Bytów

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bytów
Bëtowò
Bytów coat of arms
Bytów Bëtowò (Poland)
Bytów Bëtowò
Bytów
Bëtowò
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Pomerania
Powiat : Bytów
Gmina : Bytów
Area : 8.72  km²
Geographic location : 54 ° 10 ′  N , 17 ° 30 ′  E Coordinates: 54 ° 10 ′ 6 ″  N , 17 ° 29 ′ 30 ″  E
Residents : 17,029 (Dec. 31, 2016)
Postal code : 77-100 and 77-101
Telephone code : (+48) 59
License plate : GBY
Economy and Transport
Street : DK 20 : Stargard - Kościerzyna - Gdynia
Ext. 209 : Bytów– Warszkowo (- Sławno )
Ext. 212 : Osowo Lęborski– Kamionka
Rail route : PKP line no. 212: Korzybie – Bytów – Lipusz
Next international airport : Danzig



Bytów pronunciation ? / i [ ˈbɨtuf ] ( German Bütow , Kashubian Bëtowò ) is a city in the Polish Pomeranian Voivodeship . It is the seat of the Powiat Bytowski and the city-and-rural municipality Bytów . Audio file / audio sample

Geographical location

The city is located in a hilly forest and lake landscape, formerly known as the “Blue Ländchen”, in Western Pomerania . The river Bütow (Polish Bytowa ) flows through the town . The Schimmritzberg rises to the south-west, at 256 m it is the highest elevation in the Bütower Land. The next larger cities Słupsk (Stolp) and Lębork (Lauenburg i. Pom.) Are each about 50 km northwest and north-northeast.

history

Bütow Castle of the Teutonic Order , built 1399–1405
Partial view of the castle

Bütow belonged to the Duchy of Pomerania until 1329 and from 1466 , with a short break in between to the Teutonic Order .

In connection with the Pomeranian-Polish wars, the Chronicle of Gallus Anonymous from 1113 mentions a fortress complex castrum nomine Bitom , which was built by the Polish ruler Bolesław III. Wrymouth was destroyed and which is sometimes incorrectly associated with Bütow in historiography. The Pomeranian historian Johann Ludwig Quandt (1801–1871) had already pointed out that the Bitom fort is a fortress on Lake Boitin (also called Böthin Lake or Böttin Lake ) not far from the town of Tütz in Neumark . There is also no reason to assume that Bütow was founded by the Obotrite prince Bato or was named after him.

The first settlement on the site of the present city was probably in the 13th century. The oldest record of the place comes from a deed of donation from 1321: Duke Wartislaw IV of Pomerania donated the place to his Chancellor Henning Behr as thanks for his loyal service. His sons sold the land to the Teutonic Order in 1329. The first mention of a parish office comes from the year 1335. On July 12, 1346, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Heinrich Dusemer , awarded Bütow the city charter of Kulm . He handed Bütow over to the occupiers Hans Beschorn and Grote Johann as hereditary property and equipped the place with a freedom of 32 hooves and 100 hooves field mark with nine years of free time; the two squatters received 14 hooves, the Schulzenamt and the court.

The order set up its western border base here. On the site of the old castle, Konrad von Jungingen had a new castle built between 1399 and 1405, which has been preserved to this day. It became the seat of a clerk. However, the city itself never received fortifications. During the war between the Teutonic Order and Poland, which ended in 1410 with the victory of the Poles in the Battle of Tannenberg , Bütow was conquered by the Poles. The Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło enfeoffed the Pomeranian Duke Bogislaw VIII with Bütow , who had supported Poland against the Teutonic Order. A year later, however, the city fell back to the Teutonic Order through the First Peace of Thor . With the Second Peace of Thorner in 1466, Duke Erich II succeeded in winning the Lauenburg and Bütow and thus also the city of Bütow for Pomerania, initially as a pledge and from 1526 as a fief .

During the Thirty Years War Bütow was haunted in 1629 by retreating imperial troops under Field Marshal Hans Georg von Arnim-Boitzenburg . When the imperial family finally withdrew on the Sunday before Easter , they set fire to the city. Only four houses in the suburbs were spared from the conflagration.

