Datesi

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Terminei and scheduling (of Latin terminare "limit": medieval Latin terminus "area district") are terms from the area of the medieval mendicant orders . Occasionally, the term collection is used for it .

A Terminierbezirk ( terminus (praedicationis) ) was a given, a monastery assigned area in the Fathers regularly to preach and collecting alms (to date or to terminate were sent), isolated as Quaesta (from the Latin. Quaestus "levy") or called limites . The beginnings of organized termination for the Dominicans probably go back to the 1230s, and for the Franciscans to the 1260s. On a larger scale, dates were created from the beginning of the 14th century.

Termini as a district for collecting alms

The brothers of the Franciscan Order , the Dominican Order and the Order of the Augustinian Hermits had no benefices like the Benedictines , for example , but lived solely on alms in the early days of their order . In addition, the order received the begging privilege from the Pope . A religious establishment thus had the legal right to beg by virtue of its institution. Individual brothers were sent from house to house to collect alms. The responsible bishop assigned the monasteries to a fixed area, which was called Deadlines (Latin terminus ). The terminating districts of neighboring convents of one order were delimited from one another, while they could overlap with the terminating districts of other orders; only in exceptional cases could a place belong to the terminating district of two convents of the same order. With Dominicans and Augustinian hermits, the terminating districts could be of considerable size. With the Franciscans, the individual convents were usually closer to one another, which limited the dates; In Mecklenburg such a terminating area of ​​a Franciscan monastery had a diameter of about 60 kilometers. In individual cases, the determination of the dates could lead to conflicts between neighboring convents, so that the provincial or diocese leadership had to mediate.

The religious entrusted with the collection of alms were referred to as "Termininarier" ( terminarius ). "Terminating trips" were scheduled from the Convention itself and from the outstations, "Terminien". The routes to and between the appointments were covered on foot. Horse-drawn carts were used exclusively for the transport of the collected goods, because the Franciscans were forbidden from riding by their religious rules. Occasionally, in observant convents, only a donkey was allowed for transport instead of a horse and cart.

Deadlines as a structural feature

As Terminei ( domus terminalis or domus terminarii even Low German terminie , termeney ) is also a house or room in which to sleep the brother while collecting alms in Terminierbezirk and the funds raised could keep for a while, until he returned to his convent returned . Other names are "terminating station", occasionally also "hospice" or celle . Such a date could also be a single room in a monastery of another order. In Werl there had been a datei since 1320, which the Franciscan monastery of Soest shared with the Dominicans there, similarly in other cities. One to three appointments belonged to a convent, but there are also convents for which no appointments have so far been proven.

The appointments were small, less expensive branches than the convents with fewer rights. A priest and a lay brother lived there temporarily, and later permanently , sometimes with one or two servants. Appointments allowed the order not only to collect alms but also to be present in the surrounding area of ​​their monasteries by means of such bases, to have pastoral effects, for example to celebrate Holy Mass with a portable altar at outposts , and even to purchase land with houses there - donations from patrons also came to stay overnight before - as well as when traveling from one convent to another. Therefore, the orders made sure to set appointments at intervals of about one or at most two day trips on foot (20 to 40 kilometers). At greater distances, the mendicant orders found support from hosts, hospites or fautores ("patrons") who offered overnight accommodation. The proceeds from the termination did not remain in the deadline, but flowed to the entire convention. It consisted of sums of money and natural produce (salt, grain, wood, eggs, clothes, tallow), was expected in height and was of great importance for the management of the convent, especially after the harvest season in autumn to ensure winter supplies.

The size and furnishings of the appointments varied greatly. There were entire farmsteads ( curia , "monastery courtyard") with a house and granary ( granarium ), but also only stalls. Very often they were near churches or chapels. In addition to household items, liturgical implements for worship were also kept there. The housekeeping was occasionally entrusted to pious women ( procuratrices , Marthae according to the biblical Martha of Bethany , Lk 10.40  EU ).

