Chojnice
| Chojnice | |||
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Pomerania | ||
| Powiat : | Chojnice | ||
| Area : | 21.05 km² | ||
| Geographic location : | 53 ° 42 ' N , 17 ° 33' E | ||
| Residents : | 39,890 (Jun. 30, 2019) |
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| Postal code : | 89-600 to 89-620 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 52 | ||
| License plate : | GCH | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : | DK 22 : Kostrzyn nad Odrą / Germany - Okonek - Tczew - Grzechotki / Russia | ||
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Ext. 212 : Osowo Lęborskie– Kamionka ext. 235 : Korne – Chojnice ext. 240 : Świecie –Chojnice |
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| Rail route : | PKP route 203: Kostrzyn nad Odrą / Germany – Tczew | ||
| PKP route 208: Działdowo – Chojnice route 210: Chojnice – Runowo Pomorskie route 211: Chojnice– Kościerzyna |
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| Next international airport : | Gdansk Lech Walesa Airport | ||
| Gmina | |||
| Gminatype: | Borough | ||
| Residents: | 39,890 (Jun. 30, 2019) |
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| Community number ( GUS ): | 2202011 | ||
| Administration (as of 2009) | |||
| Mayor : | Arseniusz Finster | ||
| Address: | Stary Rynek 1 89-600 Chojnice |
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| Website : | www.miasto.chojnice.pl | ||
Chojnice ( German Konitz or Conitz , Kashubian Chònice ) is a town in Powiat Chojnicki (Powiat Konitz) in the Polish Pomeranian Voivodeship . It is the official seat of a rural community .
Geographical location
The city is located in the former West Prussia , on the western edge of the Bory Tucholskie (Tucheler Heide) , about 100 kilometers southwest of Danzig , 22 kilometers northwest of Tuchola (Tuchel) and 70 kilometers northwest of Bydgoszcz (Bromberg) .
history
In 1205 Conitz (Chojnice) was founded in the East Pomeranian Duchy of the Samborids . In 1308/09 the Teutonic Order conquered the duchy of the Samborids. In 1410, after the Battle of Tannenberg , Polish troops occupied the city for a short time. In 1440 the city became a member of the Prussian Federation . In 1446 Konitz broke ties with the Prussian estates.
Around the middle of the 15th century, a protracted legal dispute broke out in Konitz between the city's magistrate and three of its citizens, whom he had accused of murdering or stealing, but without being able to prove the allegations. The three defendants finally demanded satisfaction from a Westphalian free court , and the Teutonic Order in Marienburg was also involved.
In 1454, in the Battle of Konitz, the order's army defeated the larger army of the Polish king. The troops of the order consisted largely of mercenaries recruited in the German-Roman Empire . The King of Poland had difficulty assembling his army.
After the Thirteen Years of City War , in the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466 , Konitz came from the Teutonic Order State of Prussia to the autonomous Prussian Royal Share (West Prussia), which had voluntarily submitted to the sovereignty of the Polish crown.
With the Lublin Union of 1569, the autonomy of royal Prussia ended when the Polish Sejm, in view of the childlessness of the last Jagiellonian Sigismund II August, converted the previous personal union of Poland, Lithuania and Prussia into a real union in order to prevent the collapse of the empire. Forty years earlier, while his father was still alive, Sigismund had been elected king by the Polish nobility on the condition that they do everything possible for the complete incorporation of Lithuania and Prussia into the kingdom.
In 1623 a witchcraft and theft trial took place in Konitz, during which several death sentences were passed and carried out.
Konitz was the largest settlement in the heath area west of the Vistula .
As part of the first partition of Poland , Konitz came under Frederick II of Prussia to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1772 and from then on belonged to the Prussian Province of West Prussia until January 1920 , in the meantime to the (united) Province of Prussia . As a district town, it was affiliated to the Marienwerder administrative district and was the railway junction of the state railway lines Berlin - Schneidemühl - Dirschau and Graudenz - Neustettin - Ruhnow.
