Heinrich Graetz

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Heinrich Graetz, circa 1885

Heinrich Graetz ( Hirsch Graetz ) (born October 31, 1817 in Xions , Grand Duchy of Posen ; died September 7, 1891 in Munich ) was a German- Yiddish Jewish historian . His history of the Jews from the earliest times to the present is a standard work of nineteenth-century historiography and one of the most powerful overall accounts of Jewish history.

Life

Heinrich Graetz was born as the first-born of three children to the owner of a small butcher's business, Jakob Graetz (died 1876), in Xions in the Prussian province of Posen. Yiddish was his mother tongue.

Not least because of the poor conditions within the family, he was sent to relatives in Wollstein in 1831 , where he attended the Talmudic lectures of Rabbi Samuel S. Munk.

From May 8, 1837 to the end of July 1840, he lived as a student and literary assistant ("Famulus") in the house of Samson Raphael Hirsch , the then regional rabbi of Oldenburg , the leading representative of (neo) orthodoxy in 19th century German Jewry .

After parting from the house Hirsch he took towards the end of 1840 (until July 1842) in Ostrowo a Hofmeister items in to procure funds for the university visit.

He then went to Breslau , where he also took part in the local disputes within the Jewish community and appeared in particular as an opponent of the community rabbi Abraham Geiger , who was feared as a charismatic personality and mighty pulpit speaker at the time. From 1842 he was a self-taught with ministerial special permit, the University of Breslau visited, drove there historical, philosophical, oriental and physical studies and graduated in April 1845 at the University of Jena to the Dr. phil. with the work De autoritate et vi, quam gnosis in Judaïsmum habuerit , written in Latin (including dealing with the Sefer Jetzira ), the German version of which was published in 1846 under the title Gnostizismus und Judentum . In Breslau he attended the Catholic school teacher seminar and received on November 4, 1847 the certificate of competence.

Grave of Heinrich Graetz

In the winter of 1852/1853 he gave lectures on Jewish history in Berlin. After positions as director of a religious school in Breslau, then in Nikolsburg in 1849 and from September 12, 1850 as director of the Jewish school in Lundenburg , Moravia (Hirsch, who had meanwhile become a regional rabbi in Nikolsburg, Moravia, had found the position for him), from Zacharias Frankel , with whom he has had a close friendship and community of beliefs since 1846, he was appointed lecturer in Jewish history at the newly founded Jewish Theological Seminary in Breslau in 1853 and worked there for 37 years until his death as the "much celebrated and highly revered lecturer" ( Salomon Wininger ) for Jewish history and biblical criticism. In December 1869 the Prussian government appointed him honorary professor at the University of Breslau, at the university at which he had only been admitted to matriculation after overcoming major difficulties. The Royal Spanish Academy of Historical Sciences in Madrid made him an honorary member (October 27, 1888), also in recognition of his objective account of the expulsion of Jews from Spain.

From 1869 to 1887 he also published the monthly for the history and science of Judaism .

Graetz visited Palestine in 1872 on behalf of the Alliance Israélite Universelle and founded an orphanage in Jerusalem .

In October 1850 he married Marie Monasch (died on May 31, 1900). The physicist Leo Graetz (1856–1941) was his oldest son. They also had three other sons and a daughter.

Heinrich Graetz's grave is located in the Old Jewish Cemetery in Breslau (Wrocław).

The history of the Jews

His eleven-volume History of the Jews from the Beginnings to the Present is the first modern comprehensive Jewish history work of the late 19th century and has been translated into several languages. It offered a new kind of picture of Jewish history: for him it was not a pure history of religion, but had a supra-religious context, which was reflected primarily in ethics, but which should also be understood nationally. Graetz gave the events of Jewish history a new meaning. So were z. B. the Hasmoneans or Maccabees , who actually fought for the freedom of the Jewish religion, in his books "Nationally Minded", "Men (...) Who Loved Their Fatherland". He thus carried over the modern idea of ​​the nation state from the 18th and 19th centuries to earlier times. Graetz became one of the forerunners of Zionism through his work , even though he himself had refused to participate in the Chibbat Zion movement and did not believe in the possibility of reestablishing a Jewish state in Palestine.

expenditure

History of the Jews. From the oldest times to the present. Revised from the sources (11 volumes, Berlin 1853–1875, several editions and translations; last edition Leipzig 1890–1909; abbreviated Volkstümliche Geschichte der Juden , 3 volumes, many editions); Graetz did not develop his main work in a chronologically progressing manner, but selectively, sometimes in a retrograde way:

