Tuchola

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Tuchola
Tuchola coat of arms
Tuchola (Poland)
Tuchola
Tuchola
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Kuyavian Pomeranian
Powiat : Tuchola
Gmina : Tuchola
Area : 17.68  km²
Geographic location : 53 ° 36 '  N , 17 ° 51'  E Coordinates: 53 ° 36 '0 "  N , 17 ° 51' 0"  E
Residents : 13,814 (Dec. 31, 2016)
Postal code : 89-500 + 89-501
Telephone code : (+48) 52
License plate : CTU
Economy and Transport
Street : Ext. 237 : Czersk –Mąkowarsko
Ext. 240 : Świecie - Chojnice
DW 241 : Rogoźno - Więcbork - Czersk
Rail route : PKP - Route 208: Działdowo-Chojnice
Next international airport : Gdansk Lech Walesa Airport



Tuchola ( German Tuchel ) is a town in the powiat Tucholski of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland . It is the seat of the Powiat and the town-and-country municipality of the same name with around 20,400 inhabitants.

Geographical location

Tuchola is located in the former West Prussia , on the edge of the Bory Tucholskie (Tucheler Heide) , 55 kilometers north of Bydgoszcz (Bromberg) . The Brda (Brahe) flows two kilometers east of the city .

history

Imprint of the seal of the Tuchel Commandery established in 1330 . The seal shows a disciplinarian with a rod and a slack whipping boy over his arm, with the inscription Sigillum commendatoris de tuchol
Large city seal with the city arms and the inscription SIGILLUM CIVITATIS TUCHHOL, introduced around 1345 by the Teutonic Order
Pedestrian zone in the city center
Christ Church
14th century church
Railway station in winter

The region in which the first settlement arose here around the year 980 belonged in older times to the Duchy of Pomerania , which earlier also included Pomerellen and extended to the Vistula . Although the Roman-German emperors had granted the Margraves of Brandenburg feudal sovereignty over this area several times, they de facto did not exercise the feudal right here. When the Teutonic Order was involved in a conflict over the city of Danzig at the beginning of the 14th century , it bought the margraves' feudal rights over Pomerellen. The validity of this purchase was subsequently confirmed by both the Roman-German Emperor and the Pope.

The village was created between 1287 and 1207 under Sambor I , Duke of Pomerellen. The first written mention comes from the year 1287, on the occasion of the consecration of the church by the Archbishop of Gnesen, Jakub Świnka, on October 9, 1287 ("ad consecrandam ecclesiam in Thuchol"). There was a castle in the village, which was owned by the Swenzonen family at the beginning of the 14th century . In 1309 the village came to the Teutonic Order state together with Pomerania through the Treaty of Soldin . In the same year, knights temporarily occupied the castle, but in 1313 it was again in the possession of the brothers Peter, Jesko and Lorenz, who, like their father, cooperated with the order.

Since 1330 there was a commandery of the Teutonic Order State in Tuchel . The development of the city was promoted under the protection of the Ordensburg Tuchel by Commander Dietrich von Lichtenhain, who is considered the founder of the city of Tuchel. On 22 July 1346 Tuchel was the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Heinrich Dusemer the Chelmno city charter granted.

The campaign of the Polish King Władysław II. Jagiełło and the allied Grand Duke Witold of Lithuania against the Order, which began with the Battle of Tannenberg (Grunwald) on July 15, 1410, ended in Tuchel. On November 5, 1410, the Polish army attacked the army of the Knights of the Order gathered in the Tuchel Castle from the south and wiped it out. According to the writings of the Polish historian and chronicler Johannes Longinus , far more knights were killed in this battle in the castle lake and in the surrounding swamp than by the swords of the Polish soldiers.

The two swords that Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen near Tannenberg is said to have given the Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło came from the Tuchel Commander Heinrich von Schwelborn.

Despite the catastrophic defeat of the Teutonic Order, Grand Master Heinrich von Plauen was able to negotiate acceptable peace provisions in the First Peace of Thorn on February 1, 1411: The territorial existence of the Order was essentially preserved.