In addition to collecting alms, pastoral care - sermon and confession - was an important task of a Terminari, which is why the Terminarians always included a priest . From the 15th century it became more and more common for the terminators to not only work temporarily in one place, but also to work at the same outpost for years and decades, where they were sometimes paid for regular sermons or mass ceremonies. Conflicts with the local clergy were inevitable. The termination locations also had advantages for the recruitment of members; not a few members of the convents, as evidenced by their family names, came from smaller places with appointments. Obviously there were grievances again and again when the provincial authorities had to intervene against the fact that terminators themselves lived on what had been collected or “were with women” during the overnight stays.

Convents that joined the Observanz had to sell their appointments as non-compliant property, for example to the city council or individual citizens, but occasionally retained a usufructuary right. The abolition of the monasteries as a result of the Reformation brought an end to most appointments, although sometimes not until several years after the abolition of the mother monastery. Finally, on July 16, 1562 , the Council of Trent decided to abolish all terminarians.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Raynald Wagner: On the history of the Bavarian Franciscan Province from 1625 to 1802. In: Bayerische Franziskanerprovinz (Hrsg.): 1625 - 2010. The Bavarian Franciscan Province. From its beginnings until today. Furth 2010, pp. 6–29, here p. 25.
  2. ^ Jan F. Niemeyer, Co van de Kieft: Mediae Latinitatis lexicon minus. Volume II: M-Z. Leiden et al. 2002, ISBN 90-04-12900-6 , p. 1334 No. 7.
    Andreas Rüther: mendicant orders in town and country. The Strasbourg Mendikantenkonvente and Alsace in the late Middle Ages. Berlin 1997, p. 106.
  3. ^ Arnd Mindermann: The Franciscan appointment system. In: Volker Honemann (Ed.): From the beginnings to the Reformation. Paderborn 2015, pp. 195–263, here pp. 209ff.
  4. ↑ In Güstrow and Sternberg in Mecklenburg there were appointments for both the Dominicans and the Franciscans (Güstrow: Konvente in Rostock; Sternberg: Konvente in Wismar). - Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. The termination system of the Mecklenburg Mendikantenkonvente. 1995, p. 314.
  5. ^ Arnd Mindermann: The Franciscan appointment system. In: Volker Honemann (Ed.): From the beginnings to the Reformation. Paderborn 2015, pp. 195–263, here pp. 200f.
  6. ^ Arnd Mindermann: The Franciscan appointment system. In: Volker Honemann (Ed.): From the beginnings to the Reformation. Paderborn 2015, pp. 195–263, here p. 201.
  7. ^ Arnd Mindermann: The Franciscan appointment system. In: Volker Honemann (Ed.): From the beginnings to the Reformation. Paderborn 2015, pp. 195–263, here p. 207.
  8. ^ Arnd Mindermann: The Franciscan appointment system. In: Volker Honemann (Ed.): From the beginnings to the Reformation. Paderborn 2015, pp. 195–263, here pp. 226–232.
  9. ^ Arnd Mindermann: The Franciscan appointment system. In: Volker Honemann (Ed.): From the beginnings to the Reformation. Paderborn 2015, pp. 195–263, here pp. 215–218.
  10. ^ Arnd Mindermann: The Franciscan appointment system. In: Volker Honemann (Ed.): From the beginnings to the Reformation. Paderborn 2015, pp. 195–263, here pp. 220–223.
  11. ^ Ingo Ulpts: The mendicant orders in Mecklenburg. The termination system of the Mecklenburg Mendikantenkonvente. 1995, pp. 308.312-315.
  12. ^ Arnd Mindermann: The Franciscan appointment system. In: Volker Honemann (Ed.): From the beginnings to the Reformation. Paderborn 2015, pp. 195–263, here p. 208.
  13. ^ Arnd Mindermann: The Franciscan appointment system. In: Volker Honemann (Ed.): From the beginnings to the Reformation. Paderborn 2015, pp. 195–263, here p. 238ff.