Frombork
| Frombork | |||
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Warmia-Masuria | ||
| Powiat : | Braniewski | ||
| Gmina : | Frombork | ||
| Area : | 7.59 km² | ||
| Geographic location : | 54 ° 21 ' N , 19 ° 41' E | ||
| Residents : | 2332 (June 30, 2019) | ||
| Postal code : | 14-530 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 55 | ||
| License plate : | NBR | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : | Ext. 504 Elbląg - Milejewo - Pogrodzie ↔ Braniewo | ||
| Ext. 505 Frombork - Młynary - Pasłęk | |||
| Rail route : | Elbląg – Braniewo (without regular traffic) | ||
| Next international airport : | Danzig | ||
Frombork [ ˈfrɔmbɔrk ] (German Frauenburg ) is a city in the Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship with about 2350 inhabitants. It is the seat of the town-and-country municipality of the same name with 3575 inhabitants (as of June 30, 2019). The place was first mentioned in the 13th century. The city is known far beyond Poland due to the architecturally interesting cathedral with the connected buildings on the hill and the work of Nicolaus Copernicus .
Geographical location
Frombork is located on the Frischen Haff , a bay of the Baltic Sea , in the historical province of East Prussia . The city has a small port from which excursion boats go to Krynica Morska (Kahlberg) on the Fresh Spit . Reichsstraße 1 (today's Droga wojewódzka 504 ) ran through the city of Frombork until 1945 .
history
Emergence
It is not clear whether today's Frombork was founded on the site of an old Prussian settlement near the Frischer Haff . The place was first mentioned as the seat of the Warmia cathedral chapter in 1282 after the first seat in Braunsberg was completely destroyed in the great Prussian uprising of the 1270s. According to an anniversaries of the Frauenburg canons from 1393, the annual memory of a frater Heinricus de Castro alias Pasloci ( old Prussian passis lukis = "quarter of the leader", from Prussian Holland , Polish Pasłęk ) and a Gertrud Paslocisse were celebrated, both as the only lay people among the people listed names. "The legend of a Prussian woman who lived in Sonnenberg and who is said to have given the Frauenburg to the chapter on building a cathedral, rather points to a pagan place of worship."
The sources speak of the Castrum Dominae Nostrae , in German: Castle of Our Lady , i.e. the castle of Mary , the mother of Jesus. Of this guided Frombork and its Polonised version Frombork from. In several Latin texts, however, the city was called Warmia, as the name of the Prussian Gau housing the cathedral was transferred to the place. At the castle of the cathedral chapter, a settlement was built, which in 1310 was awarded hand-held festivals according to Lübischem city law from Bishop Eberhard von Neisse . In view of the competition from the mighty Hanseatic city of Braunsberg in the immediate vicinity, the city remained meaningless for centuries and did not come out of the shadow of the Warmian Domburg.
Change of rule and conquests
With the Second Peace of Thorn , Frauenburg, like the entire Duchy of Warmia, came under the patronage of the Polish crown . In the equestrian war , which Albrecht von Brandenburg-Hohenzollern still waged as the last Grand Master of the Teutonic Order against Poland, his troops conquered and devastated the city in 1520. Nicolaus Copernicus , who was canon in Frombork at the time, therefore temporarily moved to Olsztyn (after 1945 Olsztyn ), but made a contribution to the defense and later the reconstruction of Warmia.
The city suffered destruction and heavy population losses in the centuries that followed. From 1626 to 1632 it was occupied by the Swedish King Gustav II Adolf , who plundered the cathedral and had Copernicus' manuscripts brought to Sweden, among other things. Further destruction occurred in the Second Northern War , the Great Northern War and the Fourth Coalition War .
Frombork since 1946
During the Second World War, when it was captured by the Red Army on February 9, 1945, during the Battle of East Prussia , Frombork was 80 percent destroyed and lost its town charter (which it only regained in 1959). Until 1945 the place belonged to the Braunsberg district. After the city was placed under Polish administration in 1945, the immigration of Poles and Ukrainians from the areas east of the Curzon Line that had fallen to the Soviet Union as part of the " West displacement of Poland " began . Remaining Germans were expelled due to the Bierut decrees . From 1966 the city was rebuilt with the help of Polish scouts .
On the Vistula Lagoon of the Polish state had a large memorial stone to commemorate the 2001 flight of the East Prussian population up. Archbishop Edmund Piszcz inaugurated the stone with the plaque in German and Polish to commemorate the tragic events.