    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. IV .: From the fall of the Jewish state to the conclusion of the Talmud , Berlin 1853
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. III .: From the death of Judah Makkabis to the fall of the Judean state , 1855 (1856?)
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. V .: From the conclusion of the Talmud 500 to the blossoming of Jewish-Spanish culture in 1027 , Magdeburg in 1860
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. VI .: From the blossoming of Jewish-Spanish culture in 1027 to Maimuni's death , Leipzig 1861
    • History of the Jews ... ., Vol III., 2nd ed., Leipzig 1862 (with the new chapter on the rise of Christianity, which in the first edition. Because too skrupolöser [sic] seriousness of the publisher was omitted [Preface])
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. VII .: From Maimuni's death in 1205 to the exile of the Jews from Spain and Portugal. First half , Leipzig 1863
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. VIII: From Maimuni's death in 1205 to the exile of the Jews from Spain and Portugal. Second half , Leipzig 1864
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. IV., 2nd edition, Leipzig 1866
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. IX .: From the exile of the Jews from Spain and Portugal in 1494 to the permanent settlement of the Marranos in Holland in 1618 , 1866
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. X .: From the permanent settlement of the Marranos in Holland in 1618 to the beginning of the Mendelssohn period in 1750 , Leipzig in 1868
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. XI .: From the beginning of Mendelssohn's time in 1750 to the most recent time in 1848 , Leipzig 1870 [the most controversial volume, since u. a. intervening in current politics]
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. V., 2., verb. Ed., Leipzig 1871
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. VI., 2., verb. Ed., Leipzig 1871
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. VII., 2., verb. Ed., Leipzig 1873
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. I .: History of the Israelites from their early beginnings (around 1500) to the death of King Solomon (around 977 BC) , Leipzig 1874 [written by Graetz after his dream of a Palestine trip had come true: I would rather not go into the description of this fundamental, gracious time, from Moses to Jeremiah, from the flaming Sinai to the smoking ruins of Jerusalem and from the Babylonian captivity to the battles of the Maccabees, until I see the scene of these events with my own eyes have seen ]
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. II., First half: From the death of King Solomon to the Babylonian Exile 586 , Leipzig 1875
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. II., Second half: From the Babylonian Exile 586 to the death of Juda Makkabi 160 , Leipzig 1876
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. III. (1st and 2nd half), third, improved a. greatly increased edition, Leipzig 1878
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. III., (1st and 2nd half), fourth, improved and greatly increased edition, Leipzig 1888
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. VIII. (2nd half), third edition, Leipzig 1890
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. IX., Third edition, Leipzig 1891
  • After Graetz's death:
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. IV., Edited by Rabbi Dr. F. Rosenthal, 1893
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. VI., Edited by Rabbi Dr. F. Rosenthal, 1894
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. VII., Edited by Rabbi Dr. J. Guttmann, 1894
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. V., third verb. Ed., 1895 (with additions by Prof. A. Harkavy in Petersburg about the origin of Karäism and with footnotes by SJ Halberstam in Bielitz)
  • For the following issues / editions cf. with M. Brann
  • According to Brann's expenses:
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. IV., 4., possibly u. verb. Ed., Edit. Dr. S. Horovitz, 1908
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. V., 4th, verb. u. additional ed., edit. Dr. S. Eppenstein, 1909
    • History of the Jews ... , Vol. VI., 4th ed., Edit. Dr. S. Eppenstein, no year (1909)
  • Popular history of the Jews, I.-III. , Leipzig 1888

