Chojna

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Chojna
Chojna coat of arms
Chojna (Poland)
Chojna
Chojna
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : West Pomerania
Powiat : Gryfino
Gmina : Chojna
Area : 12.00  km²
Geographic location : 52 ° 58 ′  N , 14 ° 25 ′  E Coordinates: 52 ° 58 ′ 0 ″  N , 14 ° 25 ′ 0 ″  E
Height : 19 m npm
Residents : 7375
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Postal code : 74-500
Telephone code : (+48) 91
License plate : ZGR
Economy and Transport
Street : DK 26 : Krajnik Dolny ↔ Renice
DK 31 : Szczecin ↔ Slubice
Ext. 124 : Osinów Dolny ↔ Chojna
Rail route : PKP line 273: Stettin – Breslau
Next international airport : Szczecin-Goleniów
Gmina
Gminatype: Urban and rural municipality
Gmina structure: 45 villages
22 school authorities
Surface: 332.89 km²
Residents: 13,727
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Population density : 41 inhabitants / km²
Community number  ( GUS ): 3206033
Administration (as of 2013)
Mayor : Adam Fedorowicz
Address: ul. Jagiellońska 4
74-500 Chojna
Website : www.chojna.pl



Chojna [ ˈxɔɪ̯na ] ( German Königsberg in the Neumark ) is a small town and seat of Gmina Chojna in the powiat Gryfiński of the Polish West Pomeranian Voivodeship .

Geographical location

The city is located in the Neumark , about 60 km south of Szczecin . Twenty kilometers southwest of Koenigsberg in the Neumark lies on the German-Polish border, which is formed here by the Oder , the place Hohenwutzen ; the distance to Schwedt / Oder in the northwest is about 18 kilometers.

Königsberg Nm. north of the Oderbruch on a map from 1905

history

Aerial view of the city from 2015
Old town with the Marienkirche (12th century, until 1946 Protestant parish church of Königsberg)
Königsberg / Neumark around 1900

10th to 12th centuries

An early Slavic castle existed here from the 10th to the 12th centuries, probably with a market. Conveniently located, the place, which alternately belongs to the Greater Poland principalities or the Pomeranian Piast duchies, developed quickly. After 1200, Duke Barnim I is said to have granted Magdeburg city ​​rights to the place .

Brandenburg time

The name "Konigesberge" was mentioned for the first time in 1244. Around 1255 the Bohemian King Ottokar II is said to have come to the region together with Margrave Otto von Brandenburg , his marshal, and a large army from Elbing . After the “terra Konigesberge” had been surrendered by the Bishops of Brandenburg to the Margraves of Brandenburg in 1267 , the city of Konigesberge received market rights and jurisdiction, and it temporarily became the capital of Neumark. The parish church of St. Marien was mentioned as early as 1282. An Augustinian monastery was founded in 1290 . From 1310 to 1329, the town experienced an economic boom due to the grain trade, it was granted market privileges, and in 1320 the town hall was built. Many of the mayors and councilors who served in the city in the 14th and 15th centuries have been known by name since 1312.

The goods were shipped across the Röhricke and Oder rivers . In the 13th and 14th centuries, Königsberg in Neumark received a city wall with three city gates (Schwedter Tor, Bernikower Tor and the Vierradener Tor, which was demolished in the 19th century) and several defensive towers. During the time of the Great Plague (1347-1350), Margrave Ludwig von Brandenburg is said to have given his governor the order to burn all the Jews of Königsberg in the Neumark, and the governor is said to have confirmed the execution of the pogrom .

From 1402 to 1454 Königsberg in the Neumark belonged to the state of the German Order of Knights , then again to Brandenburg. It was also around this time that the St. Mary's Church was built in place of a stone church and a new town hall around 1410. Both structures are among the most important Gothic structures in Neumark .

When the Hussites invaded in 1433, the city withstood a brief siege. In the 15th century it experienced a new economic boom. In the 16th and 17th centuries it was hit three times by the plague , each of which killed a large part of the population.

In the Middle Ages there were a number of churches in the city: The Marienkirche, St. Nicolai, the Augustinian Monastery Church and the Hospital Churches of the Holy Spirit, St. Georg and St. Gertrud. The Reformation was introduced gradually from 1539 to 1553 and the monastery was dissolved. A hospital and a school were housed in the buildings from 1536, the monastery church (Dreifaltigkeitskirche) was used as a warehouse.

During the Thirty Years War , Königsberg in Neumark was occupied by Wallenstein's and Gustav Adolf's troops, and 52 percent of the city was destroyed in the course of the war. The tower of St. Mary's Church burned down by lightning in 1682 and was rebuilt by 1692. In 1714 a new baroque pulpit and in 1734 the large Wagner organ were installed.