Architectural monuments
Dom
The Frauenburg Cathedral was built in the 14th century. At the beginning of the 16th century, Canon Nicolaus Copernicus developed his theory of the heliocentric worldview here in the “furthest corner of the world” “in Frueburgio Prussiae” .
The development dates from the 14th century and was built according to a uniform plan from 1329 to 1388. The 99 m long hall church is architecturally largely in its original state.
Domburg
A fortification with three gates, numerous towers and bastions as well as houses of the canons and the bishop was built around the cathedral until the 15th century. The mightiest structure of the Domburg is the Campanile (bell tower), which was only completed in the 17th century under Bishop Radziejowski, and has been called the Radziejowski Tower since the end of the 20th century.
The Castrum Dominae Nostrae was the bishopric of Warmia until the relocation of the cathedral chapter and the bishop's seat to Allenstein at the beginning of Polish rule in 1945.
After 1945 the cathedral was assigned to the Catholic Church, the Domburg to the state that set up the Nicolaus-Copernicus Museum there. The museum's exhibition rooms are mainly located in the Old Bishop's Palace, but also in the Kopernikus Tower and the Campanile (Radziejowski Tower). The latter houses a small planetarium in the basement; above it hangs a Foucault pendulum .
Heilig-Geist-Hospital and the parish church
In 1514 was Terminei -Bezirk the Antonine Order of the monastery Tempzin extended in Mecklenburg to the Warmia. Frauenburg became the seat of a subsidiary, in which pilgrims were also looked after on a Way of St. James from the Baltic States to Santiago de Compostela . This late medieval hospital complex has been preserved north of the Domburg. It was rebuilt in the 17th century. The Department for the History of Medicine of the Nicolaus Copernicus Museum has been located here since the 20th century . Gothic wall paintings with a large-format scene of the Last Judgment in the apse have been preserved in the St. Anna hospital chapel .
The parish church of St. Nikolaus from the 14th century, as a towerless, rectangular hall construction of three naves in the nave of the cathedral, obviously built by the building works at the cathedral at the time, burned down at the end of the Second World War, but remained in ruins . The city administration had it structurally restored and used the building as a municipal heating plant for years. In 2005 it was given to the Catholic Church. It is closed and waiting to be restored (as of 2014).
Water tower
At the foot of the Domberg there is a water tower , construction of which began in the 14th century. In 1571 it received a paddle wheel drive and supplied the castle hill with drinking water until the 19th century. The pumping of water to the tower was unique in Poland during its construction period; there was only one other such technical system in all of Europe. The tower has been reconstructed and a private operator offers it as a lookout tower.
Population development
- 1890: 2458, including 176 Evangelicals and 12 Jews
- 2014: 3738
Attractions
- Cathedral (Katedra Wniebowzięcia NMP i sw. Andrzeja) and Domburg (Warownia katedralna)
- Nicolaus Copernicus Museum (Muzeum Mikołaja Kopernika) in the Domburg (Radziejowski Tower and Old Bishop's Palace)
- Canonies (houses of the canons around the cathedral castle)
- Hospital complex with a museum for the history of medicine ( Muzeum Medycyny , department of the Nicolaus Copernicus Museum)
- Water tower from the 16th century in the city, with a viewing platform that was extended later
- Former Protestant church, a neo-Gothic building based on a design by Friedrich August Stüler
- Memorial stone on the Frischen Haff (consecrated in 2001), a large boulder with the following text on a stone slab: “450,000 East Prussian refugees fled over the lagoon and spit, chased by the relentless war. Many drowned, others died in the snow and ice. Your sacrifice urges understanding and peace. January - February 1945 "
local community
The town itself and ten villages with school authorities belong to the town-and-country community (gmina miejsko-wiejska) Frombork.
Personalities
Nicolaus Copernicus
Nikolaus Kopernikus lived in Frombork from 1513 until his death in 1543, with short interruptions. The mathematician and astronomer, who is considered to be one of the founders of the heliocentric worldview, worked as a Warmian canon and was buried in the cathedral. Copernicus jokingly called Frauenburg a city of women or Ginnepolis (old Prussian ginne , Greek: gyne = woman, polis = city). The complete edition of Copernicus' works shows a Latinized Fraunburgum as well as Gynopolis , and his manuscripts contain entries such as Frueburgo Prussiae or Frueburgo, quam Gynopolim dicere possumus . The oldest tower of the Domburg in the north-west corner is called the Kopernikusturm because it belonged to the scholar who had his apartment and work space there. On its lower floor, a room was set up as a study for a Renaissance scholar of the time. The remaining rooms of the tower are used for temporary exhibitions.