content

  • First volume: The prehistory · The capture of the land of Canaan · The time of the judges · Eli and Samuel · Saul · David and Ish-Boscheth · Solomon · Law and manners · Art and literature
  • Volume Two (Part 1 and 2): The Division of the Empire · The House of David and the Jehuids · The Usian Period · The End of the Ten Tribal Empire and the House of David · The Torah · The Fall of the Kingdom of Samaria · The Fall of Assyria · King Josiah and the New Order · Juda's decline · Fall of the Judean Empire
  • Third volume (part 1 and 2): Jonathan · The Jewish Alexandrinism · Simon · Johann Hyrkanos · Salome Alexandra · Fraternal struggle for the crown · Antigonos and Herodes · Archelaus and the first Roman governors · The Galilean War · The fall of the Jewish state
  • Fourth volume: First Tanaite family Relationship of Christianity to Judaism Political situation of the Jews under Domitian Hadrian reign uprising under Bar-Kochba Last Tanaite family Situation of the Jews in Babylonia and the Parthian countries The Amora family Emperor Julian
  • Fifth Volume: Babylonia and Judea · The Situation of the Jews in Europe · The Jews of the Arabian Peninsula · Mohammed and the Jews · The First Gaonean Century · The Situation of the Jews in the Frankish Empire · The Decline of the Exile Chat and the Beginnings of a Jewish Scientific Literature · Heyday of Jewish science · dawn of Jewish-Spanish culture and decline of the gaonate
  • Sixth Volume: Fall of the Gaonate and First Rabbinical Age · Second Rabbinical Age · The First Crusade and its Sorrows · Third Rabbinical Age · Fourth Rabbinical Age · Maimonides
  • Seventh volume: New position of the Jews in Christianity · The inner party and its consequences · The secret doctrine of the Kabbalah · Tricky disputations and pyres for the Talmud · The age of Ben-Aderets and Asheri · Further training of the Kabbalah and ostracism of science · The first expulsion of the Jews from France · Age of the Ascheriden and Gersonides · The Black Death · The power of the Castilian Jews under Don Pedro
  • Eighth volume: The Age of Chasdai Crescas and Isaak Ben-Sheschet · Apostates and literary feuds · The anti-Jewish shamrock and the extensive religious talk of Tortosa · The Hussites and the Jews · Capistrano and his agitation against the Jews · The last glimmer of the Spanish Jews · The Jews in Italy · The Jews in Germany and Turkey · The Inquisition in Spain · Expulsion of the Jews from Spain · Expulsion of the Jews from Navarre and Portugal
  • Ninth volume: Consequences of the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal · The dispute over the Talmud · Humanists and dark men · The Reuchlinian dispute and the Lutheran Reformation · The Kabbalah and messianic enthusiasm, the Marranos and the Inquisition · Striving for unity of the Jews in the Orient and their sufferings in the West · The Jews in Turkey · Don Joseph Naßi · Solomon Ashkenazi · The Jews in Poland · Settlement of the Jews in Holland · First weak beginnings to their equality
  • Volume 10: The Dutch Jerusalem · The German Jews and the Thirty Years War · Chmielnicki and the persecution of the Jews in Poland by the Cossacks · New settlement of the Jews in England and Manasseh Ben-Israel · Spinoza and Sabbataï Zewi · Shadow and light · General overgrowth in Jewry
  • Eleventh volume: The Mendelssohn epoch · The new Hasideanism · The French Revolution and the emancipation of the Jews · The Judeo-French Synhedrion and the Jewish consistories · The reaction and the German foolishness · Börne and Heine · The reform and the young Israel · Das Awakening Self-Esteem and Jewish Science · The Year 1840 and the Damascus Blood Charge · The Last Years Before the February and March Storms

Translations (in whole and in part; selection)

  • English:
    • S. Tuska, Cincinnati 1867
    • James K. Gutheim, New York 1873
    • Bella Löwy, London 1891
    • London 1892
    • Philadelphia 1892-1901
  • French:
    • Maurice Hess, Paris 1867
    • Moses Hess , Paris 1872
    • M. Wogue / Moise Bloch, Paris 1882, 1884, 1888, 1893, 1897
  • Hebrew:
    • A. Kaplan, Vienna 1875–1876
    • K. Schulmann, Vienna 1876
    • Sch. P. Rabinowitz , Warsaw 1888
    • Warsaw 1890, 1892, 1894, 1895, 1897, 1899
    • Nachum Sokolow , Warsaw 1905
    • further translation by Zitron (year unknown)
  • Yiddish:
    • Joseph Judah Lerner, Warsaw 1897–1898
    • JL Leiserowitz, Warsaw 1910
    • Warsaw 1913 (7 parts in 3 vol., Foreword by Hillel Zeitlin)
    • J. Spiro, Warsaw 1915–1918 (12 parts, illustrated)
    • Yiddish treatment of Folk History by Jakob Dinesohn (except for volume I., which Lerner provided), 1885
  • Polish:
    • Warsaw 1902, 1908, 1914
  • Russian:
    • Moscow 1880
    • In 1881 Simon Dubnow translated Graetz's Folk Story into Russian
    • Moscow 1883 (2nd edition)
    • Moscow 1884, 1888
    • trans. Schwarzmann (popular edition), Kiev 1888
    • further editions 1901, 1902, 1904–1908 (partly Red. O. Imber, Odessa)
  • Hungarian:
    • Max Szabolcsi, 6th vol., Budapest 1906–1908

