Lębork

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Lębork
Coat of arms of Lębork
Lębork (Poland)
Lębork
Lębork
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Pomerania
Powiat : Lębork
Area : 17.86  km²
Geographic location : 54 ° 33 ′  N , 17 ° 45 ′  E Coordinates: 54 ° 33 ′ 0 ″  N , 17 ° 45 ′ 0 ″  E
Height : 17 m npm
Residents : 35,333
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Postal code : 84-300 to 84-310
Telephone code : (+48) 59
License plate : GLE
Economy and Transport
Street : DK 6 ( E 28 ): Gdansk - Stettin
Ext. 214 : Łeba - Kościerzyna - Warlubie
Rail route : PKP lines 202: Gdańsk – Stargard railway line
229: Lębork – Łeba railway line
Next international airport : Danzig
Gmina
Gminatype: Borough
Residents: 35,333
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Community number  ( GUS ): 2208011
Administration (as of 2011)
Mayor : Witold Namyślak
Address:
ul.Armii Krajowej 14 84-300 Lębork
Website : www.lebork.pl



Lębork [ ˈlɛmbɔrk ] pronunciation ? / i , German Lauenburg in Pommern (abbreviated Lauenburg i. Pom. ), is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland . It has been the seat of the Powiat Lęborski since 1999 . Audio file / audio sample  

geography

The city is located in Western Pomerania in the valley of the Łeba (Leba) , which cuts through a ground moraine here. The area is characterized by the Łebabruch west of the city and the Schlüsselberg ( 175  m npm ) in the north-west and the 210-meter-high Dombrowaberg to the east . And 30 kilometers by road or rail is in the city Leba (Leba) reached the Baltic coast. Gdansk is about 65 kilometers away.

Large deposits of natural gas based on oil shale are suspected in northern Poland . The first drilling is to be carried out in the vicinity of Lębork.

history

City seal with the city arms and the inscription sigillum civitatis lewenburch , with which the city certified its accession to the Prussian Confederation in 1440 .
Ordensburg of the Teutonic Knights (14th century)
Neo-Gothic town hall
St. Jakobi Church (Protestant until 1945).
Historic city wall

At the beginning of the 14th century, the state of Lauenburg belonged to the German Order of Knights . Its grand master Dietrich von Altenburg gave Rutcher von Emmerich 100 Hufen land and a certificate for the city ​​of "Lewinburg", which was to be founded according to Kulmer law . This is how the town of Lauenburg came into being, which is also called Lewenburg , Leuenburg or - in Latin - Leoburgum in old documents . The place name is Lewenburch on the imprint of the city seal with which the city fathers provided the letter of alliance of the Prussian Confederation in 1440 . In the east of the city, the order built Lauenburg Castle in 1363. During the fighting with the Poles, the castle was partially destroyed in both 1410 and 1455.

As a result of the Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466), the order had to forego the Lande Lauenburg and Bütow , and thus also the city of Lauenburg, in the Second Peace of Thorner (1466) . The lands came to Duke Erich II of Pomerania in 1466 and remained in the possession of the Pomeranian dukes, initially as trustees for the Polish king, from 1490 as pledges and from 1526 as hereditary fiefs.

Towards the end of the Middle Ages a monastery seems to have existed in Lauenburg . The only tradition comes from the year 1543, i.e. after the Reformation , when Duke Barnim XI. Jakob Wobeser , his captain in Lauenburg, transferred the monastery complex, which was described as "incident and desert" . According to the historian Hermann Hoogeweg , it was probably a monastery of begging monks .

When Bogislaw XIV, the last Pomeranian Duke, died, the lands fell back to Poland as a settled fiefdom. But as early as 1657 Brandenburg was enfeoffed with the states of Lauenburg and Bütow in the Treaty of Bromberg . In the Warsaw Treaty of 1773 ( first partition of Poland ), the fiefdom was replaced by full ownership rights for Prussia . As Lauenburg-Bütowscher Kreis , the area, including the city of Lauenburg, was initially incorporated into the Prussian province of West Prussia in 1773 , but became part of the Prussian province of Pomerania in 1777 .

The urban area expanded to the west and south. In 1830 Lauenburg was connected to the new Stettin – Danzig road, later Reichsstraße 2 . When the Lauenburg-Bütow district was divided in 1846, Lauenburg became the district town of the Lauenburg district of the same name . As in other Pomeranian cities, there were also hunger riots in Lauenburg in 1847. From 1866 there was the Masonic Lodge Zum Leuchtthurm on the Baltic Sea in Lauenburg . When the station for the new Stolp – Sopot railway line was built in the south in 1870, new industrial companies such as a match or machine factory also settled there. In 1899 the railway line to Leba was opened. From 1885 to 1918 the Duke of York Islands were called as part of German New Guinea after the name of the city of Neulauenburg .

