Bazuna
Bazuna is a long wooden natural trumpet played by the Kashubians in the northern Polish region of Kashubia . The bazuna , traditionally blown by shepherds and fishermen, belongs, like the alphorn, to the European shepherd tradition and is related to the wooden trumpets trembita in Ukraine and bucium in Romania . In Poland, two other wooden trumpets are known, the trombita in the south and the ligawka in the center of the country , which are played today at folklore events and music competitions.
Origin and Distribution
In Scandinavia, Bronze Age horns with a conical bronze pipe were excavated, dating from approximately the first half of the 1st millennium BC. Come from BC. Following the first such find in 1797, the Lurs from Brudevælte , they were given the Nordic name lur (plural lurer, from Old Norse ludr, " blow horn "). This is the name given to the Scandinavian wooden and bark trumpets, which were blown by shepherds until the end of the 19th century to keep predators away and the herd of cattle together. Judging by the always paired occurrence of the bronze horns and their specifically S-shaped curved shape, they were probably metal imitations of previously used aurochs horns . The prehistoric wind instruments were played in pairs and, in addition to their other uses, also on ritual occasions. The Norwegian wooden trumpet for the shepherds usually consists of a 1.5 to 2 meter long conical tube that was split into two halves, hollowed out inside, put back together and then wrapped with string. The simple melodies of the wooden trumpets, which consist of a few tones of the natural tone series , had a similar signaling function as the tones of the blown animal horns.
A significant single find outside Scandinavia is a straight long trumpet, which was recovered in 1959 from the mud bed of the River Erne near Coolnashanton in northwest Ireland. The well-preserved trumpet, dating from the 9th century or a little later, consists of a conical wooden tube held together by several bronze rings. According to a view that emerged in the 19th century and which Curt Sachs took over in his Reallexikon (1913) and later, the wooden trumpets, which were formerly widespread among shepherds in the European mountains, are to be linked to the migration of Indo-European peoples from the northern Himalayas , where there are trumpets made of giant lilies ( Cardiocrinum giganteum ) was introduced. According to Sachs, wooden horns wrapped in linden leaves could also have reached Europe from the Amur region via northern Asia. According to a more recent, also vague hypothesis, Roman legionaries brought wooden trumpets used as signaling instruments across Eastern Europe to the Carpathian Mountains .
Antique horns made of metal, such as the Roman bucina , the cornu and the lituus , which were curved in an arc, as well as the straight Roman tuba and the Greek salpinx , were mainly used for military purposes, like their successors in the Middle Ages. Regardless of the horns and trumpets of art music, European shepherds continued to blow animal horns (cow or goat horns) and trumpets made of wood or birch bark ( clairon in France ). A single find from the Viking Age (9th to 11th centuries) is a wooden trumpet, which, along with the Oseberg ship, belonged to a Viking grave laid out in 834. The 107 centimeter long trumpet made of black alder was made from two half-shells held together with ribbons and has an approximately square, cylindrical tube in the middle. The outside of the tube is round and slightly conical.
In Syntagma musicum (1620) Michael Praetorius depicts a long straight wooden trumpet wrapped in plant material; otherwise the traditional depictions hardly show any wooden trumpets. A short wooden trumpet that is said to have been blown in French folk music from the Middle Ages to the 19th century is the burloir . In the Montagne Bourbonnaise region in central France , it could be used to convey messages about the mountains and at Easter it replaced the church bells.
The long European wooden trumpets of the alphorn type form a group of wind instruments that is essentially uniform in size, design and use. Whether the Swiss alphorn was already known to the Romans is questionable, because the frequently quoted statement that Tacitus called it cornu alpinus cannot be proven. The wooden trumpet is said to have been called lituus alpinus in the late Roman period . This statement too lacks a source. In the 14th century, according to Swiss folklore, the alphorn was used in some places as a signaling instrument and, according to a description from 1689, it was made from two halves that were split, hollowed out, then glued and wrapped with birch bark.
