Pasłęk
| Pasłęk | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Warmia-Masuria | ||
| Powiat : | Elbląski | ||
| Gmina : | Pasłęk | ||
| Area : | 11.39 km² | ||
| Geographic location : | 54 ° 4 ' N , 19 ° 39' E | ||
| Residents : | 12,160 (June 30, 2019) | ||
| Postal code : | 14-400 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 55 | ||
| License plate : | NEB | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : | S7 / DK7 Danzig - Warsaw - Chyżne / Slovakia | ||
| DW505 : Frombork - Młynary –Pasłęk | |||
| DW513 : Pasłęk– Orneta - Lidzbark Warmiński –Wozławki | |||
| Rail route : | PKP line 220: Olsztyn- Bogaczewo | ||
| Next international airport : | Danzig | ||
Pasłęk [ ˈpaswɛŋk ] ( German Prussian Holland ) is a town in the powiat Elbląski of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in Poland . It is the seat of the town-and-country municipality of the same name with 19,337 inhabitants (as of June 30, 2019).
Geographical location
The city is located in the northwestern foothills of the Prussian Oberland ( Polish Prusy Górne) on a hillside in the small river Wąska (Weeske) , the ten kilometers into the lake Druzno (Drużno) flows, about 20 kilometers southeast of Elblag (Elbing) and 70 km southeast of Gdansk .
Place name
The German name (Prussian) Holland refers to the Dutch settlers who founded the city. The Polish name goes back to the Prussian name Passis Lukis (from pa-assis = "the one at the top" and lukis = "quartier", so "quarters of the leader"), which for example 1393 in the annual memory of a "frater Heinricus de Castro alias Pasloci ”is mentioned.
history
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Middle Ages: German Order
Even before the Teutonic Order built a castle on the edge of the lowland of the Drausensee at the beginning of the 14th century , a settlement called Pazluk had already developed there .
When in 1288 the landmaster of the Meinhard von Querfurt order was commissioned to dike the Vistula Delta, he called dike construction experts from Holland into the country. Some of them settled in Pazluk and expanded the place into an urban settlement. Already in 1297 Meinhard von Querfurt was able to give the place city rights according to Kulmer law with the hand festival and noted in the document that the Dutch were the city founders ( primi locatores ) and the city is named after them. The city then bore the name Holland , from which the name Prussian Holland later developed.
The order enclosed its castle and town with a solid wall, and the strongest medieval fortress in the Oberland was built . In 1404 the Grand Master of the Order Konrad von Jungingen donated the Hospital of the Holy Spirit to the city. During the armed conflict between the Teutonic Order and Poland, Prussian Holland was occupied by Polish troops in 1410, but the Commander of Ragnit managed to recapture the city. The city was able to repel a second attack by the Poles under their king Jagiello in 1414 thanks to its strong fortifications.
When the order of knights got into financial difficulties as a result of the wars with Poland and wanted to shift these to the cities, they joined together to defend the demands in 1440 to form the Prussian Confederation . One of the member cities was Pr. Holland, which was involved in military clashes with the religious chartered Heinrich von Plauen in 1454 and 1464 during the so-called city war . With the 2nd Peace of Thorner of 1466 the disputes between the order and Poland were finally ended. The order lost its territories west of the Vistula and Elbing, which meant that the seat of the Elbing Commandery was relocated to Pr. Holland. The later Grand Master Heinrich Reuss von Plauen took office here as the first commander . When the order of knights again fought with Poland in the so-called equestrian war in 1520 , Prussian Holland also felt this. At the end of January 1521, 8,000 Poles, Elbingers and Danzigers besieged the city and destroyed the castle.
Duchy of Prussia
When the religious order was secularized in 1525 and the Duchy of Prussia was created in its place , the Commandery was converted into the Main Office of Prussian Holland, which in turn was incorporated into the Oberland District . In 1534 a Latin school was established in the city . In 1543 the Duke of Prussia Albrecht made a stop in Prussian Holland on the occasion of a church visit. A groom of his entourage caused a fire that killed almost the entire city. The Duke provided timber and stones from the destroyed castle for the reconstruction and also gave financial help.