Historical city arms

When Germany had to cede most of the province of West Prussia to Poland after the First World War , Lauenburg lost its hinterland, which had negative economic effects on the city. In 1933 the state college for teacher training Lauenburg was founded, at which around 3000 teachers were trained until 1945. On the occasion of the last German census before the Second World War , 19,801 inhabitants were determined in Lauenburg. The German dialect spoken in and around Lauenburg until 1939 was recorded and scientifically described shortly before the start of the war. Since the end of 1940 there was a satellite camp of the Buchenwald concentration camp (continued as an external command of the Stutthof concentration camp ) in Lauenburg. The prisoners were deployed in 1940/41 for the construction and maintenance of the Waffen SS Unterführerschule in Lauenburg .

Towards the end of the Second World War, Lauenburg was occupied by the Red Army without a fight and on March 10, 1945, Soviet soldiers set fire to it. The city center was almost completely destroyed, only two houses on the market square survived the inferno.

Soon afterwards the city was placed under Polish administration together with the whole of Western Pomerania . The immigration of Polish and Ukrainian civilians began. Some of these people had belonged to ethnic minorities in areas east of the Curzon Line . These areas were conquered after the First World War in the Polish-Soviet War (1919–1921) and in other conflicts that lasted until 1923 and had to be ceded to the Soviet Union after the end of the Second World War . In 1946 the German city of Lauenburg was renamed Lębork . The remaining German population was expelled .

On March 15, 1991, the two-plus-four treaty came into force with which the factual affiliation of Lębork to Poland was confirmed under international law.

Demographics

Population development until 1945
year Residents Remarks
1782 1318 including 39 Jews
1791 1383 including 29 Jews
1794 1432 including 29 Jews
1802 1585
1810 1554
1812 1548 including 48 Catholics and 47 Jews
1816 1635 according to other data 1605 inhabitants, of which 1465 Protestants, 84 Catholics, 56 Jews
1821 2039 in 245 private houses
1831 2621 including 181 Catholics and 147 Jews
1843 3779 including 222 Catholics and 262 Jews
1852 4979 including 259 Catholics and 263 Jews
1861 5310 including 305 Catholics and 259 Jews
1867 6530
1871 6766
1875 7165
1880 7545
1890 8050 including 785 Catholics and 309 Jews
1925 17.161 including 14,472 Evangelicals, 1,849 Catholics and 293 Jews
1933 18,962 including 16,582 Protestants, 2,049 Catholics, seven other Christians and 235 Jews
1939 19,108 including 16,425 Evangelicals, 1,958 Catholics, 210 other Christians and 105 Jews

Residents Lauenburg.svg

Population numbers up to modern times

religion

Evangelical

A small evangelical congregation has been constituted in Lębork since 1945. The chapel is at ul. I Armii Wojska Polskiego 47. It is a branch church of the parish of the Kreuzkirche in Słupsk in the diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland of the Evangelical-Augsburg Church in Poland .

Town twinning

traffic

rails

Lębork is located on the Gdańsk – Stargard line , an important main line of the Polish State Railways (PKP). In addition, a lead line to Łeba ( Leba ) in the Baltic Sea . The railway line to Kartuzy ( Karthaus ) and Pruszcz Gdański ( Praust ) , which opened in 1905, was closed in 2000 , after the Lębork – Bytów ( Bütow ) railway line had been closed as a result of the war.

Streets

Lębork is located on what is now the major north Polish west-east traffic axis of the state road 6 from Stettin via Danzig to Pruszcz Gdański ( Praust ), which is also the European route 28 . In Lębork this road is crossed by the north-south road from Warlubie ( Warlubia ) to Łeba ( Leba ), which makes the city a not unimportant road junction.

Until 1945, Lauenburg was connected by two major roads that branched into Berlin-Weißensee and connected the capital of the Reich with Pomerania , where they met again in Lauenburg: Reichsstraße 2 (now the Polish state road 6), that of Berlin and via Stettin , Köslin and Stolp came to continue via Danzig to Dirschau , and Reichsstraße 158 from Berlin via Königsberg in the Neumark , Stargard (Pomerania) , Neustettin and Bütow to Lauenburg (most recently the Polish Landesstraße 20 and the voivodship streets 212 and 214).

