Kartuzy
| Kartuzy | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Pomerania | ||
| Powiat : | Kartuzy | ||
| Gmina : | Kartuzy | ||
| Area : | 6.23 km² | ||
| Geographic location : | 54 ° 20 ′ N , 18 ° 12 ′ E | ||
| Residents : | 14,716 ((December 31, 2016)) | ||
| Postal code : | 83-300 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 58 | ||
| License plate : | GKA | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : | Ext. 211 : Żukowo - Nowa Dąbrowa (- Słupsk ) | ||
| DW 224 : Wejherowo - Tczew | |||
| Ext. 228 : Kartuzy - Bytów | |||
| Rail route : | PKP line 229: Kartuzy ↔ Stara Piła / Gdańsk Wrzeszcz | ||
| Next international airport : | Danzig | ||
Kartuzy [ karˈtuzɨ ] ( German Karthaus ; Kashubian Kartuzë ) is a small town in the powiat Kartuski of the Polish Pomeranian Voivodeship . It is the seat of the powiat and the urban and rural municipality of Kartuzy .
Geographical location
The city is located in the historical Pomeranian landscape , in Kashubian Switzerland , about 32 kilometers west of Gdansk .
The Karthaus plateau comprises the highest part of the Baltic Lake District . It reaches an average height of 200 meters above sea level and is divided by the Radaunesee. To the west of it are the highest points of the headwaters of the rivers Łeba ( Leba ), Bukowina ( Buckowin ) and Słupia ( Stolpe ) with up to 271 meters. To the south of it, the Wieżyca ( Tower Mountain ) reaches 331 meters.
history
The city is located in Pomerellen . From 1308 to 1466 Pomerellen belonged to the Teutonic Order of Prussia and then came to the western part when Prussia was divided into two, later also known as the autonomous Polish-Prussia , which had voluntarily placed itself under the protection of the Polish crown.
The place name Carthaus used to be written, and the spelling Karthaus was introduced around 1860 . The city is considered the capital of Kashubia and is a center of Kashubian culture .
Beginning as a spiritual monastery
In 1380/81 the nobleman Johannes von Russoschin (Russoczin) founded a branch of the Carthusian Order , called "Marienparadies", north of the tower mountain . The first monks came to Kashubia from Bohemia / Prague in 1380 . The Teutonic Knight Order gave the monastery extensive donations and expanded its holdings considerably. He freed the monastery villages from almost all duties and services that had to be provided to him as sovereign.
In the surrounding forests peat was cut into the 19th century . Protestant settlers from Pomerania were assigned to the clearing around the monastery. A Marian pilgrimage route from Neustadt to Berent also ran through Karthaus as part of the European Way of St. James . In 1418 an inn in Karthaus is mentioned. The Krugsee ( Jezioro Karczemne ) got its name from this jug . The northernmost of the two lakes, on which the monastery grounds are located, is called the Klostersee ( Jezioro Klasztorne ). A small farming village, a so-called Vorwerk , developed around this pitcher east of the lake .
During the Reformation the monastery was badly damaged and the number of monks fell to four.
During excavations some tunnels have been discovered under the monastery. Their purpose and extent are still being investigated. It is believed that the tunnels date from the time of the Northern Wars (see web links). On the "Spitzberg", west of the monastery, there was probably a pagan cult site from pre-Christian times. The “Heilig Kreuz” chapel has been documented since 1655. This lapsed in the meantime. Around 1900 only the tower was left, next to which a wooden viewing platform was built, which has been called the Belvedere since 1920 at the latest. In 1989 the chapel was rebuilt. It is believed that the tunnels discovered under the monastery led to the chapel on the Spitzberg.
Karthaus as a secular settlement
With the first partition of Poland-Lithuania in 1772, western Prussia was united with the area of Danzig under Frederick II of Prussia with the eastern part of the Kingdom of Prussia. From then on, Karthaus belonged to the Kingdom of Prussia . In 1785 Carthaus is referred to as a royal farm and village with the seat of the domain office and a total of 28 fireplaces (households). Around 1789 the district of Karthaus comprised 74 villages with 721 fireplaces; the seat of the domain office was on the Vorwerk Groß Czapielken. By 1790 Seestrasse already existed (Polish today ulica Jezioro ).
