Hasmoneans

Dominion under the Hasmonean Jonathan

Situation in 160 BC Chr.

Conquered territory

Development of the Hasmonean Empire

The Hasmonean Empire under Salome Alexandra

Hasmoneans ( Hebrew חַשְׁמוֹנַאִים Ḥašmōna'īm or Chaschmōna'īm ) is the name of a ruling dynasty in the second and first centuries BC. In Judea, resulting from the Maccabees' revolt in 167 BC. And founded an independent Jewish state in the Palestine region .

history

The patriotically minded priest ( Kohen ) Matitjahu is considered to be the ancestor of this dynasty , who, according to Josephus ' Jewish Antiquities, was the son of an Asamonaios (Ασαμωναίος) (11.111; 12.1). His son Yehuda was later called Maccabi ( Aramaic יהודה המכבי Y'hudhah HaMakabi , German for 'the hammer' ), but the actual founder of the ruling family was his brother, the ethnarch Simon . The Maccabees revolted against the sometimes violent Hellenization of Judea by Seleucid rulers. In the arts and literature, Yehuda is known as "Judas Maccabeus".

The Hasmoneans were rulers and high priests at the same time . They established a strictly religious system of the priesthood . The Maccabees gave the Jews about a century of extensive independence, during which Jewish religious teaching was able to develop further.

In 63 BC After the conquest by Pompey , the empire lost its independence. However, it then continued to exist as a Roman client state . Due to the reorganization of Palestine by Pompey, the Hasmoneans only retained the religious office of high priest.

The Hasmonean dynasty lost in 37 BC. Their power finally, and Herod the Great was declared King of Judea by the Senate in Rome .

In 6 AD, the kingdom was converted into the Roman province of Judea by the emperor Augustus and lost its statehood.

The Hasmonean rulers:

• Judas Maccabeus (165–160 BC)
• Jonathan (160–143 BC)
• Simon (143-135 BC)
• John Hyrcanus I (135-104 BC)
• Aristobulus I (104-103 BC)
• Alexander Jannäus (103–76 BC)
• Salome Alexandra (76-67 BC)
• Aristobulus II (67-63 BC)

High priest from 63 BC Chr .:

• John Hyrcanus II (63-40 BC)
• Antigonus (40–37 BC)
• Aristobulus III (35 BC)

Other members of the family:

• Alexander , son of Aristobulus II, († 49 BC)
• Alexandra , wife of Alexandros, mother of Mariamne, († 28 BC)
• Mariamne , wife of Herod the Great , († 29 BC)

The Hasmonean Family

Mattatias † 166 in Modeïn

Johannes Gaddi † 160 (murdered by the Nabataeans )

Simon Thassi Ethnarch & High Priest 143 - † 135 (murdered near Jericho )

Judas Maccabeus † 160 (killed in the battle of Elasa )

Eleazar Avaran † 162 (killed in the battle for Jerusalem )

Jonatan Apphus High Priest 160 - † 143 (murdered in Ptolemais )

Judah † 135 (murdered near Jericho)

Mattathias † 135 (murdered near Jericho)

John Hyrcanus I ethnarch & high priest 135 - † 104

Antigonus † 107 (murdered)

Aristobulus I King & High Priest 104 - † 103

Salome Alexandra * 140 (?); Queen of Judea 76 - † 67

Alexander Jannäus * around 126; King & High Priest 103 - † 76 (Ragaba Fortress)

John Hyrcanus II high priest 76–40; Ethnarch 63-40; † 30 (executed)

Aristobulus II at * 100; King & High Priest 67–63 † 49 (poisoned in Rome )

Alexandra Princess † 29 (executed)

Alexander around * 80 Jerusalem - † 49 (executed in Antioch )

Antigonus Mattathias ruler 40 - † 37 (executed Antioch)

Mariamne at * 54; Princess and wife of King Herod ; † 29 (executed)

Aristobulus III at * 53; High priest one year before his death; † 36/35 (murdered in Jericho)

Remarks

1. ↑ The dates given here are based on calculations as they were common in the literature in the past. These calculations are based on the Seleucid epoch ( SE ) count . The years based on the Seleucid epoch are given a tolerance when these dates are converted into modern calendar dates. Exact accuracy is not necessarily important when looking at historical events, as long as the historical sequence is preserved in relation to one another.

literature

• Andreas Hartmann : Kings and high priests. The Hasmonean Empire in Judea . In: Kay Ehling , Gregor Weber (Ed.): Hellenistic Kingdoms . von Zabern, Darmstadt 2014, ISBN 978-3-8053-4758-7 , p. 147-153 .
• Walter Otto : Hasmonaeer . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume VII, 2, Stuttgart 1912, Col. 2491-2501.
• Eyal Regev: The Hasmoneans. Ideology, archeology, identity (=  Journal of ancient Judaism. Supplements . Volume 10 ). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2013, ISBN 978-3-525-55043-4 .
• Julia Wilker: A Dynasty without Women? The Hasmoneans between Jewish Traditions and Hellenistic Influence . In: Altay Coşkun, Alex McAuley (eds.): Seleukid royal women. Creation, representation and distortion of Hellenistic queenship in the Seleukid empire . Steiner, Stuttgart 2016, ISBN 978-3-515-11295-6 , p. 231ff.

Web links

Commons : Hasmoneans  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Doris Lambers-Petry:  Hasmoneans. In: Michaela Bauks, Klaus Koenen, Stefan Alkier (eds.): The scientific biblical dictionary on the Internet (WiBiLex), Stuttgart 2006 ff., Accessed on August 3, 2011.