Assessments, ratings, criticism

deer

His former teacher and patron, Samson Raphael Hirsch, devoted the greatest attention to Graetz's historiography in his organ Jeschurun ​​from the start and - already testifying to the value of Graetz's work - delivered the most detailed reviews, in detail and in the overall trend. In principle, the two men were now so far apart that no common ground could be found. Hirsch, fundamentally based on an ahistorical, timeless concept, fundamentally denied the possibility of human influence on a historical course that had been foreseen before all times; for Hirsch, for example, the Talmudic scholars were only the bearers of tradition, not its creator, historical developments do not take place (be that rather Product of Graetz's fantasy), the historian only has the role, if at all, of checking to what extent human action corresponds to God's will.

Violinist

In contrast, Abraham Geiger found what Hirsch felt superfluous or as a product of Graetz's imagination as insufficiently contoured and worked out: Geiger misses causal relationships that Graetz should have shown; Graetz tell stories instead of analyzing and structuring history. Geiger also criticized the fact that Graetz did not publish his history books in chronological order, so that it was difficult to get a general overview and see what might result from what.

Stone cutter

Moritz Steinschneider criticized Graetz 'allegedly sloppy source work and did not relieve him of having inspected and checked the sources of his historical work himself. He even went so far as to accuse Graetz of “literary dishonesty” or “ literary theft ”. It seemed impossible for a single person to be able to write a total history of the Jews.

Smolenskin

Peretz Smolenskin felt offended by his Russian honor and accused Graetz in his Hebrew monthly Haschachar , which appears in Vienna , that he, like other Jewish scientists in Germany, had nothing but contempt for Russian Jewry. While there were five times as many Jews in Russia as in Germany, almost exclusively German Jews were spoken of when it came to sketching important personalities from various areas of life. However, this view has been contradicted several times , for example by Elieser Lippmann in his magazine Hammagid or by Jizchak Schlomo Fuchs.

Treitschke

The national German historian and publicist Heinrich von Treitschke in particular accused Graetz of being too partial to the presentation of the history of the Jews - a criticism that stood at the beginning of the Berlin anti-Semitism dispute over the role of Jews in the society of the German Empire in 1879/1880 . Regardless of this widespread criticism, Graetz became one of the most influential Jewish historians well into the 20th century because of his gripping style and readability.

Dubnow

Even the Russian-Jewish historian Simon Dubnow , who was otherwise rather critical of Graetz, praised him in his world history of the Jewish people as an “architectural genius”.

Adolph Kohut

Adolph Kohut wrote about Graetz ( Famous Israelite Men and Women , 1900/1901): “He is undeniably the greatest historian that Judaism has produced so far ... Unfortunately, he is not always objective enough and his temperament sometimes leads him to passionate attacks . His fondness for Poland and aversion to German character and German education have attracted him many violent attacks. However, if you consider that in his youth, when the ghetto for German Israel had not yet fallen, he was exposed to many personal hardships, one will find his approach psychologically explainable ... "

Wininger

Salomon Wininger : “… the most fruitful and best-known Jewish historian of the modern age… [His] historical work has become the common property of Jewry all over the world… it has not only imparted to our religious community the knowledge of its glorious past, but also restored it to believe in its future ... wherever he critically treats people, peoples, and historical events, he was always filled with the knowledge and conviction that the Jewish people had a lofty mission to fulfill in world events. He always saw the purpose of his work in the defense of Judaism against its enemies, who deny it any value in any factor in history. So it is now to explain why Graetz sometimes in his conception of historical moments u. outstanding personalities subjectively, one-sided u. was partial ... "

Meisl

Josef Meisl (in: Kaznelson ...): “Heinrich Graetz, who can be described as the first nationally minded historian of the Jewish people, has a completely different appearance from Zunz, Geiger and Steinschneider, incidentally also severely hostile to them Jewish history presented as a unit, admittedly according to the not exactly happy formula of learning and suffering . The foundation of the material through a complex, often self-discovered source material evaluated through bold, sometimes all too bold combinations and a remarkable art of representation have secured Graetz's eleven-volume history of the Jews a special place in the science of Judaism. She gave fruitful suggestions, regardless of her numerous errors, untenable hypotheses and other shortcomings "