Since 1815 Konitz had a grammar school .
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, around half of the population belonged to the Evangelical Church, the other half to the Catholic Church. There were occasional legal conflicts between the two major religious groups.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the district town of Konitz had an old town fortification, two Protestant churches, two Catholic churches, a synagogue , a grammar school, a Konvikt , a district court, an electricity company and a number of commercial operations. In the modern Prussian era, a total of nine district courts belonged to the Konitz district court: Baldenburg, Flatow, Preussisch-Friedland, Hammerstein, Könitz, Schlochau, Tuchel, Vandsburg and Zempelburg.
In 1900 the Konitz murder affair broke out in Konitz as a result of the murder of the high school student Ernst Winter, the murder had been described by the publisher and politician Wilhelm Bruhn as a Jewish ritual murder . The synagogue was almost completely destroyed in a subsequent pogrom .
Until 1919 belonged to Konitz Konitz County in marienwerder the province of West Prussia of the German Reich . In 1910, the Konitz district included the city of Konitz and 106 other communities and manor districts.
After the First World War , Konitz had to be ceded to Poland in 1920 due to the provisions of the Versailles Treaty for the purpose of establishing the Polish Corridor, together with 62% of the area of West Prussia . The city was assigned to the Pomeranian Voivodeship , which existed from 1919 to 1939 and again from 1945 to 1950.
As a result of the invasion of Poland in 1939, the territory of the Pomeranian Voivodeship was annexed by the German Reich in violation of international law and the Konitz district under the occupation authorities was assigned to the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia , to which the city of Konitz belonged until 1945.
Towards the end of the Second World War , the region was occupied by the Red Army in the spring of 1945 and returned to the Pomeranian Voivodeship, which had resumed its official duties in March 1945. Unless the German townspeople had fled, most of them were expelled from Konitz in the following period .
In 1950, the brewery owner Ernst Riedel was sentenced to five years in prison by the Flensburg Regional Court because, after the German occupation of Poland , he had committed an assassination attempt on the beer publisher Władysław Szycha from Bruß out of greed.
Demographics
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1783 | 2,040 | almost everyone, including the magistrate, Protestants and Germans |
| 1802 | 2,499 | |
| 1810 | 1999 | |
| 1816 | 2,308 | 1,629 Protestants, 635 Catholics and 44 Jews |
| 1821 | 2,593 | |
| 1831 | 2,810 | mostly evangelicals |
| 1837 | 3,334 | |
| 1864 | 6.238 | including 3,540 Evangelicals and 2,247 Catholics |
| 1871 | 7.160 | including 4,000 Protestants and 2,600 Catholics (50 Poles ) |
| 1875 | 8,046 | |
| 1880 | 9.096 | |
| 1890 | 10.147 | thereof 5,271 Evangelicals, 4,331 Catholics and 502 Jews (100 Poles ) |
| 1900 | 10,697 | thereof 4,974 Catholics and 364 Jews. |
| 1921 | 10,500 | including 3,500 Germans. |
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1969 | 24,000 | |
| 2004 | 40,000 |
economy
Around 1900 there were two iron foundries, a steam grinding and a steam saw mill, a steam brick, a dairy and an electricity company. Until today the city is a market and processing place for the agricultural products of the surrounding area. Konitz now has a food industry.
traffic
Landesstraße 22 (the former German Reichsstraße 1 from Aachen to Königsberg (Prussia) ) and line 203 of the Polish State Railroad (former Prussian East Railway Berlin - Königsberg (Prussia)) run through the city .
Town twinning
Sports
With Chojniczanka Chojnice , the city has a first division football club. The historic rise was achieved in the 2012/2013 season. Another success of the team was the participation in the round of 16 of the Polish Cup in 1971. In this game Chojniczanka lost against GKS Katowice 1-0. With Kolejarz Chojnice there is a second football club in Chojnice.
The Red Devils Chojnice are another high-class sports club in the city. The club is a member of the Polish Ekstraklasa (top division) in futsal and current runner-up.