In the entire surrounding area there was initially no place that could have been described as a city in terms of population size. During the administrative reform of 1818, the gardening village of Karthaus became the capital of the sparsely populated district and the seat of the district administrator.
In an 1810 by King Friedrich Wilhelm III. decreed secularization edict, the abolition of all monasteries in Prussia was ordered. The Karthaus monastery and its property were not confiscated by the state until 1823. The history of Karthaus as a secular settlement begins here. For a while, the monastery served as an emeritus institution for older Catholic clergy. Later, parts of the cottages in which the monks had lived were torn down. In the following years, the monastery buildings and inventory were left to decay.
In 1841, many parcels of land around the convent's foreworks were released for sale. And soon afterwards (1842/44) there were tumultuous clashes between the evangelical Germans and the resident Catholic Kashubians when the refectory of the formerly Catholic monastery was to be converted into a Protestant prayer room. The black hussars , the bodyguards of the Prussian kings, finally came from Danzig to ensure peace and quiet.
Around the middle of the 19th century, Karthaus was still a small market town with a total of 817 inhabitants around 1848. In 1851 King Friedrich Wilhelm IV visited Carthaus. A memorial still reminds of this today. In 1853 the population already exceeded the 1000 mark. It was not until 1856 that there was an independent Protestant parish with its own pastor in Karthaus, but still without a Protestant church. In 1862 Karthaus became an independent rural community in terms of its administrative status . At this point in time there were already two schools, a district court, a district office, a poor house and a fire brigade. Since around 1865 there has also been a synagogue in Karthaus , located on Brunoplatz, the city's central market square. This synagogue was destroyed in 1939 and the Jewish cemetery was leveled. Today there is a bank branch on the site. Jews have lived in Karthaus since around 1820. At the end of the 19th century, around 140 Jews lived in Karthaus. In 1931 there were just under 40.
The Protestant German parish built a church in the neo-Gothic style from 1883, also on Brunoplatz . She was christened the “Martin Luther Church” on the occasion of his four hundredth birthday. It is said to have been consecrated in 1887. Today it is a Catholic church and has been consecrated to St. Casimir since 1983 .
In 1894 Karthaus received a railway connection to the Praust-Lauenburg railway line of the Prussian State Railway . At that time, the Karthaus monastery brewery also existed. In 1903, the city received a water supply network after a high reservoir was built on the nearby Hafkeberg . In 1910 a hydroelectric power station was put into operation on the Radauneseen. In the following year, Karthaus and the surrounding area were electrified.
At the turn of the century, tourism is an important branch of the economy in Karthaus. There were many restaurants and hotels for vacationers from the German Empire. There were even letterheads with the unofficial lettering “climatic health resort Karthaus”.
Kartuzy 1920 to 1939
Before 1920, Karthaus belonged to the district of Karthaus in the Gdansk administrative district of the West Prussia province of the German Empire .
After the First World War , the Karthaus district was ceded to Poland by the Treaty of Versailles in 1920 as part of the Polish Corridor without a referendum . On February 8, 1920, the Polish general Józef Haller arrived in Karthaus, who supervised the handover of the Polish corridor. Haller and his cavalry regiment received a stormy reception from the Polish part of the population. The lawyer Emil Sobiecki became the first Polish mayor.
When the Polish administration took over, the city was officially called Kartuzy for the first time . Since the West Polish Bank wanted to issue the Mark as currency in the province of Posen , while the Central Bank in Warsaw wanted to issue the Polish Mark , Karthaus initially had local emergency money. As in Germany, hyperinflation occurred in Poland from 1921 onwards . In 1924 the gold-backed zloty was introduced. On October 16, 1922, the Polish-language newspaper "Gazeta Kartuska" was first published in Kartuzy.
Many young Kashubians and Poles were drafted into the Polish-Soviet and Polish-Ukrainian wars . The Polish authorities occasionally took administrative measures against unpopular public figures among the German population. In July, the Protestant pastor Weber from Hoppendorf (Pl. Hopowo ) was arrested because he was allegedly a Bolshevik.
Many Germans left Karthaus. In 1910, of the approximately 70,000 inhabitants of the Karthaus district, 27.8% stated that they were German, in 1921 only 7.8%. First officials and teachers emigrated, later also other professional groups such as merchants and craftsmen. Mostly only German landowners and farmers remained. After a land reform in 1925, the situation worsened for them too. There were also expropriations.