Stemberger

Günter Stemberger ( History of Jewish Literature , Munich 1970, page 190): “Graetz [...] wrote a“ history of suffering and scholarship ”; he was hardly interested in the political and economic context. Although widely used by L. v. Dependent on tendrils , he does not strive for a representation as it actually was, but leaves his subjective likes and dislikes wide room. As aptly as he is able to depict the great scholars of Judaism, he has just as little understanding of mysticism and Kabbalah . He is also uncomprehending about the rabbinical Judaism of his Polish homeland; he ignores the achievements of the Polish-Russian Haskala and despises Yiddish . The history of the Jewish reform in Germany, which he pursued until 1848, is also portrayed very subjectively as its opponent. This personal commitment, however, has greatly contributed to the [sic] liveliness of his portrayal. "

Other works (selection)

  • חשבון חעתים, Wollstein 1832 (calendar work on "Jewish and German time calculation")
  • תולדות אבות, approx. 1840 (biographies of the Mishna teachers , not survived)
  • About the sanctity of the Jewish burial places. In: Der Orient , Breslau, Hauptblatt, year 1843, November 22, p. 391 ff. (The first literary appearance of the hitherto unknown student; anonymous)
  • The Septuagint in the Talmud , 1845
  • On the alleged continuation of the Jewish sacrificial cult after the destruction of the Second Temple , 1848
  • Jewish-historical studies , 1852
  • The Talmudic Chronology , 1852
  • The Removable High Priests during the Second Temple , 1852
  • The Talmudic Topography , 1853
  • Haggadic Elements among the Church Fathers , 1854
  • The Zealot leader Eleazar, son of Ananias, a scene from the uprising of the Jews at the time of the destruction of the Second Temple , 1855
  • Solomon Molcho and David Reubeni, Don Josef, Duke of Naxos, Count of Andros and Donna Gracia Vali Nahoi, a biography , 1856
  • The great assembly (Kneseth haggdolah), its historicity, number, significance, time and achievement , 1857
  • Simon the Just and His Time , 1857
  • The chronology of the Gaonean epoch from the beginning of the second millennium of the Seleucid era to Saadia , 1857
  • The Prophet Jeremiah, a biographical sketch , 1857
  • Authorship , time of writing and composition of the Halachoth gdoloth , 1858
  • Jekutiel and Joseph Ibn Migasch , 1858
  • The prophet Ezekiel, a picture of life , 1858
  • Visigoth Legislation Concerning the Jews , 1858
  • The Mystical Literature of the Gaonean Era , 1859
  • The Beginnings of New Hebrew Poetry , 1859
  • The Minister-Rabbi Samuel Ibn Nagrela, a biography , 1859
  • The Free Tribes and the Jewish Empire on the Arabian Peninsula before Muhammad , 1859
  • On Hebrew Linguistics and Bible Exegesis , 1861
  • Leketh schoschanim, flower picking of neo-Hebrew poems from the second to the fourteenth century, in chronological order , Breslau 1861
  • The Jewish statesman Saad Abdula and R. Meir von Rothenburg , 1862
  • Moses Almosnino , 1864
  • Duration of the violent Hellenization of the Jews and the desecration of Antiochus Epiphanes in the temple , 1864
  • The Developmental Stages of Messiah Faith , 1865
  • Frank and the Frankists from the last half of the last century , Breslau 1869
  • Koheleth, or the Solomon preacher, translated and critically explained , Leipzig 1871
  • Shir ha Shirim or the Solomonic Song of Songs, translated and critically explained , Vienna 1871
  • The uniform character of Joel's prophecy and the artistic structure of its parts , Breslau 1873
  • The Kingdom of Messene and its Jewish population , 1879
  • (anonymous :) Correspondence from an English lady about Judaism and Semitism . Levy & Müller, Stuttgart 1883 digitized
  • Reply to Mr. von Treitschke. In: Schlesische Presse No. 859, December 7, 1879
  • Shylock in Sage, Drama and History , Krotoschin 1880
  • The psalms. Critical commentary with text and translation , Breslau 1881–1883 ​​(1 text, 2 commentary vols.)
  • Proverbs of Solomon (Mischle), Commentary , 1884
  • The Jewish proselytes in the Roman Empire under the emperors Domitian to Hadrian , 1884
  • Sikarikon Law , 1892
  • Emendationes in plerosque Sacrae Scripturae Veteris Testamenti libros secundum veterum versiones nec non auxiliis criticis caeteris adhibitis. Ex relicto defuncti auctoris manuscripto edidit Guil. Bacher , Breslau 1892–1894 (in 3 parts under externally unfavorable circumstances, posthumously edited by W. Bacher )
  • Graetz's diary is also preserved:
    • Book I on Wollstein, Posen
    • Book II. About Oldenburg
    • Book III. about his “court master activity” in Ostrowo 1840–1842
    • Book IV. About the time of studying in Wroclaw
    • Booklet V. and VI. about his efforts to find a job and about the first years of office in Wroclaw
      • on this: M. Brann, in: MGWJ 1918–1920: From Graetzen's apprenticeship and traveling years
      • Edition: Reuven Michael (Ed.), Heinrich Graetz - Diary and Letters , Tübingen 1977