Culture
The Festiwal Folkloru has been taking place in July for several years . International groups perform with folk music. Kashubians from various towns and villages from Poland participate, including Chojnice. The festival does not only take place in Chojnice, but also for one day in the participating Kashubian towns and villages. The city has a museum.
traffic
Streets
The town of Chojnice and the rural community are crossed by two provincial roads (Droga krajowa) and four provincial roads (Droga wojewódzka), which is very important in terms of traffic:
- The national road 22 (former German national route 1 ) of Kostrzyn nad Odra (Küstrin) on the German-Polish border to Braniewo (Braunsberg) on the border with Russia crosses the town from the southwest to the northeast;
- The national road 25 from Bobolice (Bublitz) to Oleśnica (Oels) touches the municipality in the extreme south-west;
- The voivodship road 212 from Osowo Lęborskie meets the municipality in the west and ends in the south-west at DK 25 near Kamionka (Steinberg) ;
- The provincial road 235 coming from beads (beads) to the north in the area of the Gmina and ends in the city Chojnice;
- The Voivodship Road 236 comes from Konarzyny (Klein Konarczyn) and touches the municipality near Swornegacie (Schwornigatz) and Drzewicz (Drewitz) in the far north and runs to Brusy (Bruß) ;
- The provincial road 240 comes from Świecie (Schwetz) . It meets the municipality from the east and ends in the town of Chojnice.
rails
Gmina Chojnice is also well connected to the region in terms of rail technology, with a total of five stations:
- Moszczenica (Mosnitz) and Krojanty (Krojanten) on the State Railways (PKP) line 203 Kostrzyn nad Odrą (Küstrin) –Tczew (Dirschau) , former Prussian Eastern Railway ,
- Silno (Frankenhagen) and Racławki (Rakelwitz) on the PKP route 208 (Działdowo (Soldau) –Chojnice) ,
- Powałki (Powalken) on PKP line 211 ( Kościerzyna (Berent) –Chojnice).
The PKP route 210 from Runowo to Chojnice runs through the municipality without stopping, while the Ogorzeliny (Görsdorf) train station has been idle since the PKP route 281 from Oleśnica (Oels) to Chojnice was closed .
Personalities
Chojnice commune
The rural community Chojnice, to which the town itself does not belong, covers an area of 458.34 km² and has 18,104 inhabitants (as of 2015).
literature
- Marcin Synak: Chojnice Travel Guide , Chojnice 2012, Ed. City of Chojnice, ISBN 978-83-930566-7-5 , 56 pp.
- Elisabeth Koß: The Citizens Register of the City of Konitz from 1550 to 1850 . Nicolaus-Copernicus-Verlag, Münster 2004, ISBN 3-924238-32-4 , 110 pages (= sources and representations of the history of West Prussia; 13)
- August Uppenkamp : History of the city of Konitz . Konitz 1873. approx. 70 pages in digital form
- Isaac Gottfried Gödtke : Church history of the city of Conitz . In: Archives for patriotic interests . New series, year 1845, Marienwerder 1845, pp. 294–323.
- August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland . Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, pp. 384–386, no. 17.
- Brillowski: History of the city of Conitz in West Prussia . In: Prussian provincial sheets . Volume 1, Koenigsberg 1829, pp. 497-505 ; Volume 2, Koenigsberg 1829, pp. 313-324 , pp. 444-454 and pp. 519-532 ; Volume 3, Königsberg 1830, pp. 39-55 and pp. 221-247. .
- Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part II: Topography of West Prussia , Marienwerder 1789, pp. 70–71, no. 1.)
- Isaac Gottfried Gödtke : History of the city of Conitz , Dantzig, [1724], 67 p., [1] gef. Bl., PDF
Web links
- City of Konitz (Rolf Jehke, 2006)
- Old texts on the history of the city of Konitz.