The alphorn type mainly includes wooden trumpets blown by shepherds in the mountains in Eastern Europe, Scandinavia and the Baltic States . The truba is mentioned in manuscripts from the 12th century in Belarus and is still used as a signaling instrument for shepherds in Finland. The Finnish truba , also known as tuohitorvi , consists of a cylindrical wooden tube with five finger holes and one thumb hole in a modern version introduced in the 1970s. The tube is wrapped with birch bark. Occasionally it was also used to accompany dance. The longer cylindrical trembita is the national instrument of the Hutsuls in the mountains of western Ukraine. The wooden trumpet is known by the same name as trombita among the Gorals in the Polish-Slovak border area . In Romania, a conical wooden trumpet that is 1.5 to over 3 meters long is called bucium, tulnic or trâmbiță . The fakürt , which used to be blown by isolated farmers in the Great Hungarian Plain as a signaling instrument , is 0.7 to 1 meter long, the fakürt by the Hungarian Szekler is 1.5 to 2.5 meters long. Other wooden trumpets are called busen in Slovenia and Büchel in Switzerland.
The ligawka found in the central Polish region of Mazovia has a conical, slightly curved tube. It was also blown inside and outside of churches on Christian holidays, which the Archbishop of Warsaw expressly welcomed at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. Around this time all the younger worshipers were playing ligawka at midnight mass at Christmas . The game should have a similar protective effect for the believers as when the shepherd used it to ward off predators. The ligawka was given a further symbolic meaning by being associated with the angelic trumpets with which the angels in the biblical narrative announce the birth of Jesus and the Last Judgment .
A report by the Jewish envoy Ibrahim ibn Yaqub , who came from al-Andalus and who traveled to Eastern Central Europe in the second half of the 10th century, shows that the Slavs owned several stringed instruments and wind instruments. According to this report, which has come down to us in the editing of the Andalusian geographer al-Bakrī (1014-1094), the Slavs had a wind instrument over two yards long. This obviously meant a shepherd's trumpet. The length specification is in itself imprecise, because a cubit could correspond to between 50 and 91 centimeters in Arabic, depending on the region.
The oldest iconographic evidence from Poland for a medieval shepherd's trumpet is a plaque in the Codex aureus Gnesnensis . This presumably to 1085-1090 in Bohemia -made Evangelistary , probably during the reign of Władysław Herman (reg. 1079-1102) to Gniezno was placed in Poland, is in the announcement to the shepherds in the lower third of the full-page image a shepherd holding a long trumpet in his left hand. A short conical wind instrument is depicted on the bronze door of the Arch-Cathedral of Gniezno . The 18 relief scenes on the double-winged door were probably created in Poland in the last third of the 12th century and are among the most important examples of Romanesque visual art. Literary sources confirm that wind instruments made from animal horns of different sizes, bones and wood were already common in Poland before the Piast dynasty was installed in the 10th century. Usually they were named with the Latin word cornu , for larger and more straight trumpets the Polish name trąba ("trumpet", Italian tromba , cf. drymba ) applied. The Polish historian Maciej Stryjkowski (1547–1593) mentions in his Kronika Polska, Litewska, Żmudzka i wszystkiej Rusi ("Chronicle of Poland, Lithuania and All Russia") from 1582 five times long wooden trumpets. Accordingly, they were part of a religious ritual for the Lithuanian deity Ziemiennik ( Žemyna ), in which men and women stood opposite each other, blew wooden trumpets and sang. In rites for the spring and vegetation god Pergrubius, the participants celebrated, sang and blew trumpets throughout the night. Wooden trumpets were also used at funeral ceremonies, as is the case with the trembita- playing Hutsuls in Ukraine to this day.