City Church of St. Catherine

After the death of the last Pomeranian Duke Bogislaw XIV , Bütow fell back to Poland in 1637 as part of the Lauenburg and Bütow lands as a so-called settled fiefdom. The Catholic Church returned to the city, which had become Protestant through the Reformation . The Lutheran city preacher was expelled from the Katharinenkirche and replaced by a Catholic provost. The evangelical believers, who were still in the majority, had to hold their services in a provisionally prepared hall. It was not until 1848 that they were able to build their own house of worship with the Elizabeth Church.

In the Treaty of Bromberg of 1657, which was concluded between Poland and Brandenburg, the Brandenburg Elector Friedrich Wilhelm received the lands of Lauenburg and Bütow as hereditary fiefs from Poland. The feudal relationship lasted until 1772 when, with the First Partition of Poland, among other things, the state of Bütow came to Prussia.

As in other Pomeranian cities, the city's history reports repeated devastating destruction in Bütow: in 1627, during the Thirty Years' War , the place was destroyed by fire and had to be rebuilt. During the Swedish-Polish War of Succession , Bütow was first attacked by the Poles on November 1, 1656, plundered and set on fire, and then occupied by Swedish troops, who destroyed both the town and the castle when they withdrew in 1658. In 1700 the city fell victim to a major fire. Shortly afterwards, from 1707 to 1709, the plague troubled Bütow. During the Seven Years' War , the city was affected by fighting between Russian and Prussian armed forces. On October 12, 1759, a provisional agreement on the exchange of Russian and Prussian prisoners of war was signed in Bütow.

Bütow around 1900

Around the middle of the 19th century, the Kashubian language was rarely used in the Bütow district .

In 1846 Bütow became the district town of the Bütow district . In 1863, a second Protestant school teacher seminar was set up in Bütow for the Köslin administrative region , as the only teacher seminar in Köslin until then was no longer sufficient. From 1884 to 1909 rail connections to Zollbrück, Lauenburg and Rummelsburg were created. As a result, a brisk business life developed, and wood and food processing companies settled here. Around 1900 there was an iron foundry, metal processing plants, a wool spinning mill, steam grinding and cutting mills, a dairy and a beer brewery, a provincial sanitary facility and a district court in Bütow. The city had two Protestant churches, a Catholic church and a synagogue . A mineral water spring rises not far from the city.

In 1925 there were also factories for roofing felt, artificial stone and cement in Bütow. In 1929 Bütow also had a shoe factory and four cattle markets. The economic upswing was interrupted after the First World War when the Bütower Land became a border region as a result of the establishment of the Polish Corridor .

Around 1930 the district of Bütow had an area of ​​27.6 km², and there were 558 houses in 18 different places in the city.

In 1925, 8,886 inhabitants were counted in Bütow, who were distributed over 2,273 households.

In 1945 Bütow was the county seat of district Bütow in Administrative district Köslin of the Prussian province of Pomerania of the German Reich .

At the end of the Second World War , the inner city was destroyed to 60 percent. The city was captured by the Red Army on March 8, 1945 . In spring 1945 the city was placed under Polish administration. Immigration from Poland began, in part from areas east of the Curzon Line that had fallen to the Soviet Union . Poland introduced the place name Bytów for Bütow . The German population was largely of Bütow expelled or evacuated later.

In 1946 the city became the seat of a powiat (district), the latter was dissolved by the regional reform of 1975. In 1999, with the rebuilding of Powiat Bytowski , the city became a district town again. On December 1, 1999, the place received the additional official Kashubian name Bëtowò .

Population development

year Number of
inhabitants
Remarks
1782 990 including 19 Jews .
1791 981 including 12 Jews
1794 1,085 including 12 Jews.
1812 1,217 including 44 Catholics and 59 Jews.
1816 1,395 including 40 Catholics and 126 Jews.
1831 2,062 including 106 Catholics and 199 Jews.
1843 2,858 179 Catholics and 239 Jews.
1852 3,509 including 318 Catholics and 274 Jews.
1861 4,247 including 312 Catholics and 343 Jews.
1875 4,810
1880 4,941
1900 6,487 mostly evangelicals
1925 8,886 thereof 7,328 Evangelicals, 1,106 Catholics and 157 Jews
1933 9,404
1939 9,713 7,673 Protestants, 1,701 Catholics, 54 other Christians and 37 Jews
1960 approx. 8,600
1980 approx. 13,300
2000 approx. 17,000

Buildings

Local museum
Railway bridge, built by the Prussian State Railways
  • Bütow Castle , built between 1398 and 1405 as a Teutonic Order Castle . Thorough restoration of the entire complex from 1936 to 1940. Today the building serves as a library, museum and hotel.
  • City church of St. Katharina, proven as early as the 14th century. Burned down and rebuilt several times. The model for the current construction was the St. Matthew Church designed by Friedrich August Stüler in the Berlin district of Tiergarten .
  • St. Georg mountain church, 16th century.
  • Railway bridge with coat of arms of the KPEV . This bad planning from Prussian times was never used because the railway line was relocated before the inauguration of the bridge.

