox in Agrimeshou, et recto ad vadum, quod dicitur Agrimeswidil, ascendit.
Ubi et Burwido fecit duellum contra campionem Sclavorum, interfecitque eum; et lapis in eodem loco positus est in memoriam.
From eadem igitur aqua sursum procurrens terminus in stagnum Colse vadit;
sicque ad orientalem campum venit Zuentifeld, usque in ipsum flumen Zuentinam.
Per quem limes Saxoniae usque in pelagus Scythicum et mare, quod vocant orientale, delabitur.
I too have found the Saxon border across the Elbe to be laid down by Charlemagne and other emperors;
it runs as follows:
From the east bank of the Elbe to the river that the Slavs call Mescenreiza.
At the top, the Limes separates from it and runs through the Delvenauwalde to the Delvenau .
From here you can get to the Hornbeker Mühlenbach and the Billequelle .
From there you go on to the Liudwinestein, the Weisebirken and the Barnitz.
Then she runs to the swamp best to Travelodge forest and up through this to Blunkerbach -Niederung.
Then it leads to the Ackerrandwald and climbs straight up to the ford over the Ackerrandbach.
There Burwido fought a duel against a Slavic fighter whom he killed. There is a memorial stone here.
The border runs away from this body of water and falls into the Stocksee .
Then you come to the eastern Schwentinefeld and the Schwentine itself.
This is where the Saxony border ends in the Skyten Sea and the Baltic Sea.
Scientific controversy
About the course of the border
Representation of Budesheim
In his dissertation, published in 1984, the development of the medieval cultural landscape of today's Duchy of Lauenburg with special consideration of the Slavic settlement , the Germanist and geographer Werner Budesheim stated:
“Despite the abundance of works that have been written on the Limes Saxoniae, it has not yet been possible to fully clarify its course. Three sources, listed in order of importance, are commonly used in this discussion:
1. Reichsannalen 822: ['Meanwhile, on the orders of the emperor, the Saxons built a castle on the other side of the Elbe at a place called Delbende , after they had driven out the Slavs who had previously occupied it, and occupied them with a garrison from Saxony against their ideas. '] ... There is ... currently no concrete clue as to where this castle can be found. It doesn't even seem certain whether this castle is on the other side or this side of the Limes laid down by Karl. Because the Obodrites are no longer allies of the Franks, but enemies, and a previously agreed border loses its legal function in the war. So it seems pointless to even try to associate the Delbende Fort with the Limes.
2. Reichsannalen 817: ['When the news of the apostasy of the Abodrites and Sclaomir came, Louis the Pious only sent the order through an envoy to the counts, who had their seat on the Elbe for the protection of the land, who had entrusted them To secure borders. '] ... This remark that after the fall of the Obodrites the borders are to be' secured 'can be understood more as a reference to a border previously agreed with them, the Limes, albeit the last one There is no security, since borders, however they are to be understood, have to be defended when war breaks out.
3. The Adam von Bremen report… was only written in the second half of the 11th century, but it is based on older models from the time of Charlemagne. According to the Adam report, agreement regarding the course of the Limes exists largely where the topographical terms cited by him can be equated etymologically with a name that still exists today, such as in the study area at 'fluvius Delvunda' = Delvenau , 'Horchenbici' = Hornbek and 'Bilenispring' = Source of bill . Where this is not possible, however, various interpretations continue to compete with one another. There are more or less good reasons for almost every one of them, and so one has to decide on a case-by-case basis which one to give preference to and where. ...
The following principles of the Limes management in the Duchy of Lauenburg turned out to be: a) the wet border of the streams and rivers as well as the Koberg - Linauer Moors, b) the dry border on the watershed of the brooks between two named fixed points. The Limes according to Adam von Bremen was neither a border area nor a borderline, but rather defined as a line like a modern-day border.