Only at the end of the following Thirteen Years' War between the Teutonic Order and Poland-Lithuania (1454–1466) came Tuchel through the Second Peace of Thorner on October 19, 1466 under the suzerainty of the Polish crown. The area ceded by the order - including Tuchel - was not incorporated into the Polish state, but linked to the crown of Poland in a legally not clearly defined union. The special position of the "Royal Prussia" in relation to the Polish crown was shown in the maintenance of its special rights such as B. own state parliament, own state government, own mint, own diplomatic representations of the big cities.

In the Polish-Swedish War (1655–1657) the Swedes tried five times in vain to conquer the city of Tuchel and its castle. Another hero named Michałko, reported in 1657:

“During this time, Swedes in Prussia were not worried by anyone, except Michałko, the son of a Prussian farmer, who first served as a soldier and corporal in Sweden, later he was imprisoned in the monastery in Pelplin . After the escape he organized a large farmer's compartment, which won high prey from Sweden. He knew all roads and forest paths very well and always returned safely to Tuchel, Konitz or Schlochau . He went on and off with his farmers, causing a lot of damage and kidnapping many Swedes. He always appeared where he was not expected, and immediately afterwards he fled. "

After the first partition of Poland-Lithuania in 1772, Tuchel came to the Kingdom of Prussia . On May 17, 1781, Jan Philip Vogt lit the fire, which destroyed the parish church of St. Bartholomew and most of the city. The names of some streets recall the former meaning (eg. Starofarna / Altpfarrkirchenstraße; Staromiejska / old-urban road; Rzeźnicka / Metzgerstraße; Studzienna / Fountain Street; Rycerska / Knight Street). At the beginning of the 19th century Tuchel had a Protestant church, a Catholic church, a synagogue , a private high school for boys, a Catholic school teachers' college, a district court and was the seat of a regional court, which was housed in the old castle.

Until 1920 Tuchel district town was the county Tuchel in marienwerder the province of West Prussia of the German Reich .

After the First World War , the city of Tuchel had to be ceded to Poland with effect from January 1920 due to the provisions of the Versailles Treaty for the purpose of establishing the Polish Corridor .

In the city there was an internment camp for prisoners of war built by Germans during the First World War , which was reused by the Second Polish Republic as a prisoner of war camp during the Polish-Soviet War and was known for its high death rates. It was called Camp 7 and existed until 1923.

Since the autumn of 1920, thousands of captured Red Army soldiers were interned in Camp 7 in Tuchola during the Polish-Soviet War , mainly soldiers and Cossacks from Russia . In the winter of 1920/1921 Camp 7 had a death rate of around 25% due to lack of food, inadequate sanitation, lack of fuel, inadequate medical care and physical abuse by the Polish camp rangers.

"From the moment a military hospital opened in February 1921 to May 11, 1921, 6,491 epidemic cases, 12,294 non-epidemic cases and 2,561 deaths were recorded."

With the attack on Poland in 1939, the Polish Corridor was occupied by the German Reich. The Tuchel district was incorporated into the newly created Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia , to which the city of Tuchel belonged until 1945. Towards the end of the Second World War , the Red Army occupied the region in the spring of 1945 , making it part of Poland again.

In 2012, Tuchola hosted the 17th  European Shooting Festival , an event of the European Community of Historical Shooting .

Population numbers

year Residents Remarks
1772 490 at 108 places
1802 1,159 in 191 households
1805 1,251 in 194 houses
1816 1,217 thereof 332 Evangelicals, 477 Catholics and 408 Jews
1821 1,367
1831 1,283 in 176 houses
1837 1,435
1843 1,801 in December 1843
1864 2,579 in 227 houses, including 869 Catholics and 764 Protestants
1875 2,780
1880 3,066
1890 2,826 of which 1,391 Catholics, 959 Protestants and 473 Jews (500 Poles)
1905 3,448 thereof 944 Protestants and 290 Jews, 1,965 with German as their mother tongue
1931 5,477
1943 7,086
2012 20.185

coat of arms

The patroness of Tuchola is Saint Margaret. Legend has it that she defended the city from attackers by causing the defenders to throw bread to the attackers. The attackers were thus convinced of the city's large supplies and withdrew.