Personalities

sons and daughters of the town

Others

  • August Peter Lorenzen Claussen (1841–1912), pedagogue and author of pedagogical non-fiction books, long-time vice rector of the teachers' college in Bütow
  • Hermann Kahle (1829–1887), German educational writer, theologian and teacher, headed the teachers' college in Bütow from 1870 to 1879
  • Albert Wagner (1885–1974), German educator and politician (SPD), had been a school councilor in Bütow since 1919.

Gmina Bytów

The town-and-country municipality (gmina miejsko-wiejska) Bytów covers 197.44 km² and has about 25,000 inhabitants.

literature

Web links

Commons : Bytów  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. Kratz (1965), p. 49, footnote 1) .
  2. Georg Wilhelm von Raumer (ed.): The Neumark Brandenburg in 1337 or Margrave Ludwig's the Elder Neumärkisches Landbuch from this time . Nicolaische Buchhandlung, Berlin 1837, p. 47, no. 16). .
  3. ^ Johann Ludwig Quandt : The country on the net . In: Baltic Studies , Volume 15, Issue 1, Szczecin 1853 S. 174th .
  4. Gengler (1863), p. 445.
  5. Roderich Schmidt: The Lande Lauenburg and Bütow in their changing affiliation to the Teutonic Order, to Pomerania and Poland and to Brandenburg-Prussia . In: Reiche und Territorien in Ostmitteleuropa (Dietmar Willoweit and Hans Lemberg, eds.), Oldenbourg, Munich 2006, p. 93 ff. ( Limited preview ).
  6. ^ Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler : Regesta and documents of the constitutional and legal history of the German cities in the Middle Ages , Erlangen 1863, p. 443 ff.
  7. a b Helge bei der Wieden, Roderich Schmidt (Hrsg.): Handbook of the historical sites of Germany . Volume 12: Mecklenburg - Pomerania. Kröner, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-520-31501-7 , pp. 171-173.
  8. Werner Reinhold : Chronicle of the city of Stolp . Stolp 1861, pp. 254-255.
  9. Cf. for example Werner Reinhold: Chronik der Stadt Stolp ; Stolp 1861, p. 255.
  10. Christian Friedrich Wutstrack : Addendum to the brief historical-geographical-statistical description of the Royal Prussian Duchy of Western and Western Pomerania . Stettin 1795, p. 264.
  11. ^ Contributions to modern state and war history . Danzig 1760, No. 91-94, pp. 161-168.
  12. A. Hilferding: The remains of the Slavs on the south side of the Baltic Sea . In: Journal of Slavic Literature, Art and Science . Volume 1, Bautzen 1862, pp. 81-97, especially pp. 94-97. .
  13. Wobeser: Something about the residence of the Cassubes. In: Anton Friedrich Büschings Weekly News . Seventh year, Berlin 1779, No. 23, pp. 181–183.
  14. Zentralblatt for the entire teaching administration in Prussia . Year 1863, p. 467.
  15. a b c Meyers Konversations-Lexikon . 6th edition. Volume 3, Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig and Vienna 1906, pp. 660–661.
  16. ^ Geiseler: Investigation of the mineral spring near Bütow in Western Pomerania . In: Archiv der Pharmazie , Volume 78, Hannover 1841, pp. 205-213.
  17. a b c Gunthard Stübs and Pomeranian Research Association: The city of Bütow in the former district of Bütow in Pomerania (2011).
  18. Komisja Standaryzacji Nazw Geograficznych: Lista gmin wpisanych do "Rejestru gmin, na których obszarze używane są nazwy w języku mniejszości" , November 17, 2011. PDF.
  19. a b c d e f g h Kratz (1865), p. 52
  20. Christian Friedrich Wutstrack (ed.): Brief historical-geographical-statistical description of the royal Prussian duchy of Western and Western Pomerania . Stettin 1793, overview table on p. 736.
  21. a b c d Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. buetow.html # ew39btwbutow. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).