How long this border functioned as such and thus prevented mutual popular and settlement-like penetration, i.e. ultimately asking what influence it exerted on settlement development from the 9th to the 12th century, can only be done indirectly via other methods , be developed. "
Representation of Willner
The now deceased historian and Germanist Heinz Willner summarized the course of the Limes Saxoniae in his book Limes Saxoniae. The rediscovery of a long-forgotten border in 2011 as follows:
“Around 810, the sovereign Charlemagne set a dividing line, the limes Saxoniae , between the North Elbian -Saxon tribes of the Holtsaten , Dithmarscher and Stormarn on the one hand and the Slavic tribes of the Abotritic Wagrier and Polabians on the other. This rational line represented an ethnic divide that ran from an eastern point on the bank of the then course of the Elbe to the southern part of the Kiel Fjord by the shortest route . At the same time, it was also a rational line, in that it included rivers, swamps, wetlands, heights and watersheds in a topographically appropriate manner. The border ran from one specifically named fixed point to the other and led back to the next fixed point in a precisely defined manner.
In the first part of this document, the natural landscape of that time is reconstructed, the fixed points of the border, their locations and linguistic meanings are explained and the course of the limes Saxoniae from the Elbe to the Baltic Sea is described and justified. ... The Isarnho in Ostholstein, the Saxon Urwohld on the Bille and the Delvunderwald on the Delvenau were dense, matted primeval forests, but the border created by a special Franconian troop of wooden obstacles and thorn bushes ran right through them. "
Budesheim's criticism of Willner
Werner Budesheim sharply criticized Willner's book:
“The work can at best be described as 'entertaining' (but that is also doubtful). There can be no question of 'rediscovery' at all. It is a rewriting of older literature and a list of unproven claims.
A general half-knowledge is used to bend facts and well-founded scientific results, to mix them with assertions, so that in the end what you want comes out.
The work is scientifically worthless, it is not quotable. "
About the importance of the border
The historian Oliver Auge wrote in 2014:
“According to current histories, the so-called Limes Saxoniae has separated the settlement area of the Slavic Wagrians and Polabians from that of the Saxon neighbors since the beginning of the 9th century. In contrast to the Danewerk , it should not have been a fortified wall, as the name would initially lead you to believe, but a wider, largely uninhabited border, the course of which was based on watercourses and individual points in the area and in the wider vicinity of both Border side castle complexes concentrated; from these the relevant part of the country was controlled. The establishment of the Limes Saxoniae is said to have been a result of the lordly incorporation of the North Elbian Saxons into the Carolingian Empire in the 1st decade of the 9th century.
According to more recent theses that are still to be discussed, this Limes Saxoniae did not exist at all, but was the product of a historical falsification of Archbishop Adalbert and his schoolmaster Adam von Bremen .
In any case, the power-political penetration of the Franks into the area north of the Elbe was secured in 810 by the construction of the Esesfeld fort on the north bank of the Stör directly at today's Itzehoe and the stationing of a Franconian garrison. "
The historian Matthias Hardt gave a lecture at the conference "The Limes Saxoniae - Fiction or Reality?" In Oldenburg in Holstein in October 2017 , about which Henning Andresen and Stefan Brenner from the historical seminar of the Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel reported:
“Matthias Hardt (Leipzig) tried in his lecture to present a picture of the Limes Saxoniae as the Slavic outer border, and thus took a Polabian-Abodritic perspective on this border region. Using many different examples from the early and high Middle Ages, ranging from the Avar rings to the fortifications and defenses of the Hungarians to the border security structures of the Bohemians, Hardt presented the Hage , impassable entanglements made of wedged tree trunks and thorn thickets, as an effective and frequently encountered form the Slavic border organization in East Central Europe. As a central thesis of his lecture, the assumption can be worked out that this form of border system was also used with regard to the Slavic border implementation at the Limes Saxoniae, even if archaeological evidence could hardly be used, not least because of the transience of those materials. As evidence for this, Hardt used Slavic toponyms , which refer to Mannhagen , Presieken and other names and can be found in reconstructed courses of the Limes Saxoniae. "
Günther Bock criticized the "systematic military-political organization of the border area" postulated by Hardt in 1991 for the times of Charlemagne, primarily on the middle Elbe, arguing that he had overlooked the limited possibilities of the rulers before the development of sovereign structures in the late Middle Ages. They were hardly able to keep such facilities alive for long periods of time.