The first local public transport has existed since 1926. A bus line runs on the route Danzig - Zuckau - Karthaus. From 1936 further connections were added. Karthaus was on the strategically important "French coal railway". This important railway line connected the Upper Silesian coal mining area with the high sea port of Gdynia .
Karthaus 1939 to 1945
Due to the invasion of Poland in 1939, Poland was occupied by German troops, the territory of the Polish Corridor was annexed to the Reich territory. The noise of the guns from Danzig could be heard in Karthaus . Around 8 o'clock in the morning, the first German patrol from Danzig passed the villages on the state border. On the fourth day of the war, the Wehrmacht arrived from the direction of Bütow . The 322nd Infantry Regiment reached Radaunensee on September 3, and Karthaus was reached the next evening. The German population welcomed the Wehrmacht as liberators, all Jews were deported, and many Poles were deported to the Generalgouvernement . Shortly after the German invasion, recordings for the German newsreel were made on Brunoplatz .
The district of Karthaus was assigned to the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia , to which the city belonged until 1945.
Between September and November 1939 there were massacres by the SS and the Volksdeutsche Selbstschutz , including at Karthaus. Up to 200 people are said to have been murdered in the forest near Kaliska, three kilometers northeast of the city center of Karthaus. On October 27, 1939, about 75 people, including the Kashubian pastor of the village of Kelpin and ten other clergymen, were executed by the " SS-Einsatzkommando 16 " responsible for the 'West Prussian Military District' . A beatification procedure is in progress for one of the pastors who have been killed by the Catholic Church. There are also alleged shootings in the nearby villages of Gribno, Eggertshütte and Kobissau. In response to these atrocities, the first Kashubian partisan group, Gryf Kaszubski, formed in the surrounding forests of Kashubia in December 1939 . Other partisan groups formed, including south of Karthaus in the Tucheler Heide .
Many members of the Polish-Kashubian intelligentsia in the Karthaus district were also killed in the Piaśnica massacre (near Putzig). Polish handicraft businesses were also soon taken over by Germans and the owners moved to the General Government. The Poles, who were indispensable in agriculture, were initially able to stay. The National Socialist policy towards the Kashubians, however, was not as extreme as towards the Poles. The Kashubians were included in People's List III . In the course of this “ forced Germanization ”, Kashubians could now also be drafted into the Wehrmacht, which in turn made them German collaborators in the eyes of the Poles and Russians after the end of the war.
Towards the end of the Second World War , in the course of the “ Battle of East Pomerania ” on March 6, 1945, Bütow, 60 km southwest of Karthaus, was given up by the Wehrmacht. It withdrew to a line of defense in front of Neustadt and Karthaus. On March 7, the troops of the Soviet 2nd Belarusian Front penetrated the Karthaus district for the first time. They reached the city on March 10th, coming from the south. About 320 soldiers of the Red Army are said to have died during the fighting for Karthaus .
The German population began to flee to Danzig in the first days of March. On March 10, 1945, the Red Army occupied the city. Only a small minority remained in the city. According to a census from November 1, 1945, there were still 1212 Germans living in the entire Karthaus district. The military commander for Kartuzy in 1945 was the Soviet Colonel Popov. As far as the Germans had not fled, they were in the period that followed sold .
In the post-war years, the Soviet military administration dismantled and transported existing industrial facilities and railway tracks. The Protestant cemetery was leveled and in 1977 no longer existed.
Demographics
When Prussia took over administration in 1772, the so-called contribution cadastre was created. According to this, the population of the entire district of Karthaus was around 10,500 people.