Blazon: growing in blue, a silver nimble, silver Saint Margaret with shoulder-length black hair, crowned with a three-leaved golden crown, holding a silver dove in her right hand, a golden cross in her left.

local community

The town and ten villages with school authorities as well as other smaller localities belong to the town-and-country community (gmina miejsko-wiejska) Tuchola.

Partner communities

traffic

In the Tuchola station, the disused Tuchola – Koronowo line branches off from the Działdowo – Chojnice line .

Personalities

sons and daughters of the town
Personalities associated with the city

literature

  • Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part II: Topography of West Prussia. Marienwerder 1789, p. 71, No. 2.
  • NG Benwitz: The Komthureien Schlochau and Tuchel . In: Preußische Provinzial-Blätter , Volume 3. Königsberg 1830, pp. 5-39 and p. 287.
  • August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland . Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, pp. 383–384, no. 16.

Web links

Commons : Tuchola  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Footnotes

  1. ↑ a b c Friedrich August Voßberg : History of the Prussian coins and seals from the earliest times to the end of the rule of the Teutonic Order . Berlin 1843, p. 46.
  2. ↑ Johannes Voigt : History of Prussia from the oldest times to the fall of the rule of the Teutonic Order . Volume 4: The time from the subjugation of Prussia in 1283 to Dieterich von Altenburg's death in 1341 . Königsberg 1830, p. 224.
  3. ↑ a b Johannes Voigt : Name-Codex of the German order officials, grandmasters, landmasters, territorial officers, commander, bailiffs, nurses, grandmaster-compans, crusaders and mercenary captains in Prussia. Königsberg 1843, p. 59.
  4. ↑ Johannes Voigt : History of Prussia from the oldest times to the fall of the rule of the Teutonic Order , Volume 5: The time from Grand Master Ludolf König von Weizau 1342 to the death of Grand Master Konrad von Wallenrod . Königsberg 1832, p. 47.
  5. ↑ a b Meyer's Großes Konversations-Lexikon , 6th edition, Volume 19, Leipzig / Vienna 1909, pp. 791–792.
  6. ^ A b Waldemar Rezmer, Zbigniew Karpus, Gennadij Matvejev: Krasnoarmieitsy v polskom plenu v 1919–1922 g. Sbornik dokumentov i materialov (“Red Army soldiers in Polish internment camps 1919–1922”), Federal Agency for Russian Archives, Moscow 2004, p. 671.
  7. ↑ Алексей Памятных: Пленные красноармейцы в польских лагерях . Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  8. ↑ European Community of Historical Shooters
  9. ↑ a b c Ernst Bahr: Tuchel . In: Handbook of historical places: East and West Prussia. Kröner, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-520-31701-X , pp. 232-233.
  10. ↑ Ludwig von Baczko: Handbook of History, Earth Description and Statistics Prussia , Volume II, Part 2. Königsberg / Leipzig 1803, p. 69.
  11. ^ August Carl von Holsche: Geography and Statistics of West, South and New East Prussia. In addition to a short history of the Kingdom of Poland up to its division . Volume 3, Berlin 1807, p. 110 .
  12. ↑ a b Alexander August Mützell, Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 5: T – Z , Halle 1823, pp. 394–395, item 756.
  13. ^ August Eduard Preuss: Prussian country and folklore. Königsberg 1835, pp. 383–384, no. 16.
  14. ^ WFC Starke: Contributions to the knowledge of the existing court system and the latest results of the administration of justice in the Prussian State , Volume II, Part 1: Prussia, Posen, Pomerania, Silesia . Berlin 1839, p. 158.
  15. ↑ Archive of the Pharmacy , Volume XCII, Hannover 1845, p. 256.
  16. ↑ Topographical-statistical manual for the Marienwerder administrative district , Danzig 1868; compare III. Konitz district , pp. 50–51, no. 349.
  17. ^ E. Jacobson: Topographical-statistical manual for the administrative district Marienwerder. Danzig 1868, pp. 50-51, no. 348.
  18. ^ A b c Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Province of West Prussia. County of Tuchel. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  19. ↑ Der Große Brockhaus , 15th edition, Volume 19, Leipzig 1934, p. 165.