Representation of Willner and criticism of it
In his book Limes Saxoniae. In 2011, Heinz Willner summarized the rediscovery of a long-forgotten border as follows:
“The second part deals with the historical environment of the limes Saxoniae , with the Franconian conception of the empire, with the fortifications of that time, with the Mannhagen problem, with the end of Slavic rule in northern Elbia and the high medieval settlement of East Holstein and Lauenburg: The Isarnho in Ostholstein, the Saxon Urwohld on the Bille and the Delvunderwald on the Delvenau were dense, matted primeval forests, but the border created by a special Franconian group of wooden obstacles and thorn bushes now ran right through them.
Since the Bronze Age , military routes of east-west trade passed through this jungle , which now collided with the border. Control posts in the form of ingenious barriers were set up at concentration points when the two-way traffic entered or exited to monitor the traffic. Nevertheless, there were frequent raids and raids, from which Holtsaten and Stormarn in particular, and later also the Dithmarschers, suffered. The Germanic-Saxon defense system under the leadership of the Overboden was cumbersome and hardly suitable to prevent abotritical raids.
The increasing Slavic settlement pressure turned to the west and decidedly crossed the Limes line. The Saxon settlement, on the other hand, moved slowly to the east, but stopped at a respectful distance from the Limes line to the west in front of it. There had to be inevitable military entanglements that threatened existence. The Slavic-Saxon tension erupted terribly in 1066 and 1072. The Slav terrorist uprising was the result of an unfortunate Christian mission, malpractice misconduct and vile attitudes on the part of princes on both sides and the agitation of the Slav priesthood. North Elbe then resembled a desert. Only the Bökelburg and Esesfeld Castle held up.
In 1093 the united combat force of the Dithmarscher, Holsten, Stormarner and Barden triumphed over the Slavs near Schmilau . But afterwards the anti-Christian and anti-Saxon party strengthened again among the Slavs, driven by leading Slavic priests, represented by the Slavic princes Niklot and Pribislaw . Again Holstein and Stormarn became a wasteland, the places burned and the Saxons fled into the woods.
In the middle of the winter of 1138/39, the German Count Heinrich von Badewide surprisingly invaded Slavic Wagrien with superior tactics and conquered the whole country between Kiel Fjord , Schwale , Trave and the Baltic Sea , i.e. all of Ostholstein. The following summer the Holsten (probably under their Overboden) also waged a campaign of revenge against the Slavs. Surprisingly, the power of the Slavic princes in Wagria collapsed.
The ingeniously planned, peaceful settlement of Wagrien began under Adolf II , who had been appointed count in Holstein. Henry the Lion united Holstein, Stormarn and Wagrien into one county, which was then under Adolf II. Heinrich von Badewide conquered the Polabenland south of the Trave with the states of Ratzeburg, Boitin, Gadebusch, Wittenburg and Boizenburg ( Delbende ?) And was enfeoffed with the County of Ratzeburg . In Ostholstein and Lauenburg, settlement began with German farming families, most of whom came from the north-western German territory. This started the peaceful development of Ostholstein and Lauenburg, and the limes Saxoniae became superfluous after 350 years. "
Günther Bock, a trained graphic artist and member of the Working Group for Economic and Social History Schleswig-Holstein , critically assessed Willner's book as follows:
“If there is the greatest conceivable gap between the requirements and the realization when designing this product, then the scientific quality remains the decisive criterion for purchasing such a volume. In this, the simple black and white painting is astonishing: 'In 983 the Slavs broke through to the west, plundering, searing and murdering' (p. 14), there were 'terrible Slavs uprisings' (p. 330), while Count Adolf II. “Wise and moderating” (p. 331) had the effect of “the victor was generous towards the conquered” (p. 376), he “began the ingeniously planned, peaceful settlement of Wagrien” (p. 437). The fact that the literature cited by Willner has not infrequently taken on a thick patina or follows a long outdated ideological orientation corresponds to this point of view. "
Theses by Günther Bock
In 2012, Günther Bock wrote rather vaguely with his "new look at history":
“In fact, this strange border should be viewed more critically, especially since there is much to suggest that it is no more than the attempt by Archbishop Adalbert of Hamburg-Bremen in 1062 to move the border of his archdiocese forward in an easterly direction at the expense of his suffragan diocese of Oldenburg . Regardless of this, the text should describe real topographical conditions of the 11th century. "
Then in 2013 much more clearly:
“If the 'Limes Saxoniae' is still invoked today as the Carolingian border, if Germans and Slavs are unhistorically fought against each other in a bloody way, then one should be aware that ultimately folkish thinking is being cultivated - dull ideas that culminated in National Socialist racial madness. Anyone who tries to revive the 'Limes Saxoniae' as the 'old border' today, be it in the form of hikes, Limestage, memorial plaques, events or whatever, is consequently entering dangerous terrain, where the 'Slav' as a The cipher functions as a set piece for the exclusion of undesirable citizens that is desired by certain circles today.