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1773 | 157 | |
| 1829 | 324 | |
| 1836 | 500 | in thirty private homes |
| 1848 | 817 | thereof 511 Catholics, 273 Protestants and 33 Jews |
| 1852 | 901 | |
| 1869 | 1,765 | |
| 1875 | 1,975 | |
| 1880 | 2,179 | |
| 1890 | 2,351 | |
| 1900 | 2,642 | |
| 1921 | 3,800 | including 450 Evangelicals |
| 1943 | 6,024 | |
| 1960 | 7,900 | |
| 1970 | 10,600 | |
| 1980 | 12,000 | |
| 1998 | 16,100 | |
| 2010 | 15,200 |
In the 1910 census, ethnicity was also recorded using language: In West Prussia the Kashubians made up only 4.6% of the population, while Karthaus was the district with the highest percentage (71%) of the Kashubian population in West Prussia. The Germans were in the minority with 28%, but formed the upper class of society. The proportion of Poles was only 0.8%. Large estates were divided between Kashubians and Germans, the rest of the land was mostly small-scale Kashubian property. The Germans concentrated in the smaller country towns. In the city of Karthaus, the Germans, according to a census from 1905, had the majority with 58%.
The German population sank sharply after 1920 and 1945. Only a small number of mainly older German people remained. Today no Germans live in Kartuzy anymore.
coat of arms
The current city coat of arms dates from 1923 and corresponds to the design of the Kashubian writer Aleksander Majkowski . At that time Karthaus received city rights under Polish administration and a competition for a coat of arms was announced. The seven stars are the symbol of the Carthusian order. They also stand for the first seven monks who, according to legend, founded Karthaus. The blue color of the sign symbolizes the Baltic Sea and Kashubia , which was also called 'the blue country' in the past due to the many lakes. The griffin is the symbol of the Kashubians or Pomeranians.
As early as 1907, efforts were made in vain to obtain city rights from the government agencies in Gdansk. For this case, there was already a draft coat of arms: The split coat of arms showed the heraldic left the black and white cross of the Teutonic Knights . On the other side of the shield, seven silver stars on a blue background.
Another "unofficial" coat of arms can be found on the banknotes of the local emergency money from the period after the First World War. It is similar to the German coat of arms, but instead of the order cross shows a pictorial representation of the Blessed Virgin Mary .
From 1941 to 1945 a different coat of arms was used by the German authorities. It shows a red armored and red tongued golden griffin in blue, the right front paw a red tower. The griffin strides on green ground, above him the seven stars of the Karthauser.
Sport and culture
In 1923 the first Karthauser football club 'Cartusia Kartuzy' was founded by two brothers. Its colors are: blue, white and black. In fact, there was already a football club in Karthaus before 1913, as well as a tennis club and a gymnastics club. At that time there was also a 'City Beautification Association' and an 'Association for Kashubian Folk Art' (initiated by Friedrich Lorentz , the author of the Great Kashubian Dictionary ).
Landmarks and monuments
The only museum in the city is the Kashubian Museum with collections on the history and folklore of the Kashubians. It has been located in an old, formerly German villa since 1947.
The landmark of the city is the old monastery church "Marienparadies" from the fourteenth century with the coffin-shaped copper roof. In addition, the other preserved parts of the monastery:
- the hermitage and the monastery refectory
- a statue of Mary made of sandstone from 1750
- The former Luther Church from 1887
- the post office building from 1890 in the style of Dutch Mannerism, (ul. Parkowej).
There are also numerous listed administrative buildings and residential buildings from the period from 1860 to 1930.
sons and daughters of the town
- Gertrude Kluge , German writer
- Lotte Bingmann-Droese (1902–1963), German painter
- Elzbieta Pintus , Jewish autobiographer of the Second World War
- Jan Rompski (* 1913), Kashubian writer, poet and folklorist
- Wiesław Litewski (1933–2004), Polish legal scholar, legal historian and university professor
- Edmund Kaminski (* 1934), Kashubian photographer and folklorist
- Joachim Poeschke (* 1945), German art historian
- Zenon Kitowski (* 1962), Polish clarinet virtuoso
- Andrzej Wroński (* 1965), Polish wrestler
- Witold Stankowski (* 1966), Polish historian
- Arkadiusz Okroj (* 1967), auxiliary bishop in Pelplin
- Wojciech Kasperski (* 1981), Polish film producer and screenwriter
- Kamil Krieger (* 1987), handball player
- Angelika Cichocka (* 1988), track and field athlete
Honorary citizen
- Wolfgang Nolte (since 2015), Mayor of Duderstadt
Town twinning
- Caissargues , France (1990)
- Duderstadt , Germany (1995)
traffic
From 1886 or 1905 to 1994 or 2000 there was a connection to the Pruszcz Gdański – Łeba railway in Kartuzy , which had to be closed for reasons of profitability. On March 24, 2002, however, goods traffic on the section Kartuzy – Stara Piła ( Altemühle ) was resumed. There is also a connection to Gdańsk Wrzeszcz ( Danzig-Langfuhr ) from here . Since October 1, 2015, regular local public transport to Kartuzy has been available again. The place Kiełpino in the municipality has a stop on the Nowa Wieś Wielka – Gdynia railway line .