Medieval city wall
City gate
Street part
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In the course of the 16th century, Dutch immigrated again, this time as religious refugees, in Prussian Holland. They were followed by Reformed French and Scots. The latter formed a strong colony, at times called the "Scottish Nation". With the help of the energetic immigrants, the medieval old town was rebuilt, which was later referred to as the "East Prussian Rothenburg " and, until 1945, was one of the best preserved historical small towns east of the Oder.
During the Swedish-Polish War, the Swedes occupied Prussian Holland in 1627, and their King Gustav Adolf was there on October 19 . In 1629 the plague struck the city, 744 inhabitants fell victim to it. In 1656 the Swedish King Karl X. Gustav met with the Brandenburg Elector Friedrich Wilhelm in Prussian Holland in order to win Brandenburg as an ally. Nevertheless, in 1659, Prussian Holland was besieged again by 5,000 Swedish soldiers, but this time they were unable to penetrate the city. In 1663 and 1695, fires again caused severe damage to the city.
In 1752, in the meantime the Kingdom of Prussia had emerged from the Duchy , the Oberland District was dissolved as part of an administrative reform and Prussian Holland was incorporated into the District of Mohrungen . In 1780 the city had 2900 inhabitants.
Napoleonic Wars
During the French occupation of East Prussia, Napoleon's soldiers marched into Pr. Holland on February 24, 1807, and Marshal Bernadotte set up his headquarters here for a few weeks. On their way to Russia in 1812, Napoleon's troops marched through the city and requisitioned all cattle and wagons. The residents set up a civil guard for their protection. A year later the defeated French army marched through the city again. Under the direction of a Cossack army , 68 residents were drafted into the Landwehr, which took part in the war of liberation.
Prussia and the German Empire from 1815
In the course of the Prussian reforms , the district of Prussian Holland was formed in the administrative district of Königsberg in the province of East Prussia in 1815 , and its district office was established in the city. Between 1845 and 1853 the later Reichsstrasse 130 was built, which connected Prussian Holland with Elbing and Osterode . In 1884 it was connected to the Güldenboden - Göttkendorf railway line , with which the connection to the Prussian East Railway Berlin - Königsberg was established. At the beginning of the 20th century the town had a Protestant church, a Catholic church, a synagogue , an old castle, an agricultural winter school and a district court.
While the city was not damaged in World War I, a major fire broke out in 1922, which also destroyed the tower of St. Bartholomew's Church . When the Second World War broke out , the city had 6,343 inhabitants. During the bombing raids on Berlin , the Friesen-Oberrealschule was evacuated from Berlin-Charlottenburg to Prussian Holland.
Towards the end of World War II, the Red Army began attacking Prussian Holland on January 22, 1945 and occupied the city a day later. After the capture, fires broke out, especially in the center, which largely destroyed the old historic city center and the castle.
After the Second World War
In the summer of 1945, the southern part of East Prussia was placed under Polish administration by the Soviet occupying power in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement, subject to a future peace treaty settlement . Based on the medieval settlement name, the Polish place name Pasłęk was introduced. In the following years the inhabitants of Prussian Holland were expelled by the local Polish administrative authority . Some of the newly settled residents came from the areas east of the Curzon Line that had fallen to the Soviet Union as part of the “ West displacement of Poland ” .
Under the Polish administration, the castle, the town church, the town hall and parts of the well-preserved town fortifications with the Hohem and Mühlentor as well as some town houses were rebuilt or reconstructed. The city is now part of the Powiat Elbląski in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship .
Ordensburg Holland
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Even before the Teutonic Order built a castle on the edge of the lowland of the Drausensee at the beginning of the 14th century , a settlement called Pazluk had already developed there .