The 'Limes Saxoniae' was nothing more than a forgery, which was brought into the world by Archbishop Adalbert and his scholast Adam in the third quarter of the 11th century out of highly material interests. Only after the archbishop's death did Adam verbally distinguish himself from him by means of his ' gesta ', which apparently did not prevent him from continuing his forgery under Archbishop Liemar . As a forgery, which may have been roughly based on the distribution of northern Elbe settlement areas or areas of power valid at the time, the 'Limes Saxoniae' has nothing to do with the conditions during the times of Emperor Charlemagne in the early 9th century or with those under the emperor Otto the Great a century and a half later. This forgery from Adam's pen rather later led a life of its own and was instrumentalized by certain circles as an 'invented tradition' in the sense of Eric Hobsbawm .
It is time to give up blind allegiance to this tradition! "
And in 2015 Bock emphasized again:
"Where older interpreters thought they observed racial and cultural struggles with the Slavs as a hostile threat, modern research recognizes differentiated transition zones and contact spaces in which complex interethnic and intercultural contacts took place in the course of the most varied of social processes that did not require the alleged Limes Saxoniae."
Henning Andresen and Stefan Brenner reported on the Bock lecture at the October 2017 conference in Oldenburg "The Limes Saxoniae - Fiction or Reality?":
“The last lecture was given by Günther Bock (Großhansdorf), who not only concluded the history section, but also ended the series of conference contributions. The central moment of his remarks was the thesis that Adam von Bremen, on behalf of Archbishop Adalbert or his successor Liemar, deliberately and deliberately invented the Limes text, which is supposed to have been based on a document from Charlemagne, of his Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum and this should therefore be characterized as a forgery. Multiple parallels can be seen in the foundation charter of the Diocese of Bremen dated 788, also handed down by Adam and attributed to Emperor (!) Charlemagne. The central point here is that Adam's Limes text, according to Bock's interpretation, no longer attempts the eastern border of the Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen to end at the Bille, but - according to its postulated Limes course - further east at the Delvenau. As a calculation behind this forgery, Bock names the intention of Adalbert and the archbishopric to expand their own territory at the expense of the rival Billunger , not least in order to benefit from the increased income. In contrast to the Limes text from the 9th to the 12th century, the Limes section of the Trave forest, which he examined more closely as an example, always appears as an intensely populated region. "
Her conclusion: "Bock's thesis was subsequently discussed controversially."
Matthias Hardt had already understood the Limes text as a "document" quoted by Adam von Bremen in a contribution from the year 2000 and rejected "not necessarily justified doubts about its authenticity".
And in the discussion about this Wikipedia article the opinion was expressed: “This limit existed de facto and independent of any contracts or agreements, so to speak out of 'implied action'. Both sides claimed neither the border strip nor areas on the other side, even before the time of Charlemagne and the incorporation of the Saxons into the Frankish Empire. Whether or not Charlemagne explicitly defined this tacit agreement in a contract does not change the existence of this limit. "
See also
- Limes Sorabicus (article on a corresponding border zone on the Saale)
- Limes (border wall)
- Germania Slavica
- Bavaria Slavica
literature
- Friedrich Bangert: Traces of the Franks on the Limes Saxoniae in northern Albania. In: Journal of the Historical Association for Lower Saxony . Hanover, 1904, pp. 1-63.