Old city coat of arms

There was an economic revival from 1700, in 1759, during the Seven Years' War, the city became the seat of the New Mark government. In 1767 the Schwedter and Bernikower Tor were partially demolished and the stones were used to build barracks at the monastery. Königsberg's main line of business was agriculture, there were also cotton weaving mills, which, however, found their decline around 1840 during industrialization. Since 1809, Königsberg was the seat of the district administration in Neumark. Since 1820 the former monastery buildings began to deteriorate. In 1877 the city was connected to the Breslau – Stettin railway line of the Breslau – Schweidnitz – Freiburg railway and flourished. In addition to the whip belt industry, it was a school and administrative center for a large area. At the beginning of the 20th century, Königsberg in Neumark had a Protestant Gothic church from the 13th century, a synagogue , a former Augustinian monastery from the 14th century, a Gothic town hall, a grammar school, a Protestant school teacher seminar, an agricultural and horticultural educational institution Meadow building school and was the seat of a local court .

In 1939 the German Air Force set up the Königsberg-Neumark air base at the gates of the city .

At the end of the Second World War , the city was overrun by the front during the fighting in January 1945. On 2 February 1945, the mayor of Konigsberg in Neumark, was Kurt Flöter who had left the city without eviction order in Schwedt a./Oder by an SS - court martial chaired by the SS officer Otto Skorzeny sentenced to death by hanging. The Red Army , which occupied Königsberg almost without a fight on February 4, 1945, burned down the entire city center with the Marienkirche and the town hall on February 16. Königsberg was 75 percent destroyed.

Since 1945

Soon after the end of the war, the city and eastern parts of the Reich were placed under Polish administration by the Soviet Union . As early as June 1945, the influx of Polish civilians began, some of whom came from areas east of the Curzon Line conquered by Poland after the First World War . This was accompanied by the “wild” expulsion of the population near the border from the Neumark. Königsberg was initially renamed Władysławsko . By decree of the Minister for National Defense of August 21, 1945, the city was renamed again: Królewiec or Królewiec nad Odrą . The addition nad Odrą was apparently added to avoid confusion with the city of Königsberg (Prussia) , which is called Królewiec in Polish . For the same reason, it could have been renamed Chojna nad Odrą on May 7, 1946 by law .

Schwedt Gate
John Paul II monument

The old town hall, which had been destroyed to the ground, was rebuilt from 1977 to 1986 as a cultural center, city library and restaurant. The monastery was also rebuilt. The market square is currently being rebuilt.

Since 1994, the St. Mary's Church, which was destroyed in the war, has been rebuilt as a European project in German-Polish cooperation.

After the death of John Paul II , his memorial was inaugurated next to the Marienkirche.

Cultural center (2006), formerly town hall

Demographics

Number of inhabitants
year Residents Remarks
1719 1371
1750 2210
1801 3249 Civilians and 746 from the military, including 195 Jews
1850 5292 and seven from the military, including 30 Catholics and 117 Jews
1867 6102 on December 3rd
1871 5336 on December 1st, including 5134 Evangelicals, 84 Catholics and 117 Jews
1875 6350
1880 6568
1890 5864 84 Catholics and 122 Jews
1900 5932 mostly evangelicals
1933 6276
1939 6756
2011 7378
Marienkirche, Protestant 1539 to 1945 (photo 2006)
Ruins of the Gertrudenkapelle

Districts

  • Barnkowo, formerly Bernickow, first mentioned in 1270, located in front of the Bernickower Tor

As a rural community, Gmina Chojna includes numerous other places.

Culture and sights

  • The old town hall was built in the brick Gothic style around 1400 by the builder Hinrich Brunsberg . It was destroyed towards the end of the Second World War in February 1945 and was reconstructed as a cultural center by 1986.
  • The Gothic St. Mary's Church was built by master builder Brunsberg from 1389. The 102 meter high neo-Gothic tower was built from 1854 to 1861 by the Berlin architect Friedrich August Stüler . After being destroyed in the Second World War, the church has been rebuilt in German-Polish cooperation since 1994. In 1997, the roof of was nave covered and 2003, the Helm restored the tower.
  • Augustinian monastery from 1290, partial reconstruction after 1945.
  • Remains of the city wall from the 13th and 14th centuries with the Schwedter Tor and Bernikower Tor (today a youth home).
  • Ruin of the Gothic Gertrudenkapelle.
  • Monument of Pope John Paul II at the Marienkirche after 2005.
  • Village church in Barnkowo (Bernickow) from the 14th century
  • The Valley of Love ( Dolina miłości ) in the nearby Zatoń Dolina (Nieder Saathen), a park from the 19th century, has been restored

Personalities

sons and daughters of the town

Personalities who have worked in the city

  • Petrus Praetorius (1528–1588), Protestant superintendent 1556–1564, built a hospital and school
  • Augustin (us) Kehrberg (1668–1734), sub-rector and author of a chronicle and of songs
  • Eduard Keetmann (1840–1910), school director.

