Braniewo

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Braniewo
Braniewo coat of arms
Braniewo (Poland)
Braniewo
Braniewo
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Warmia-Masuria
Powiat : Braniewo
Area : 12.36  km²
Geographic location : 54 ° 23 ′  N , 19 ° 49 ′  E Coordinates: 54 ° 23 ′ 1 ″  N , 19 ° 49 ′ 0 ″  E
Height : 14 m npm
Residents : 17,040
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Postal code : 14-500 to 14-506
Telephone code : (+48) 55
License plate : NBR
Economy and Transport
Street : DK 54 : Chruściel ↔ Gronowo (- Mamonowo - Kaliningrad )
Ext. 504 : Elbląg - Frombork --Braniewo
Ext. 507 : Braniewo - Pieniężno - Orneta - Dobre Miasto
Rail route : PKP route 221: Braniewo– Gutkowo (- Olsztyn )
Elbląg – Braniewo (without regular traffic)
Next international airport : Danzig
Kaliningrad
Gmina
Gminatype: Borough
Surface: 12.36 km²
Residents: 17,040
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Population density : 1379 inhabitants / km²
Community number  ( GUS ): 2802011
Administration (status: 2014-2018)
Mayor : Monika Trzcińska
Address:
ul.Kosciuszki 111 14-500 Braniewo
Website : www.braniewo.pl



Braniewo [ braˈɲɛvɔ ] ( German  Braunsberg ) is a town in the powiat Braniewski in the Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship , in the former Prussian province of East Prussia . It is the seat of the Powiat and the independent rural community Braniewo .

Geographical location

The city is located in the historical region of East Prussia, about seven kilometers from the confluence of the Passarge in the Fresh Haff .

The Passarge separates the old town of Braunsberg, built in 1255, from the new town of Braunsberg, which was added in 1350.

The Russian border to the Kaliningrad Oblast enclave runs six kilometers further north.

history

Holy Trinity Church from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries
Braunsberg 1684
Braunsberg around 1900

According to the topographer Goldbeck from 1785, Braunsberg is named after the Olomouc bishop Bruno von Schauenburg , who accompanied the Bohemian King Ottokar II. Přemysl in 1254 and 1267 when he took part in the Teutonic Order's crusade against the Pruzzen in the Baltic States . Another attempt at explanation assumes that the place name could be a deformation of Prussian Brusebergue (Prussian camp). The place of the same name Braunsberg in Bohemia, which was founded around the same time, was also named after Bruno von Schauenburg.

The place near the outflow of the Passarge (Pasłęka) into the Fresh Lagoon mediated the import and export trade across the sea even in the pre-order period. A rich find of Roman gold coins was made in a grave near Groß Tromp. A large stone in the Passarge near Grunenberg was called a sacrificial stone until recently. At the Schreit a ford led through the passage, which the locals called “Cucke” or “Cuckumbrasch” (“underground” passage). There are several Prussian ramparts, entrenchments and castles in the area.

Braunsberg arose around the Braunsberg Ordensburg of the Warmia cathedral chapter and later the Bishop of Warmia on the banks of the Passarge River ( Pasłęka in Polish ) and was founded by Johannes Fleming, the son of a Lübeck councilor . In the peace document of February 7, 1249, the subjugating Prussians are obliged to build special churches in their area, including one in Brusebergue .

Bishop Anselm gave the city of Braunsberg (formerly Brusberg, also Brunsberg) in 1254 city rights under Luebian law . In 1250, Bishop Anselm from Meißen established the Ermland cathedral chapter there. During the great uprising in the 1270s, the native Prussians destroyed the city. Bishop Heinrich I (1278-1300) had to move the chapter to Frauenburg , where it remained until the 20th century. As the most important Warmia trading and port city, Braunsberg became a member of the Hanseatic League in 1358 and remained so until 1608.

After the surrounding Duchy of Prussia became Protestant in 1525, after 1551 the Warmia bishop Stanislaus Hosius started a counter-reformation for its citizens in the city, which was part of Warmia under the fief of the Polish kings ( Prussian royal share ) to regain for the Catholic faith. For this purpose he founded the Lyceum Hosianum in 1565 , a higher educational institution from which the Catholic grammar school of Braunsberg emerged, which existed until 1945. In 1578 a Catholic seminary for the missionary work of the Nordic countries was founded in Braunsberg . During the First Northern War , the city was occupied by Sweden for several years .

Until 1945 the city belonged to Prussia and from 1871 to the German Empire and was the seat of the Braunsberg district . While traveling through Braunsberg, Karl August von Hardenberg wrote after a conversation with King Friedrich Wilhelm III. two days earlier his famous Braunsberg memorandum of November 12, 1808, in which he set out how the government should be reorganized in view of the threat to Prussia from Napoleon. He recommended to the king - with great caution - to use the awakening German national feeling for this purpose: “With the danger that Napoleon intends to annihilate Prussia, which is ever more threatening and cannot be lost sight of, the cultivation and use of the national spirit is extremely important . "

In 1848 there were four merchant ships in the port of Braunsberg. On August 1, 1853, the railway to Königsberg was opened ( see Prussian Eastern Railway ). Favored by the traffic situation, Braunsberg remained one of the larger and economically most important cities in southern East Prussia and was the second largest city in Warmia after Allenstein . At the beginning of the 20th century Braunsberg had a Protestant church, four Catholic churches, a synagogue and a regional court .