- Rudolf Struck : The relationships of the Limes Saxoniae and the Dannewerk to the topography and geology of their surroundings . Lübcke & Nöhring, Lübeck 1906.
- Walther Lammers: Teutons and Slavs in Northern Albingia. In: Journal of the Society for Schleswig-Holstein History . (ZSHG) 79. 1955, pp. 17-80.
- Wilhelm-Christian Kersting: The Limes Saxoniae and the Castellum Delbende. In: Lauenburg homeland . No. 16/1957, pp. 1-11.
- Walter Richter: The Limes Saxoniae on the eastern bank of the Elbe. In: ZSHG. 105, 1980, p. 9 ff.
- Werner Budesheim: The development of the medieval cultural landscape of today's Duchy of Lauenburg with special consideration of the Slavic settlement. Franz Steiner, Wiesbaden 1984, therein pp. 53–67: Der Limes Saxoniae. (with a detailed bibliography).
- Günther Bock: “Bohemian Villages” in Stormarn? Course and importance of the Limes Saxoniae between Bille and Trave. In: ders .: Studies on the history of Stormarn in the Middle Ages. (= Stormarner booklets. 19). Neumünster 1996, ISBN 3-529-07124-2 , pp. 25-70 (with maps).
- Werner Budesheim: The "limes Saxoniae" after the Adams spring from Bremen, especially in its southern section. In: Hansische Geschichtsblätter. 115, 1997, pp. 28-43.
- Matthias Hardt : Lines and seams, zones and spaces on the eastern border of the empire in the early and high Middle Ages. In: Walter Pohl , Helmut Reimitz (ed.): Limit and difference in the early Middle Ages. (= Austrian Academy of Sciences. Philosophical-historical class Denkschriften. 287; = Research on the history of the Middle Ages. 1). Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-7001-2896-7 , pp. 39–56.
- Matthias Hardt: Hesse, Elbe, Saale and the Frontiers of the Carolingian Empire. In: Walter Pohl, Ian N. Wood , Helmut Reimitz (Eds.): The Transformation of Frontiers. From Antiquity to the Carolingians. (= The Transformation of the Roman World. 10). Leiden / Boston / Cologne 2001, ISBN 90-04-11115-8 , pp. 219-232.
- Matthias Hardt: Limes Saxoniae. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (RGA). 2nd Edition. Volume 18, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2001, ISBN 3-11-016950-9 , pp. 442-446.
- Werner Budesheim: Slavs in Lauenburg. In: Lichtwark booklet . 66. Hamburg-Bergedorf 2001, ISSN 1862-3549 .
- Heinz Willner: Limes Saxoniae. The rediscovery of a long forgotten border. Tectum, Marburg 2011.
- Thorsten Lemm: Dispute over North Elbe - reconstruction and simulation of the Danish-Abodritic attack on the Franconian castle Esesfelth in the year 817. In: Archäologische Nachrichten aus Schleswig-Holstein. 19, 2012, pp. 72-77.
- Günther Bock: Upheavals in Polabia during the 11th century. In: Felix Biermann , Thomas Kersting, Anne Klammt, Thomas Westphalen (eds.): Transformations and upheavals of the 12./13. Century. Contributions of the section on the early Slavic history of the 19th annual conference of the Central and East German Association for Antiquity Research in Görlitz, March 1 to 3, 2010. Langenweißbach 2012 (BUFM 64), pp. 67–82.
- Günther Bock: Requirements and implementation. A book and a dubious “science publisher”. In: Circular letter of the Working Group for Economic and Social History Schleswig-Holstein. No. 107, March 2012, pp. 33-37.
- Günther Bock: The "Limes Saxoniae" - no Carolingian border! In: Stormarn yearbook. 31, 2013, pp. 13-30.
- Oliver Auge : Baltic Sea region. In: Michael Borgolte (Ed.): Migrations in the Middle Ages. A manual. Berlin: Academy 2014.
- Günther Bock: Ratzeburg and the Billunger - Polabia as a Slavic-Saxon contact region of the 11th and 12th centuries. In: Natural and regional studies. Journal for Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg and Mecklenburg. 122nd year, 2015, pp. 209–226 ( online version ).