Town twinning

The city is a member of the European city association Douzelage .

literature

  • Wolfgang Kling, Jörg Lüderitz: Neumark. Through the old cultural landscape east of the Oder and Neisse. Trescher Verlag, Berlin 2015. pp. 71–78
  • Friedrich Wilhelm August Bratring : Statistical-topographical description of the entire Mark Brandenburg . Volume 3, Berlin 1809, pp. 98-100 .
  • W. Riehl and J. Scheu (eds.): Berlin and the Mark Brandenburg with the Margraviate Nieder-Lausitz in their history and in their present existence . Berlin 1861, pp. 399-405.
  • Heinrich Berghaus : Land book of the Mark Brandenburg and the Margraviate Nieder-Lausitz in the middle of the 19th century . Volume 3, 1st edition, Brandenburg 1856, pp. 387–392
  • H.-G. Bluhm, W. Pflug, B. Regenberg, RH Tamm (eds.), Königsberg / Neumark district, memories of an eastern Brandenburg district, Berlin / Bonn, 2nd edition, 1997, ISBN 3-929592-13-4 .
  • Augustin Kehrberg: An illustrated historical-chronological outline of the city of Königsberg in the Neumark . Berlin 1724, 408 pages ( Online, Google ) ( Register A – Z )

Web links

Commons : Chojna  - collection of images
Wikisource: Kömsperg in the Topographia Electoratus Brandenburgici et Ducatus Pomeraniae (Matthäus Merian)  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ↑ Augustin Kehrberg: Explanatory historical and chronological outline of the city of Königsberg in the Neumark . Berlin 1724, p. 4 .
  3. ↑ Augustin Kehrberg: Explanatory historical and chronological outline of the city of Königsberg in the Neumark . Berlin 1724, p. 62 ff .
  4. ^ Heinrich Graetz : History of the Jews from the earliest times to the present . Volume 7, Leipzig 1897, pp. 346-347 ( Zeno.org ).
  5. ↑ a b Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 11, Leipzig / Vienna 1907, pp. 385-389 ( online ).
  6. ↑ Paweł Rutkowski (Ed.): Forays between Oder and Drage. Encounter with the Neumark. German Cultural Forum, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-936168-44-0 , p. 33.
  7. ↑ For general information on the complete expulsion of the residents of the historic Neumark, see Paweł Rutkowski (ed.): Streifzüge between Oder and Drage. Encounter with the Neumark. German Cultural Forum, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-936168-44-0 , p. 14f. For the beginning of the expulsion in the border areas before the Potsdam conference see Detlef Brandes (Hrsg.): Lexikon der Vertriebs. Deportation, Forced Relocation, and Ethnic Cleansing in 20th Century Europe . Böhlau, Vienna, Cologne, Weimar 2010, ISBN 978-3-205-78407-4 , pp. 726–728
  8. ↑ http://www.gazeta.chojna.com.pl/gazeta.php?numer=05-22&temat=3
  9. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from October 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kolej.one.pl
  10. ↑ http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU19450330196
  11. ↑ http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WMP19460440085
  12. ↑ http://www.panoramio.com/photo/18002908
  13. ^ Heinrich Berghaus : Land book of the Mark Brandenburg and the Margraviate Nieder-Lausitz in the middle of the 19th century . Volume 3, 1st edition, Brandenburg 1856, p. 387.
  14. ^ A b Friedrich Wilhelm August Bratring : Statistical-topographical description of the entire Mark Brandenburg . Volume 3: The Neumark Brandenburg . Berlin 1809, p. 98.
  15. ↑ Berghaus (1856), p. 387 and p. 391.
  16. ↑ a b Royal Statistical Bureau: The communities and manor districts of the Prussian state and their population . Part II: Province of Brandenburg , Berlin 1873, pp. 118–119, No. 3 ( online ).
  17. ↑ a b c d e Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. koenigsberg_n.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  18. ↑ Barnkowo, Bernickow GOV
  19. ↑ http://www.marienkirche-chojna.de/marienkirche_geschichte.html