- City website (Polish)
- Website of Gmina Chojnice (Polish)
- Historia Chojnic. miastochojnice.pl(Polish).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
- ↑ Friedrich August Voßberg : History of the Prussian coins and seals from the earliest times to the end of the rule of the Teutonic Order . Berlin 1843, p. 39.
- ^ Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler : Regesta and documents on the constitutional and legal history of German cities in the Middle Ages. Erlangen 1863, pp. 633-636 .
- ^ August Uppenkamp: History of the City of Konitz. 1839, 86 pages.
- ↑ Johannes Voigt : History of Prussia from the oldest times to the fall of the rule of the Teutonic Order. Volume 4: The time from the subjugation of Prussia in 1283 to the death of Dieterich von Altenburg in 1341. Königsberg 1830, p. 224.
- ^ Johannes Voigt: History of Marienburg, the city and the main house of the Teutonic Knight Order in Prussia. Königsberg 1824, p. 367, footnote 45 and p. 561-565
- ↑ See, for example, Otto von Rutenberg: History of the Baltic provinces of Liv, Estonia and Courland from the earliest times to the decline of independence. 2nd volume. Leipzig 1861, p. 178 .
- ^ NG Benwitz: A witch and thief trial negotiated at Conitz in 1623. In: Prussian provincial sheets. Volume 2. Königsberg 1829, pp. 105-134.
- ^ L. Wiese: The higher school system in Prussia. Historical-statistical representation. Berlin 1864, pp. 82-84
- ^ NG Benwitz: Church history of the city of Konitz. Prussian Provincial Papers. Volume 18 (Königsberg 1837), December issue, p. 552 ff .; Volume 19 (Königsberg 1838), January issue, pp. 22-39 , February issue, pp. 145-151 , March issue, pp. 233-251 , April issue, pp. 346-359 and May issue , Pp. 417-431 .
- ↑ a b c Meyer's Large Konversationsa-Lexikon. 11th volume. 6th edition. Leipzig and Vienna 1907, p. 395.
- ^ Max Kreutzberger (ed.): Leo Baeck Institute New York - Library and Archive. Volume I. Verlag JCB Mohr, Tübingen 1970, p. 165 .
- ↑ Christoph Nonn: A city is looking for a murderer. Rumor, violence and anti-Semitism in the empire. Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, Göttingen 2002, ISBN 3-525-36267-6 , 248 pages, ( limited preview ).
- ↑ Helmut Walser Smith: The story of the butcher. Murder and anti-Semitism in a small German town. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2002, ISBN 3-89244-612-1 , 301 pages ( limited preview ).
- ↑ Municipal directory 1910 with population figures
- ^ LG Flensburg, September 7, 1950. In: Justice and Nazi crimes . Collection of German convictions for Nazi homicidal crimes 1945–1966. Volume VII, edited by Adelheid L. Rüter-Ehlermann, HH Fuchs and CF Rüter . University Press, Amsterdam 1971, No. 237, pp. 393–412 Online ( Memento of the original from February 28, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia. Part II: Topography of West Prussia. Marienwerder 1789, pp. 70–71, no. 1.)
- ↑ a b c d Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state. Volume 5: T-Z. Halle 1823, pp. 314-315, item 329.
- ^ August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland. Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, pp. 384–386, no. 17.
- ^ Johann Gottfried Hoffmann: The population of the Prussian state according to the results of the reports officially recorded at the end of 1837 in terms of state economy, commercial and moral relations. Berlin 1839, p. 104.
- ^ E. Jacobson: Topographical-statistical manual for the administrative district Marienwerder. Danzig 1868, pp. 40–41, no. 169 .
- ^ Gustav Neumann: Geography of the Prussian State. Volume 2. 2nd edition. Berlin 1874, p. 55, paragraph 10.
- ^ A b c Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. dan_konitz.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ The Big Brockhaus. 10th volume. 15th edition. Leipzig 1931, p. 389.
- ↑ Meyer's Encyclopedic Lexicon. Volume 5. 9th edition. Mannheim Vienna Zurich 1978, p. 646.