As early as 1297, the landmaster Meinhard von Querfurt was able to give the place city rights according to Kulmer law and noted in the document that the Dutch were the founders of the city (primi locatores) and that the city is named after them. The town and castle then bore the name "Holland", from which the name Prussian Holland later developed. The order surrounded its castle and town with a solid wall, and the strongest medieval fortress in the Oberland was built (castle and town together). During the armed conflict between the Teutonic Order and Poland, Prussian Holland was occupied by Polish troops in 1410, but the Commander of Ragnit managed to recapture the city. The city was able to repel a second attack by the Poles under their king Jagiello in 1414 thanks to its strong fortifications.
When the order of knights got into financial difficulties as a result of the wars with Poland and wanted to shift these to the cities, they joined together to defend the demands in 1440 to form the Prussian Confederation . One of the member cities was Prussian Holland, which was involved in military clashes with the religious chartered Heinrich von Plauen in 1454 and 1464 during the so-called city war . With the Second Peace of Thorner in 1466, the conflict between the order and Poland was finally ended. The order lost its territories west of the Vistula and Elbing, with the result that the seat of the Elbing Commandery was relocated to Prussian Holland. The later Grand Master Heinrich Reuss von Plauen took office here as the first commander . When the order of knights again fought with Poland in the so-called equestrian war in 1520 , Prussian Holland also felt this. At the end of January 1521, 8,000 Poles, Elbingers and Danzigers besieged the city and destroyed the castle.
In 1543 the Duke of Prussia Albrecht made a stop in Prussian Holland on the occasion of a church visit. A groom of his entourage caused a fire that killed almost the entire city. The Duke provided the stones from the destroyed castle for the reconstruction.
Towards the end of World War II , the Red Army began attacking Prussian Holland on January 22, 1945 and occupied the city a day later. After the capture, fires broke out, especially in the center, which largely destroyed the old historic city center and the castle.
The castle was rebuilt under Polish administration.
Population development
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1780 | over 2,900 | |
| 1818 | 2,671 | including 2,523 Evangelicals, 72 Catholics, eight Mennonites and 68 Jews |
| 1831 | 3.132 | |
| 1875 | 4,718 | |
| 1880 | 4,773 | |
| 1890 | 4,984 | including 278 Catholics and 169 Jews |
| 1905 | 4,923 | |
| 1933 | 5,312 | |
| 1939 | 6.343 | |
| 1945 | 745 | when administration was handed over to Poland on June 1, 1945 |
local community
The town itself and 39 villages with school offices belong to the urban and rural community (gmina miejsko-wiejska) Pasłęk.
coat of arms
Blazon : "In gold on a green three-mountain, an armored rider on a jumping, silver horse, with his right hand swinging the sword, with the left a red shield with a silver crossbar in front of his chest."
Such is the beautiful SIGILLVM BVRGENSIVM DE HOLLANDIA, which must have been cut around the year 1300. A small repetition with the same image and inscription was used as a secretion in 1453. The representation has always been retained. Unfortunately, the coat of arms on the knight's shield has not yet been unraveled, so the colors are uncertain.
Town twinning
A partnership agreement with the Schleswig-Holstein city of Itzehoe has existed since October 11, 1990 . On August 2, 1953, she sponsored the former residents of the city, but also the city itself. The Steinburg district , based in Itzehoe, saw itself as the sponsor group of the associated district. This partnership was confirmed on September 15, 2013.
The listed Haus der Heimat in Itzehoe is the cultural seat of the district community Pr. Holland and also includes a museum.
traffic
Numerous highways meet in the city, among them the European route 77 (Gdansk – Warsaw), via which the northwestern city of Elbląg (Elbing) is reached after 18 kilometers . In addition, the railway line Elbląg - Olsztyn (Allenstein) runs through the place.
Pasłęk station is a long-distance stop on the Olsztyn – Bogaczewo railway line . The village of Stegny used to have a stop on the Malbork – Braniewo railway, which was only operated there for freight traffic .
