Tczew

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Tczew
Tczew coat of arms
Tczew (Poland)
Tczew
Tczew
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Pomerania
Powiat : Tczew
Area : 22.26  km²
Geographic location : 54 ° 6 '  N , 18 ° 47'  E Coordinates: 54 ° 5 '39 "  N , 18 ° 46' 44"  E
Height : 25 m npm
Residents : 60.120
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Postal code : 83-100 to 83-110
Telephone code : (+48) 58
License plate : GTC
Economy and Transport
Street : E 75 Toruń - Gdansk
Rail route : Railway nodes, routes to
Next international airport : Danzig
Gmina
Gminatype: Borough
Surface: 22.26 km²
Residents: 60.120
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Population density : 2701 inhabitants / km²
Community number  ( GUS ): 2214011
Administration (as of 2011)
City President : Miroslaw Poblocki
Address: pl. Piłsudskiego 1
83-110 Tczew
Website : wrotatczewa.pl



Tczew [ ˈtʧɛf ] ( German Dirschau , Kashubian / Pomoran Dërszewò ) is a district town in the northeast of the Polish Pomeranian Voivodeship with about 60,000 inhabitants. It is the seat of the independent rural community Tczew , but does not belong to it itself.

geography

The city is located on the southern edge of the Vistula Delta in historic West Prussia , 30 kilometers from the confluence of the Vistula into the Baltic Sea.

history

Early days

On the basis of archaeological finds it could be proven that people lived south of the Vistula Delta as early as the Younger Stone Age (around 2000 BC). Finds from the pre-Roman Iron Age (around 500 BC) to the early Middle Ages show that the area was permanently settled .

middle Ages

The place was first mentioned in a document in 1198 by the Pomeranian Duke Grzymislaw, when he gave the place, then known as "Trsow" (Dersow), along with other goods to the Order of St. John as a fief. Then a castle was built by the Pomeranian Duke Sambor I to secure the trade routes that touched the place , and due to these favorable conditions the place began to gain economic and strategic importance. A German merchant settlement was established with Johannes von Wittenborg as Schulze in 1256. This favorable development prompted Duke Sambor II to move his residence from Liebschau to Dersow in 1252. Even before it had urban structures, the duke granted the place the right to form a city council. (Tczew is now regarded as the first place in Poland, without having the town charter, with a local self-government, even before Breslau, Krakow and Posen. It should be noted, however, that Pomerania had shaken off Polish suzerainty as early as 1227 and has since been complete independent state acted.) In 1258 Alardus von Lübeck and Heinrich Scilder were mentioned as councilors. It was not until 1260 that Sambor II granted Dersow the town charter of Lübeck . In 1289 the Duke of Pomerania called the Dominican order to the city, who built a monastery and a church there.

German medal

In 1309, after a three-month siege, Dersow was conquered by Heinrich von Plötzke , the Landmeister of Prussia of the Teutonic Order . From 1334/43 Pomerellen was part of the Prussian Order. The order expelled the residents and the town remained uninhabited until 1364. After the order had succeeded in colonizing the city with German immigrants, the city was granted the city of Kulm by the order . It now bore the German name Zursau. When the order of knights was defeated by the Poles in 1410, Zursau briefly came under Polish rule, but with the First Peace of Thorn in 1411, the Teutonic Order of Pomerania was reassigned, so that the place remained German. A large fire broke out in 1434 when the Hussites were attacked. In 1440 the city joined the Prussian Confederation , a protective community of several German cities against the Teutonic Order. The disputes between the Federation and the Order finally led to the Thirteen Years' War in 1454 , which ended after the defeat of the Order on October 19, 1466 with the Second Peace of Thor . Dirschau Castle was destroyed during the war. With the peace treaty, Pomerania came under the crown of Poland as Royal Prussia in western Prussia.