literature

Web links

Commons : Heinrich Graetz  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Notes and individual references

  1. ↑ Corresponds to the 21st Cheshwan
  2. ↑ During a visit to his son Leo; Graetz's body was then transferred to Breslau and buried there three days later with great sympathy from his students and other people
  3. ↑ In various issues of the Dr. Fürst weekly published Der Orient , beginning in Hauptblatt des Orient , year 1844; Geiger reacted extremely sharply and across the board in the Israelite of the 19th century
  4. ^ Matriculation October 1842
  5. ↑ He had previously considered becoming a rabbi, his literary and personal reputation was already so widespread that the second largest community in Silesia, Gleiwitz , offered him the recently vacated rabbinate position in the most honorable manner, but Graetz forfeited this offer because he, despite all other abilities available and although all the decision-makers in the community had already declared themselves in favor of him, failed miserably in public appearance (unsuccessful sermon for the Festival of Reconciliation 1845/5606 in the Gliwice synagogue, where he forgot what he wanted to say, struggled for words and finally left the pulpit after a few minutes)
  6. ↑ Religious school of the Orthodox Party under the direction of the rabbi Gedaljah Tiktin, the son of Solomon (Salman) Tiktin
  7. ↑ Provisionally in a subordinate position at the religious school there, again with Hirsch, who had meanwhile swapped the Emdens regional rabbinate for that of Nikolsburg and wanted to establish a rabbinical school there, but it did not materialize
  8. ↑ start of employment; Start of work on October 15, 1850; He married at the beginning of October 1850, a daughter was born in 1851, and four more sons followed
  9. ↑ In that year Frankel Graetz had also given formal authorization to exercise rabbinical functions (התרת הוראה)
  10. ^ Start of service on July 1, 1853
  11. ↑ This was preceded by attempts by Basnage (1706–1711), by Hannah Adams, a Christian American from Boston (published 1818), as well as the likewise inadequate work of Isaak Markus Jost (published 1820–1847)
  12. ↑ Graetz wrote of a new enemy of the Jews : Another archenemy has appeared for the Jews in the last few decades, not under the sign of the cross, but under the mask of racial superiority. A phrase hero had thrown a sparkling word into the daily literature that the alleged descendants of Shem, the Jews, Arabs and other linguistically related peoples, called Semites, were lower in intellectual power, efficiency, creative ingenuity than the Aryans, the Indo-European peoples ... From this perishable The enemies of Jews - they call themselves anti-Semites today - took the pretense of ostracizing the Jews and tolerating them as guests in a subordinate position, since the earth ... belongs by right to the Aryans (page 553 f.)
  13. ^ Foreword to Volume 11, page VI.
  14. ↑ Graetz was actually against a translation into Yiddish and made very derogatory comments about the Yiddish language, which provoked a lengthy debate in various magazines ( Volksblatt , Hausfreund etc.), in which Dinesohn defended the Yiddish language
  15. ↑ A larger part of the prophetic texts had been lost and Bacher had to laboriously reconstruct them from other notes
personal data
SURNAME Graetz, Heinrich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Graetz, deer
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German historian
DATE OF BIRTH October 31, 1817
PLACE OF BIRTH Xions , Poznan Province
DATE OF DEATH September 7, 1891
Place of death Munich