Personalities
sons and daughters of the town
- Georg Werner (1589–1643), hymn poet, teacher and pastor
- Gottfried Weiss (1659–1697), Lutheran theologian, professor at the University of Rostock, superintendent in Lüneburg
- Joachim Friedrich Henckel (1712–1779), doctor
- Carl Ludwig August Bergius (1784–1829), councilor in Königsberg
- Victor Valois (1841–1924), Vice Admiral of the Imperial Navy
- Hugo Erdmann (1862–1910), chemist
- Eduard Anderson (1873-1947), painter
- Max Liedtke (1894–1955), journalist
- Else Jung (1895–1990), writer
- Lotte Laserstein (1898–1993), painter
- Karl-Heinz Balzer (1921–2007), athletics trainer
- Hans Grodotzki (* 1936), athlete
- Marek Polasik (* 1951), Polish physicist
- Katarzyna Ankudowicz (* 1981), Polish actress
- Urszula Piwnicka (* 1983), Polish javelin thrower
- Kacper Oleszczuk (* 1994), Polish javelin thrower
Personalities connected to the local area
- Erhard von Queis , Bishop of Pomesanien , pioneer of the Reformation in Prussia, died on September 10, 1529 in Prussian Holland.
literature
- in order of appearance
- Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia. First part which contains the topography of East Prussia . Marienwerder 1785, p. 23.
- Karl Peter Faber : Some about the history and description of the city of Prussian Holland . In: Contributions to the Prussian customer , Volume 2, Königsberg 1819, pp. 194–205
- Klinger: compilation of those born, died and married in the Preuss. Dutch town and country community, in Decennia initially from 50 to 50 years , etc. In: Preusssche Prpovinzial-Blätter . Volume 13, Königsberg 1835, pp. 583-589.
- Creutzwieser: Contributions to a historical-statistical-medical topography by Pr. Holland . In: Prussian provincial sheets . Volume 19, Königsberg 1838, pp. 285-314 and pp. 381-416 , and Volume 20, Königsberg 1838, pp. 63-74 , pp. 252-273 , pp. 319-335 and pp. 417-437.
- August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland . Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, pp. 445–447, no. 61.
- Erich Weise (Hrsg.): Handbook of historical places . Volume: East and West Prussia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 317). Unchanged reprint of the 1st edition 1966. Kröner, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-520-31701-X .
- Georg Hermanowski , Heinz Georg Podehl: East Prussia Lexicon. Geography, history, culture. License issue. Bechtermünz, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-86047-186-4 .
Web links
- City of Prussian Holland (Rolf Jehke, 2005)
- www.ostpreussen.net
- Scientific study of the city's founding (PDF)
- Page about Paslek on the homepage of the city of Itzehoe
- Official site of the city (Polish)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, 16th volume, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, 338.
- ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I: Topography of East Prussia . Marienwerder 1785, p. 23.
- ↑ Faber: Some about the history and description of the city of Prussian Holland . In: Contributions to the Prussian customer , Volume 2, Königsberg 1819, pp. 194–205
- ^ August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore . Königsberg 1835, pp. 445-447, no.61.
- ↑ a b c d e Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. prholland.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ Joanna Ewa Wisniewska: Preußisch Holland / Pasłęk - The turn of the year 1945. The expulsion / resettlement of the German population 1945-1950 , p. 91 (PDF)
- ^ German town book - Handbook of urban history by Prof. Dr. Erich Keyser , published in 1939 by W. Kohlhammer Verlag Stuttgart Volume I Northeast Germany Page 96
- ^ German local coats of arms by Prof. Otto Hupp , published in 1925 by Kaffee-Handels-Aktiengesellschaft Bremen
- ↑ s. Image.
- ↑ Bernd Hinz: The partnership relationships of the district community Pr. Holland with the city of Pr. Holland / Paslek and the district of Elbing / Elblag. In: Steinburger Jahrbuch 2008 , ISSN 0561-9920 .
- ↑ Sponsorship currently as it was 60 years ago .
- ^ District community Pr. Holland