Ordensburg Dirschau

The place was first mentioned in a document in 1198 by the Pomeranian Duke Grzymislaw, when he gave the place, then known as "Trsow" (Dersow), along with other goods to the Order of St. John as a fief. After that, a castle was built by the Pomeranian Duke Sambor I to secure the trade routes that touched the place . This favorable development prompted Duke Sambor II to move his residence from Liebschau to Dersow in 1252.

In 1309, after a three-month siege, Dersow was conquered by Heinrich von Plötzke , the Landmeister of Prussia of the Teutonic Order . From 1334/43 the land of Pomerellen with Dirschau was part of the Prussian Order. From 1364 the city had the German name "Zursau". When the Order of Knights was defeated by the Poles in 1410, Zursau briefly came under Polish rule, but with the First Peace of Thorn in 1411, the Teutonic Order was again awarded the land of Pomerania. A large fire broke out in 1434 when the Hussites were attacked. In 1440 the city joined the Prussian Confederation , a protective community of several German cities against the Teutonic Order. The disputes between the Federation and the Order finally led to the Thirteen Years' War in 1454 , which ended after the defeat of the Order on October 19, 1466 with the Second Peace of Thor . Dirschau Castle was destroyed during the war. After Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, German rule was consolidated again. In Dirschau, large parts of the fortifications were removed, and the ruins of the old castle were also removed.

Royal Prussia

Dirschau on the map by Blaeu 1645

In 1468, Dersau became the seat of a Starostei and a district in Prussia . It developed into an important trade and craft center and benefited primarily from the grain trade. In the turmoil of the decline of Poland, soldiers of the temporarily ruling Hungarian Stephan Bathory caused a devastating city fire in 1577, to which all buildings except the churches fell victim. Even during the conflict with Sweden and the Northern Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries, the city suffered from the passage of armed forces. Blaeu's Prussia map in the early 1600s, based on Caspar Henneberger's Prussia map, shows Dirschaw. In 1626 it was occupied by the troops of the Swedish King Gustav Adolf II , who set up his headquarters in front of the city for several years. On September 2, 1657, Poland suffered a heavy defeat in a battle with Brandenburg-Swedish troops led by Duke Adolf Johann von Pfalz-Zweibrücken-Kleeburg near Dirschau.

In the Kingdom of Prussia

Dirschau on the Vistula around the middle of the 19th century.

Dirschau came to the Kingdom of Prussia on September 13, 1772 when the First Partition of Poland .

During Napoleon's invasion of Prussia, the French army and the allied Polish legions stood in front of Dirschau on January 17, 1807, and with the active support of the Polish residents, the city was taken on February 23 by the Polish military leader Jan Henryk Dąbrowski . The French erect entrenchments and twelve bastions in front of the city. After Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, German rule was consolidated again. In Dirschau, large parts of the fortifications were removed, and the ruins of the old castle were also removed.

With the Prussian administrative reform of 1815 Dirschau first came to the district of Preußisch Stargard in the administrative district of Danzig.

City view around 1900

On October 1, 1887 Tczew county seat was the same newly formed circle . At that time, the city had developed into an important industrial and transport center, helped by the construction of new roads and railways. In 1857 a bridge around 800 meters long was inaugurated near Dirschau, which at that time was the longest bridge in Northern Europe ( Dirschau Bridge ). In 1888 a second bridge for rail traffic was built just 30 meters away. The industrial boom in Germany was also noticeable in Dirschau. At the end of the 19th century there was a railway workshop, two sugar factories, an agricultural machinery factory and several mills and brickworks.

After the First World War , Germany had to surrender, among other things, the western part of West Prussia to Poland due to the Versailles Treaty of 1919.

Republic of Poland

St. Joseph Church

The official handover took place on January 10, 1920. Dirschau became the Polish Tczew. In the same year the first Polish nautical school was opened here. Mainly as a transshipment point for Polish coal, a river and sea port was built on the banks of the Vistula in 1926. However, after the opening of the major port in Gdynia (Gdynia) , which soon followed, it lost its importance again. In 1932 the construction of the St. Joseph Church began.