At the end of the Second World War , the city was fiercely contested for weeks. In January 1945, after the start of the Soviet offensive against East Prussia , part of the population had left Braunsberg. But there were still many women and children in the city, plus numerous refugees (with treks) from the eastern parts of the province. The hospitals were overcrowded with wounded. On February 5, the Soviet Air Force attacked Braunsberg for the first time all day with bombs and on-board weapons, especially the old town was affected. A lighter attack followed on February 9, and another major attack on February 15. Incendiary bombs combined with high-explosive bombs turned the city into a sea of ​​flames. Braunsberg was 80 percent destroyed by the air raids, artillery fire and ground fighting. The historical old town with the old town hall, the so-called Hanse- Speicher and the arbor houses on the market went up in flames. The tower of the Katharinenkirche was blown up as an important landmark by German pioneers. Only the Protestant church from Schinkel's school remained.

On March 20, 1945, the city was captured by the Soviet army and then placed under Polish administration. The immigration of Poles and Ukrainians began, initially mainly from the areas east of the Curzon Line that had fallen to the Soviet Union as part of the " West displacement of Poland " . The remaining German population was due to the Bierut Decrees in the aftermath sold .

Due to its peripheral location on the new border with Kaliningrad Oblast , the city has not been able to recover to this day. A significant economic recovery only took place thanks to the opening of the border after the collapse of the Soviet Union .

Population development until 1945

year number Remarks
1782 04,370 in 621 households, excluding the garrison and its civilians
1831 07.144
1858 9,066 thereof 6,601 Catholics, 2,344 Evangelicals, 105 Jews and 16 Mennonites
1875 10,796
1880 11,542
1890 10,351 of which 3,181 Protestants, 7,559 Catholics and 104 Jews
1900 12,497 with the garrison (a grenadier battalion No. 3), including 3,935 Evangelicals and 99 Jews
1910 13,601
1925 13,893 including 4,211 Evangelicals, 9,587 Catholics, 19 other Christians and 52 Jews
1933 15,325 including 4,299 Evangelicals, 10,896 Catholics, no other Christians and 67 Jews
1939 21,142 thereof 6,106 Evangelicals, 12,435 Catholics, 21 other Christians and 10 Jews

Buildings

Katharinenkirche

Gothic basilica of St. Catherine with its massive tower typical of Warmia

Construction of the Katharinenkirche began in 1346, the construction of the 60 meter high church tower began in 1426. The Gothic, brick Gothic building has a massive tower typical of Warmia and is one of the largest churches in Warmia. The church was badly damaged in the fighting for East Prussia in the last months of the Second World War. The reconstruction of the Katharinenkirche with its huge tower that took place in the 1980s is a particularly impressive example of Polish restoration art.

In the Great Northern War, Polish troops smashed the old bronze bell. The new casting from the material of the old bell is described in a long Latin inscription. Bishop Johannes Szembek (1680–1740), archpriest Johannes Gaziorowski, church director H (einrich) Schorn, foundry A (ndreas) Dörling from Königsberg and the casting date, October 24, 1726, are mentioned here. The other side of the bell bears the dedication: “BENEDICAMUS PATREM ET FILIUM CUM SANCTO SPIRITU. LAUDEMUS ET SUPEREXALTEMUS EUM IN SAECULA ” (Let us praise the Father and the Son with the Holy Spirit. We want to praise and exalt him for ever .) The two apostles Peter and Paul are also represented on the bell.

Napoleon was so enthusiastic about the sound of the big bell in 1812 that he wanted to take it with him to France. As the “musically most valuable bell” in East Prussia, it escaped the metal collections of the time during World War I, but was confiscated in 1942 in the course of the renewed metal collections and taken to the bell cemetery in Hamburg. Today it hangs in the New Benedictine Abbey Kornelimünster near Aachen . Moving them to Hamburg saved them from destruction in the fighting around Braunsberg in 1945.

Other buildings

  • Holy Trinity Church, late Gothic, today Orthodox.
  • Evangelical church from the school of Karl Friedrich Schinkel , today Catholic.
  • Half-timbered store on the banks of the Passarge, some of which were preserved after 1945
  • So-called. Steinhaus, part of the former seminary, was the most important town house in East Prussia at the time
  • Burgtor, the only remnant of the bishop's castle
  • Medieval city ​​walls and towers

Economy and Infrastructure

trade

Trade flourished when in 2012 Russians who had lived in the Kaliningrad region for at least three years were given the opportunity to visit neighboring north-eastern Poland without a visa through the " small border traffic ". Since then, many Russians have come to Braniewo every day to shop. Numerous shops sprang up in the north of the city center. Small border traffic between Poland and the Russian Kaliningrad region has been suspended since July 4, 2016.

traffic

Braniewo railway station

The city of Kaliningrad (Königsberg) , located 60 kilometers to the north-east, can be reached via the state roads 54 and 504 (both lead along the route of the former Reichsstrasse 1 ) or by rail. 51 km southwest lies Elblag (Elbing) .