Attractions

  • Two medieval bastions ( Baszta Bluszczowa, Baszta Kwadratowa )
  • The defense system built by the Teutonic Order with fragments of the city wall ( mury obronne )
  • The Gothic St. Jakobi Church from the 14th century with a Baroque altar from 1702 ( Kościół św. Jakuba ). In the church there is an epitaph of Marshal Joachim von Zitzewitz (* 1505; † 1563) in the Renaissance style.
  • Castle complex (Crusader castle, grain and salt storage, brewery, mill, mill house, bakery) from the 14th century ( zespół zamkowy )
  • The Medieval Market ( Plac Pokoju )
  • The town hall from 1900 with a mosaic window in the Council Chamber ( Ratusz miejski )
  • The neo-Gothic post office building from 1905 ( Poczta )
  • Town houses from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries Century with clinker brick facades ( kamieniczki ulicy Staromiejskie )
  • The museum with historical and archaeological collections (Pomeranian face ash jugs, Danzig furniture, militaria, coin collection from the 15th century)
  • The old brewery with the former malt house in the backyard ( Stary Browar )

Personalities

Honorary citizen

sons and daughters of the town

Personalities who have worked in the city

  • Carl Friedrich von Denzin (1800–1876), German conservative politician, landowner and mill owner in Lauenburg
  • Rudolf Voltolini (1819–1889), German ear, nose and throat doctor and university professor, had a practice in Lauenburg since 1846.
  • Julius Bahnsen (1830–1881), German philosopher, teacher at the Progymnasium in Lauenburg from 1862 until his death
  • Markus Horovitz (1844–1910), German rabbi, came to Lauenburg in 1871 as a rabbi
  • Fritz Siemens (1849–1935), psychiatrist and non-fiction author, headed the insane asylum in Lauenburg from 1887 to 1914
  • Leopold Neuhaus (1879–1954), German-American rabbi, was rabbi in Lauenburg from 1908 to 1909
  • Joachim Utech (1889–1960), sculptor, created the marble relief of Johann Sebastian Bach in the college for teacher training in Lauenburg
  • Horst Neubauer (1897–1981), mayor-elect from 1929 to 1934
  • Wolfgang Sucker (1905–1968), German Protestant theologian, taught from 1934 at the college for teacher training in Lauenburg
  • Bruno Müller-Linow (1909–1997), German painter, taught from 1935 at the College for Teacher Training in Lauenburg.

literature

Web links

Commons : Lębork  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wikivoyage: Lębork  - travel guide
Wikisource: Lauenburg in the Topographia Electoratus Brandenburgici et Ducatus Pomeraniae (Matthäus Merian)  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ↑ Bloomberg . Bloomberg News. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  3. ↑ a b Friedrich August Vossberg : History of the Prussian coins and seals from the earliest times to the end of the rule of the Teutonic Order . Berlin 1843, p. 44.
  4. ↑ Ludwig Wilhelm Brüggemann (Hrsg.): Detailed description of the current state of the Royal Prussian Duchy of Western and Western Pomerania . Part II, Volume 2, Stettin 1784, pp. 1033-1040 .
  5. ^ Hermann Hoogeweg : The founders and monasteries of the province of Pomerania. Volume 2. Leon Saunier's bookstore, Stettin 1925, p. 109.
  6. ^ Herbert Stritzel: The structure of the dialects around Lauenburg in Pomerania. German dialect geography, volume 33. NG Elwert, Marburg 1937.
  7. ↑ See on this: Wolfgang Benz , Barbara Distel (Ed.): Der Ort des Terrors . History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps. Volume 3: Sachsenhausen, Buchenwald. CH Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-52963-1 , p. 492, here: Lauenburg online version .
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g Gustav Kratz : The cities of the province of Pomerania - outline of their history, mostly according to documents . Berlin 1965, p. 250
  9. ↑ Christian Friedrich Wutstrack : Brief historical-geographical-statistical description of the royal Prussian duchy of Western and Western Pomerania . Stettin 1793, overview table on p. 736.
  10. ↑ a b c d Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 5: T – Z , Halle 1823, pp. 320-327, item 369 .
  11. ↑ Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 3: Kr – O , Halle 1822, p. 75, item 857 .
  12. ↑ a b Royal Prussian Statistical Bureau: The municipalities and manor districts of the province of Pomerania and their population . Berlin 1874, p. 164, No. 1.
  13. ↑ a b c d e Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. lauenburg_p.html # ew39lauplauenb. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  14. ↑ http://stadt.lauenburg.kreis-lauenburg.de/
  15. ^ Wulf-Dietrich von Borcke: Name, helmet and coat of arms - ancestral samples of the Pomeranian nobility in the premodern era . In: Pomerania. Journal of Culture and History. Issue 4/2013, ISSN  0032-4167 , p. 10.
  16. ↑ Member of the Corps Masovia and the Corps Guestphalia Berlin .
  17. ↑ a b c DBE , 2nd edition.