As more and more Poles moved into the city, the proportion of the German population decreased drastically and in 1939 was only around nine percent. In the previous three hundred years, the proportion of Protestant residents was seventy-five percent, as can be seen from the German-language church records.

The Dirschau Bridge was an important part of the Prussian Eastern Railway from Berlin or Stettin to Marienburg ( Malbork ), Elbing ( Elbląg ), Allenstein ( Olsztyn ) to Königsberg i. Pr. And on to the border with the then tsarist empire.

Second World War

The railway and road bridges lay close together and were two-thirds destroyed on September 1, 1939 by Polish pioneers during the German attack on the Vistula Bridge near Dirschau, each with two explosions. The double-track railway bridge was built from 1889 to 1891 and was 1050 m long (only 473 m remained undamaged). Dirschau was taken on September 2, and from September 2 to October 15, 1939, the railway bridge was temporarily restored by the II./Eisenbahn-Pionier-Regiment 68, with about 4,000 men being used in the construction. At that time the bridge was considered the "most important, most efficient land connection from the Reich to East Prussia."

On October 26, 1939, the city was renamed Dirschau again. During the war, prisoner-of-war camps for English and French soldiers were set up here. On March 12, 1945, after heavy fighting, the city was captured by two Belarusian divisions. After that, large parts of it were in ruins. The prisoner of war camp was now used for German soldiers.

post war period

When it was taken over by the Polish administration, the city was given the Polish name Tczew again, and the remaining German residents were expelled. After the restoration of the traffic routes, Tczew developed into an important traffic junction. Industrial companies for mechanical engineering and shipbuilding, metal processing and food production were established.

Demographics

Population development until 1945
year Residents Remarks
1772 01442
1782 01587 of which mainly German Protestants and 23 Jews
1831 02310 many of them Jews
1867 06914 including 3,183 Evangelicals, 3,093 Catholics, 495 Jews
1871 07761
1875 09713
1880 10,939
1890 11,897
1900 12. 808 of which 5,969 Protestants, 6,525 Catholics and 314 Jews
1905 14,164 thereof 6,451 Protestants, 7,376 Catholics and 269 Jews
1921 16,250 thereof 4,600 Germans
1943 25,869
Number of inhabitants after the Second World War
year Residents
1960 33,700
1970 41,100
1980 53,600
1990 59,500
2000 61,200
2005 60.128

Town twinning

Attractions

Tower of the Holy Cross Church, Tczew
  • Parish Church of the Holy Cross, Gothic three-aisled hall church from the 13th century with a strikingly high tower
  • St. Stanisław Kostka Church, former Dominican church from the 14th century, Gothic building with an octagonal tower
  • Dutch mill from 1806 with a rare five-part wing drive
  • Vistula bridges , originally built in 1851 based on designs by Friedrich August Stüler and built in 1888, destroyed several times and finally rebuilt in 1947–1959
  • Water tower (1905)
  • Post Office (1905)

Economy and Infrastructure

traffic

Prussian Eastern Railway

The north-south motorway of Poland runs near Tczew, south of the city the trunk roads DK 1 and DK 22 cross each other (corresponding to the former imperial roads R 2 and R 1 ), over which the neighboring cities of Gdansk , Malbork (Marienburg) , Grudziądz ( Graudenz) and Starogard Gdański (Prussian Stargard) can be reached.

Vistula bridge Dirschau

As a junction station with the railway lines along the Vistula, Tczew is an important railway junction in northern Poland, with direct connections also to Gdansk, Warsaw , via Warsaw to Krakow , via Bydgoszcz (Bromberg) to Poznan and to Piła .

Tczew also has a port on the Vistula.