- Henning Andresen, Stefan Brenner: Conference Report: The Limes Saxoniae - Fiction or Reality? October 21, 2017 Oldenburg. In: H-Soz-Kult . May 18, 2018 ( online version ).
- Günther Bock: nobility, church and rule. The Lower Elbe as a contact area in the European context of the 10th to 13th centuries. Aschendorff, Münster 2018. (Critical comments on this from Dieter Riemer in the geschichtsblogsh of December 10, 2018 and as a review on Amazon.de of March 14, 2019)
- Werner Budesheim: A new Schliemann? A little more than a review of Heinz Willner's “Limes Saxoniae. The rediscovery of a long forgotten frontier ”. In: ders. Ao: Archeology - History - Language - Ecology. (= Contributions to science and culture. Volume 13). Self-published by the Free Lauenburg Academy for Science and Culture, Wentorf near Hamburg 2018, pp. 159–173.
Web links
- Limes Saxoniae on geschichte-sh.de
- The establishment of Stolpe on stolpe-am-see.de
- Community of Schmalensee - <1000 on gemeinde-schmalensee.de
- Limes Saxoniae on travestreifzug.de
Individual evidence
- ↑ Arno Jenkis: The inclusion Nordalbingia in the Frankish Empire. ZSHG Volume 79 (1955), pp. 81-104.
- ↑ Bernhard Schmeidler (Ed.): Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi 2: Adam von Bremen, Hamburgische Kirchengeschichte (Magistri Adam Bremensis Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum). Hanover 1917 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized version ), chap. 18, pp. 73-74.
- ^ Translation (and Latin text): Adam von Bremen: Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum. In: Werner Trillmich , Rudolf Buchner (Hrsg.): Sources of the 9th and 11th centuries on the history of the Hamburg Church and the Empire. (FSGA 11). Darmstadt 1961, pp. 247-249.
- ↑ budesheim.info
- ↑ Werner Budesheim: The development of the medieval cultural landscape…. 1984, p. 53 ff. 66
- ↑ shz.de
- ↑ stolpe-am-see.de
- ^ Heinz Willner: Limes Saxoniae…. 2011, p. 435 f.
- ↑ Werner Budesheim: A new Schliemann? .... 2018, p. 170.
- ↑ Oliver Auge: Baltic Sea Region .... Berlin 2014, p. 196.
- ↑ a b histsem.uni-kiel.de
- ↑ a b hsozkult.de
- ↑ Günther Bock: Upheavals in Polabia in the 11th Century ... 2012, p. 70.
- ↑ Heinz Willner: Limes Saxoniae .... 2011, p. 436 f.
- ↑ Günther Bock: Claim and Realization .... 2012, p. 34.
- ↑ ln-online.de
- ↑ In Görlitz 2010 ( Umbruch ... 2012, p. 69), Bock formulated: “at the expense of the Diocese of Verden, respectively the newly formed Diocese of Ratzeburg”, and in Oldenburg 2017 (conference report, 4th page): “at the expense of the rival Billunger ... not least in order to benefit from the increased income ”.
- ↑ Günther Bock: Claim and Realization .... 2012, p. 35.
- ↑ It is interesting that the old demarcation of the Limes Saxoniae in 1934 appears on a picture postcard of the Polish Academy of Sciences in the north as the Polish western border with the remark: “The spirit of Bolesław the Brave lives in Poland . The smallest dust of Polish soil returns to the motherland. ”In 2003 , Gerd Schultze-Rhonhof, who was criticized as a history revisionist , made this in his book 1939. The war that had many fathers. The long run-up to the Second World War (10th edition, 2018, p. 462 f.) Attentively.
- ↑ Günther Bock: The “Limes Saxoniae” - no Carolingian border! .... 2013, p. 26 f.
- ↑ Günther Bock: Ratzeburg and the Billunger .... 2015, p. 210.
- ↑ Matthias Hardt: Lines and seams, zones and spaces .... 2000, p. 46.
- ↑ de.wikipedia.org
- ↑ shz.de