Braniewo station is located on the Malbork – Russian border near Braniewo, which is now only used for freight traffic, and is the terminus of the Gutkowo – Braniewo railway and the largely disused Elbląg – Braniewo railway , known until 1945 as the “Haffuferbahn”.

Personalities

Sorted by year of birth

Braniewo rural municipality

The rural community Braniewo is a gmina in the Braniewski powiat in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship . It covers an area of ​​306.93 km² and has 6344 inhabitants. The seat of the municipal administration is Braniewo without the urban area belonging to the rural municipality.

literature

in order of appearance
  • Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia. Part I: Topography of East Prussia. Marienwerder 1785, pp. 20-21 ( full text ).
  • August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland. Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, pp. 467–468, no. 81.
  • News about the solemn laying of the foundation stone for the new Protestant church in Braunsberg on May 23, 1830. In: Preußische Provinzial-Blätter , Volume 4. Königsberg 1830, pp. 153-184.
  • JA Lilienthal: The administration of justice in the old town of Braunsberg. From the earliest times to the Prussian seizure of possession in 1772. In: Neue Preußische Provinzial-Blätter. Another sequence, Volume 1, Königsberg 1852, pp. 3-27 and pp. 170-186.
  • CE Höpfner: Memories from the wars in 1807 in and around Brausberg. In: New Prussian Provincial Papers, Other Series. Volume 6, Königsberg 1854 pp. 97–115 ( full text in the Google book search).
  • Bender: About the origin and development history of the city of Braunsberg. In: Magazine for the history and archeology of Warmia. Volume 5. Braunsberg 1870, pp. 268-294.
  • Adolf Poschmann : Braunsberg. In: Handbook of historical sites , East and West Prussia. Kröner, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-520-31701-X , pp. 24-25.
  • Franz Buchholz: Braunsberg through the centuries. Festschrift for the 650th anniversary of the city on June 23 and 24, 1934. Ermland newspaper and publishing house printing, Braunsberg 1934.
  • Norbert Matern : East Prussia when the bombs fell . Droste-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1986, ISBN 3-7700-0674-7 (on Braunsberg pp. 59-71).

Web links

Commons : Braniewo  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wikivoyage: Braniewo  - travel guide
Wikisource: Braunsperg in the Topographia Electoratus Brandenburgici et Ducatus Pomeraniae (Matthäus Merian)  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ^ August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland . Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, pp. 467–468, no. 81.
  3. ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Volume 1: Topography of East Prussia , Königsberg and Leipzig 1785, pp. 20–21.
  4. ↑ Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler : Regesta and documents on the constitutional and legal history of German cities in the Middle Ages, Erlangen 1863, p. 281, bottom right column, to p. 285 and p. 973.
  5. ^ Heinrich Friedrich Jacobson : History of the sources of the canon law of the Prussian state, with documents and registers . Part I, Volume 2, Königsberg 1839, pp. 225-226.
  6. ^ KF Merleker: Historical-statistical news about the royal. Catholic high school in Braunsberg . In: Prussian provincial sheets . Volume 16, Königsberg 1836, pp. 448-474.
  7. ^ L. Wiese: The higher school system in Prussia. Historical-statistical representation. Berlin 1864, pp. 57-59
  8. ↑ Braunsberg memorandum of November 12, 1808 ( Memento of the original of February 20, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , No. 10. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.staatskanzler-hardenberg.de
  9. ^ E. Wendt & Co. (Ed.): Overview of the Prussian Merchant Navy . Stettin January 1848, p. 4 ( online [accessed June 4, 2015]).
  10. ^ Friedrich Benecke: The Königsberg stock exchange . G. Fischer, Jena 1925, p. 20.
  11. ↑ a b Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6. Editions, Volume 3, Leipzig / Vienna 1905, p. 353
  12. ^ Norbert Matern: East Prussia, when the bombs fell . Droste-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1986, pp. 59-71.
  13. ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I: Topography of East Prussia . Marienwerder 1785, p. 20 .
  14. ^ August Eduard Preuss: Prussian country and folklore . Königsberg 1835, pp. 467–468, no. 81.
  15. ↑ Adolf Schlott: Topographical-statistical overview of the government district of Königsberg, based on official sources . Hartung, Königsberg 1861, p. 40, point 21.
  16. ↑ a b c d e f Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Braunsberg district. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  17. ↑ Information on the homepage of the Kornelimünster Abbey ( Memento of the original from December 28, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.abtei-kornelimuenster.de
  18. ↑ Friedrich Schmidt: Kaliningrad's unexplained legacy. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, August 31, 2016, p. 6.
  19. ↑ http://ermland-masuren-journal.de/kleiner- Grenzverkehr-kaliningrad-ausETZ //
  20. ↑ Główny Urząd Statystyczny: Stan i Struktura ludności oraz ruch naturalny w przekroju terytorialnym w 2012 r. (PDF; 1.3 MB), accessed on October 8, 2013