In an article from 1979 about wind instruments in the western Beskids (southern Polish mountainous region on the border with Slovakia), a wooden trumpet called trąba safanka is shown in the hand of a musician. Even if grazing was not only an occupation for men in Eastern Europe in general, there were occasionally women in this male domain who also played the wooden trumpets, which were important for the shepherds. Only the snail horn ( trouba proti mračnům ) in Bohemia , which was subject to taboos, used to be a precautionary measure that women were only allowed to pick up when wearing a headscarf. Otherwise, the shepherds' wind instruments were differentiated according to their function: whether they were of essential importance as a signaling instrument or were only used for entertainment. The latter included various pipes, flutes and reed instruments in the Baltic States , while animal horns, bark trumpets ( taure, truba in Latvia, neverlur in Scandinavia) and wooden trumpets were among the utensils of the elder shepherd. He blew the wooden trumpet, which is between 0.5 and almost 2 meters long in the Baltic States, early in the morning to gather the herd and especially in the afternoon to drive them home.
The functions of the long wooden trumpets, played individually or in groups, with one or more voices, differing from region to region, were or are consequently the rounding up of herd animals, deterring predators, warning of dangers, the transmission of messages for fishermen and forest workers as well as a ritual function in religious ceremonies and rites of passage . In addition, there is the symbolic importance of wooden trumpets for the national tradition of a pastoral culture, which is expressed today in musical competitions and folklore events.
Design and style of play
The name bazuna for the northern Polish wooden trumpet goes back to Latin buccina and is related to bucium , Old French buisine and Old Dutch bazuin meaning " trumpet ". The central Polish wooden trumpet was mentioned in 1778 with the name ligawka , which comes from the Latin ligare ("to bind", "to wrap around"). The bazuna is 1-1.5 meters in length, the shortest of the three Polish wooden trumpets that ligawka measures up to 2 meters and the southern Polish trombita reached 4 meters in length.
The conical tube of the bazuna is made of alder or spruce wood. As with the alphorn, the two split halves are hollowed out thin-walled and then put back together again. A braided band is wrapped around at regular intervals for stability. The bazuna is usually straight, some specimens are curved in a slight arc at the sound opening. When playing, the wind instrument is either played horizontally and held at the front end by an accompanying person or placed with the end on the ground like an alphorn. Among the Kashubians, the bazuna is a tradition of shepherds and fishermen. By changing the blowing pressure, four to eight overtones of the natural tone series can be generated with it.
The north-west of Poland, together with East Pomerania, including Kashubia and Warmia, forms one of the five music regions of Polish folk music . For the songs and dances of the Kashubians, a quiet 2/4 and 3/4 time in tempo giusto is typical. Apart from their earlier function as signaling instruments, simple melodies are played on the wooden trumpets, traditionally they are part of the custom at annual festivals. In addition to the folk music genres , which are differently classified and conceptually defined according to their intended use, such as lullabies ( kolysanki ) and mourning songs ( gdrznowanie ), the shepherd signals performed on wooden trumpets form a separate group. In Ciechanowiec there has been a music competition with wooden trumpets in the categories ligawka, trombita and bazuna every year before Christmas in early December since 1974 .