Personalities

sons and daughters of the town

1400-1919

Since 1920

Worked in the city

Honorary citizen

The city of Tczew has appointed the following honorary citizens since 1990

  1. Lech Wałęsa (1990)
  2. Bogdan Borusewicz (1990)
  3. Łucja Wydrowska-Biedunkiewicz (1990)
  4. Stanisław Cieniewicz (1990)
  5. Janusz Stanisław Pasierb (1991)
  6. Alfred Schickentanz (1994)
  7. Piotr Wysga (1996)
  8. Prof. Kazimierz Denek (1998)
  9. Zdzisław Jaśkowiak (2000)
  10. Roman Klim (2000)
  11. Franciszek Fabich (2001)
  12. Prof. Józef Szajna (2001)
  13. Bishop Prof. Jan Bernard Szlaga (2002)
  14. Roman Landowski (2003)
  15. Klaus Lohmann (2004)
  16. Ryszard Karczykowski (2005)
  17. Jerzy Kubicki (2005)
  18. Prof. Józef Lisowski (2006)
  19. Kazimierz Piechowski (2006)
  20. Jan Rogowski (2008)
  21. Walenty Faterkowski (2009)
  22. Zenon Odya (2011)
  23. Antoni Dunajski (2012)
  24. Kazimierz Zimny (2016)
  25. Prof. Grzegorz W. Kołodko (2017)
  26. Prof. Jan Strelau (2017)

Tczew rural community

Tczew is the seat of a rural community of the same name, but is not itself part of it. The rural community, which surrounds the city in the north, west and south, has an area of ​​170.6 km² on which 14,798 people live (June 30, 2019).

literature

Web links

Commons : Tczew  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Derschau in the Topographia Electoratus Brandenburgici et Ducatus Pomeraniae (Matthäus Merian)  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ↑ Erich Weise (ed.): Handbook of historical sites. Volume: East and West Prussia (= Kröner's pocket edition. Volume 317). Unchanged reprint of the 1st edition 1966. Kröner, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-520-31701-X .
  3. ^ Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler : Regesta and documents on the legal and constitutional history of German cities in the Middle Ages. Erlangen 1863, pp. 792-796 .
  4. ↑ Erich Weise (ed.): Handbook of historical sites. Volume: East and West Prussia (= Kröner's pocket edition. Volume 317). Unchanged reprint of the 1st edition 1966. Kröner, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-520-31701-X .
  5. ↑ Dirschaw on Blaeu's Prussia card
  6. ^ Johann Gustav Droysen : The State of the Great Elector (= History of Prussian Politics , Part 3), Vol. 2, Veit, Leipzig 1863, p. 349.
  7. ↑ Otto Krahmer: Seventh Railway Pioneer Company Regiment three mot. The 7.Eisb.Pi.Kp.Rgt.3mot. 1938-1945. Selbstverlag, Wittdün / Amrum 1985, unpaginated, approx. Pp. 2, 14-25; as well as photo material from the estate of surveying officer Erich Fresdorf, the estate has been donated to the Military History Museum of the Bundeswehr in Dresden since 2014.
  8. ↑ a b c Erich Weise (ed.): Handbook of historical sites. Volume: East and West Prussia (= Kröner's pocket edition. Volume 317). Unchanged reprint of the 1st edition 1966. Kröner, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-520-31701-X , p. 40.
  9. ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part II, Marienwerder 1789, p. 52, no. 2.
  10. ^ August Eduard Preuss: Prussian country and folklore . Königsberg 1835, pp. 390–391, no. 24.
  11. ^ A b Gustav Neumann : The German Empire in geographical, statistical and topographical relation . Volume 2, GFO Müller, Berlin 1874, pp. 43-44, item 5 .
  12. ^ A b c Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. West Prussia, Dirschau district. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  13. ^ Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon , 6th edition, Volume 5, Leipzig / Vienna 1903, p. 43.
  14. ↑ Der Große Brockhaus , 15th edition, Volume 4, Leipzig 1929, pp. 802–803.
  15. ^ View of a bridge portal in the architecture museum of the TU Berlin; Retrieved October 27, 2009
  16. ↑ Honorary citizen and other honors of the city of Tczew Tczew (Polish)