Gmina Kartuzy
The urban-and-rural municipality of Kartuzy has an area of 205 square kilometers and 33,619 inhabitants (2016).
Local history literature
- Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part II: Topography of West Prussia , Marienwerder 1789, p. 59, No. 6.)
- August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland . Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, p. 391 .
- Peter Letkeman: On the local history of Karthaus i. West Prussia in the 19th and 20th centuries , 1987.
- Ernst Bahr: From the history of the monastery and the city of Karthaus , 1957.
- Heinz Voellner: The struggle for West Prussia 1945 , Münster 1985.
- Willy Heidn: The history of the Karthaus district (from the end of the order's rule 1466–1945) , 1971.
- Wilhelm Brauer: The Karthaus district: a West Prussian homeland book , 1978.
- Ryszard Ciemiński: Album kartuski , Gdańsk 1991; ISBN 83-85130-28-4 .
- Elzbieta Pintus: Moje prawdziwe przezycia , 2005, ISBN 83-89079-40-2 .
- Paul Lau: Church chronicle of the Karthaus-Kartuzy district: memorial sheets from the past of the Protestant church in the Karthaus-Kartuzy district , 1938.
- Willy Heidn: The Karthaus district 1772 - The king of Prussia took possession of it , 1972.
- Willy Heidn: The national conditions in the district of Karthaus and the drawing of borders in 1920 , 1967.
- Theodor Hirsch : History of the Karthauser Kreis up to the end of the order . In: Journal of the West Prussian History Association . Book 6, 1882, pp. 1-148.
Web links
- Official website of the municipality (Polish)
- Evangelical Church Karthaus, West Prussia
- Jewish local history
- Comprehensive site on local history (Polish)
- City history (Polish)
- Tunnel under the monastery (Polish)
Footnotes
- ^ A b Meyers Konversations-Lexikon , 6th edition, Volume 10, Leipzig and Vienna 1907, p. 688.
- ↑ a b c d e Ernst Bahr: Karthaus . In: Handbook of historical sites , East and West Prussia , Kröner, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-520-31701-X , pp. 97-98.
- ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I, Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, Complete Topography of the West Prussian Cammer Department , p. 28.
- ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part II: Topography of West Prussia , Marienwerder 1789, p. 59, No. 6.
- ↑ Agathon Harnoch: Chronicle and statistics of the Protestant churches in the provinces of East and West Prussia, based on printed and unprinted sources. Nipkow, Neidenburg 1890.
- ^ Wilhelm Schwandt: Karthaus and the Karthauser Switzerland - guide through the Marienparadies . Danzig 1913, p. 14
- ↑ Maria Wardzyńska: Był rok 1939 , S. 159th
- ^ Herder Institute Marburg: The Germans east of Oder and Neisse 1945–1950, documents from Polish archives . Volume 4, 2004.
- ↑ Wilhelm Brauer: Karthaus and his monastery "Marienparadies": an 'illustrated book' for the home book of the district of Karthaus , 1980, photo no. 82.
- ↑ a b Willy Heidn: Localities of the district of Karthaus / Westpr. in the past , 1965.
- ^ Leopold von Zedlitz-Neukirch : The Prussian state in all its relationships . Volume 2, Berlin 1836, p. 477 .
- ^ Wilhelm Brauer: Illustrated book for the home book of the Karthaus district , 1980.
- ^ Kraatz: Topographical-statistical description of the Prussian state . Berlin 1856, p. 91.
- ^ A b c Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. West Prussia, district of Karthaus. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ Der Große Brockhaus , 15th edition, Volume 9, Leipzig 1931, p. 755.
- ↑ http://www.kartuzy.cartuz.pl/herb.html
- ↑ a b Wilhelm Schwandt: Karthaus and the Karthauser Switzerland - Guide through the Marienparadies , Danzig 1913, p. 17.