literature
- Bazuna . In: Laurence Libin (Ed.): The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. Volume 1, Oxford University Press, Oxford / New York 2014, p. 283
Web links
- Bazuna - Kashubian alphorn - Northern Poland . Youtube video
Individual evidence
- ↑ James W. McKinnon: Lur . In: Grove Music Online, 2001
- ^ Sibyl Marcuse : A Survey of Musical Instruments . Harper & Row, New York 1975, p. 746
- ^ Bjørn Aksdal: Norway. V. Folk music. 1. The music on the mountain pastures (setermusikken). In: MGG Online, November 2016 ( Music in the past and present , 1997)
- ↑ The Cool Nash Anton ( "River Erne") Trumpet. Fermanagh County Museum
- ^ Carl Engel: A descriptive catalog of the musical instruments in the South Kensington museum, preceded by an essay on the history of musical instruments. London 1874, p. 218
- ↑ Justyna cząstka-KŁapyta: The Function and Genesis of the Musical Instrument "trombita" with Special Focus on the Hutsul region. In: Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia, vol. 23, Poznań 2016, pp. 187–196, here p. 190
- ↑ Ole Jørgen Utnes, Olaf-B. Brattegaard: The Oseberg tube. abel.hive.no, November 2011, pp. 1–12
- ↑ Burloir . In: Grove Music Online , January 13, 2015
- ↑ Curt Sachs : Real Lexicon of Musical Instruments, at the same time a polyglossary for the entire field of instruments . Julius Bard, Berlin 1913 ( at Internet Archive ), mentions under the heading “Alphorn”, p. 7, doubts whether Tacitus could have meant today's alphorn, but does not doubt the tradition of the Tacitus attributed statement about cornu alpinus . Cf. Philipp Küsgens: An invented place of remembrance: The alphorn in Switzerland. In: Luca Zoppelli (Ed.): Swiss Yearbook for Musicology, New Series , Volume 28/29, Peter Lang, Berlin 2008/2009, pp. 171–194, here p. 187
- ^ Sibyl Marcuse, 1975, p. 815
- ↑ Jeremy Montagu: Tuohitorvi. In: Laurence Libin (Ed.): The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. Volume 5. Oxford University Press, Oxford / New York 2014, pp. 119f
- ↑ Inna D. Nazina, Ilkka Kolehmainen: Truba. In: Grove Music Online , May 25, 2016
- ^ Bálint Sárosi: The folk musical instruments of Hungary . ( Ernst Emsheimer , Erich Stockmann (Hrsg.): Handbook of European Folk Music Instruments. Series 1, Volume 1) Deutscher Verlag für Musik, Leipzig 1967, p. 100f
- ↑ Jacek P. Jackowski: Music as a component of traditional folk piety. Between dogma and peasant devotion. In: Piotr Dahlig (Ed.): Traditional Musical Cultures in Central-Eastern Europe: Ecclesiastical and Folk Transmission. Instytut Muzykologii, 2009, pp. 304f
- ^ Jerzy Morawski: The Middle Ages. Part 1: up to 1320. (Stefan Sutkowski (Ed.): The History of Music in Poland. ) Sutkowski Edition Warsaw, Warsaw 2003, p. 132
- ↑ Jerzy Morawski, 2003, pp. 267f, 273
- ↑ Austė Nakienė: Instrumental Origins of Lithuanian Polymodal “Sutartinės”. In: Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 44, No. 1/2, 2003, pp. 159–168, here p. 163
- ↑ Alojzy Klopoczyk: Aerophone in the mountains of the western Beskids. In: Erich Stockmann , Ernst Emsheimer (Ed.): Studia instrumentorum musicae popularis VI. Musikhistoriska Museet, Stockholm, 1979, pp. 156-164
- ^ Lujza Tari: Women, Musical Instruments and Instrumental Music. In: Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 40, No. 1/3, 1999, pp. 95-143, here pp. 121f
- ^ Valdis Muktupāvels: Musical Instruments in the Baltic Region: Historiography and Traditions. In: The World of Music, Vol. 44, No. 3 ( Traditional Music in Baltic Countries ) 2002, pp. 21–54, here pp. 35f
- ↑ Max Peter Baumann : survey model and comparison. Explained using the example of long trumpets . In: Die Musikforschung , (31st year) issue 2, April / June 1978, pp. 161–176, here p. 166
- ^ Sibyl Marcuse: Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary. A complete, authoritative encyclopedia of instruments throughout the world. Country Life Limited, London 1966, p. 47
- ^ The alpine horn in Europe . swissinfo.ch
- ↑ January Stęszewski: Poland. II. Folk music. 4. Regional differentiation. In: MGG Online , October 2017
- ↑ January Stęszewski: things consciousness and names in ethnomusicological studies. (Using the example of Polish folklore) . In: Jahrbuch für Volksliedforschung, (17th year) 1972, pp. 131–170, here pp. 139, 158
- ↑ Ciechanowiec - Ligawki, trombity, bazuny. Courier Podlaski