Copernicus' grave in Frauenburg Cathedral was forgotten soon after his death. During an archaeological search in 2005 skeletal remains were found which show the scholars according to their age and the appearance reconstructed using contemporary images. In addition, a scientific genetic analysis showed that the human remains came from Copernicus with a 97 percent probability. The grave in the crypt was then marked accordingly. In the cathedral, a memorial plaque from the 18th century and a bust from the 1970s commemorate Copernicus.
Sons of the city of Frauenburg
- Johannes Frauenburg (* around 1430; † 1495 in Görlitz) was a schoolmaster, town clerk, councilor, lay judge, mayor of Görlitz and a humanist.
- Piotr Elert (Petrus Elert) (* around 1575, † around 1653 in Warsaw), composer, printer
- Julius Pohl (* 1830; † 1909 in Zell am Main), cathedral vicar and canon in Frauenburg
- Heinrich Josef Splieth (* 1842, † 1894 in Elbing), wood and picture carver and artisan
- Rudolph Borowski (* 1812; † 1890 ibid.), German politician of the German Center Party and member of the Reichstag
- Albert Wichert (* 1814; † 1868 in Konitz), mathematics teacher at Konitz grammar school.
Other people related to Frauenburg
- Karl Friedrich von Zehmen (* 1720 in Aurach; † 1798 in East Prussia), canon in Frauenburg, auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Warmia, experienced the takeover of Warmia by Prussia in 1772 and swore allegiance to the King of Prussia
- Andreas Stanislaus von Hatten (* 1763 on Gut Lemitten near Albrechtsdorf; † 1841 in Frauenburg), Bishop of Warmia, was the victim of a robbery and murder
- Ignaz Stanislaus von Mathy (* 1765 on Gut Kobierzyn, † 1832 in Pelplin), canon, cathedral provost and pastor of the cathedral parish
- Philipp Krementz (* 1819 in Koblenz, † 1899 in Cologne), Bishop of Warmia (1867–1885) and Archbishop of Cologne (1885–1899)
- Andreas Thiel (bishop) (* 1826 in Lokau near Seeburg, † 1908 in Frauenburg), professor of church history and canon law, co-founder of the historical association for Warmia
- Augustinus Bludau (* 1862 in Guttstadt, † 1930 in Frauenburg), Bishop of Warmia and scientist, co-editor of the Theological Review and from 1908 of the New Testament treatises
- Maximilian Kaller (* 1880 in Beuthen; † 1947 in Frankfurt am Main), the last German bishop of Warmia, who has been commemorated by another bust in the cathedral for several years.
literature
- Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I: Topography of East Prussia . Marienwerder 1785, p. 21 ( full text ).
- Karl Emil Gebauer : Church history remarks about the Warmia in relation to the establishment of the Protestant congregations in general and that of Frauenburg in particular . In: Prussian provincial sheets . Volume 9, Königsberg 1833, pp. 280-292.
Web links
- Website of the city and municipality (mainly in Polish, a few areas also in German)
- Current pictures from Frombork / Frauenburg and a short story as a Teutonic Order city
- Museums in Frombork
- Report on the capture of Frauenburg from the SowInform office
- Map / aerial photo
- Spherical panorama
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ Otto Schlüter: Forest, Swamp and Settlement Land in Old Prussia before the Order . M. Niemeyer, Halle an der Saale 1921, therein: Braunsberg, Frauenburg and the Baudetal. P.56.
- ↑ "in remotissimo angulo terrae" - Andreas Kuehne: The edition of letters, documents and files in the Munich Copernicus Complete Edition . In: Hans-Gert Roloff, Renate Meincke: Editionsdesiderate zur Early Modern Age: Contributions to the meeting of the Commission for the Edition of Texts of the Early Modern Age. Working group for Germanistic edition. Commission for the Edition of Texts from the Early Modern Period. Workshop. Rodopi, Amsterdam 1997, ISBN 90-420-0332-4 , p. 141.
- ↑ la.wikisource.org
- ↑ Manuscript 72 recto (corrected) - archive link ( Memento from June 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ All information about the water tower according to the trilingual explanation board next to the entrance (Polish, German, English).
- ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to reunification in 1990. East Prussia - Braunsberg district. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ "Gynopolis, or Weiberstadt", in Hermann Kesten : Copernicus and his world , [1]
- ↑ Nicolaus Copernicus Complete Edition , p. 373. [2]
- ↑ Manuscript Manuscript of a manuscript by Copernicus ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Marian Biskup: Regesta Copernicana. Ossolineum, 1973 [3]
