Music in Poland

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Chopin Monument in Warsaw

history

The history of Polish music spans the period from the Middle Ages to modern times.

middle Ages

The first musician in Poland known by name is the Dominican Wincenty z Kielczy , who lived in the first half of the 13th century and wrote the hymn " Gaude mater Polonia ". In contrast, the author of the oldest known Polish song Bogurodzica is unknown. In addition to hymns, medieval Polish music was characterized by dances. Mikołaj Radomski wrote them down at the beginning of the 15th century.

Renaissance

During the Renaissance, many Italian musicians came to the Polish royal court. Mikołaj Gomółka was the best-known Polish composer of the 16th century. He wrote compositions for the poems of Jan Kochanowski (“Melodie na Psałterz polski”). Other important Renaissance composers at the Polish royal court were Wacław z Szamotuł and Mikołaj Zielński .

In 1628 the first opera outside of Italy was performed in Warsaw : Galatea . The Italian opera composers Luca Marenzio , Giovanni Francesco Anerio , and Marco Scacchi were active in Warsaw during the Baroque period. During the relatively short reign of Władysław IV. Wasa from 1634 to 1648, more than ten operas were performed in Warsaw, making Warsaw the most important opera center outside Italy at that time. The world's first female opera composer, Francesca Caccini , wrote her first opera La liberazione di Ruggiero dall'isola d'Alcina for the Polish king when he was still a prince.

Baroque

The Polish baroque composers composed mainly church music, above all their most famous creator Adam Jarzębski . At this time, the polonaise also emerged as a dance at Polish courts, while the peasant society developed regionally different dances such as the mazurkas , Krakowiaks and chodzony and the polkas also known in the Czech Republic .

18th century

The most important polonaise composers in the 18th century were Michał Kleofas Ogiński , Karol Kurpiński , Juliusz Zarębski , Henryk Wieniawski , Mieczysław Karłowicz and Joseph Elsner .

19th century

Frédéric Chopin completed the polonaise in the first half of the 19th century. He is considered one of the greatest Polish composers.

In the 19th century, Stanisław Moniuszko developed modern Polish opera, the most famous of which is Halka .

Traditional music

At this time Oskar Kolberg began to collect and write down Polish folklore music. The folklore ensembles Mazowsze , Słowianki and Śląsk owe their creation to his works . Karol Szymanowski , who settled in Zakopane , discovered the traditional music of the Gorals in Podhale , which he further developed in the 19th century.

Interwar period

The pianist and composer as well as an influential politician Ignacy Jan Paderewski became Prime Minister of Poland in 1919 and represented it at the Paris Peace Conference.

Famous composers from the interwar period were Arthur Rubinstein , Grażyna Bacewicz , Zygmunt Mycielski , Michał Spisak and Tadeusz Szeligowski .

Music in World War II

Polish culture was suppressed by the two occupying powers, the Third Reich and the Soviet Union , during World War II . Music was relatively the least restricted cultural activity. Numerous musical events were allowed in cafes and churches and the Polish underground decided to boycott only propaganda operas .

Music in the underground

Polish music, including orchestras, also went underground. Excellent Polish musicians and directors ( Adam Didur , Zbigniew Drzewicki , January Ekier , Barbara Kostrzewska , Zygmunt Latoszewski , Jerzy Lefeld , Witold Lutoslawski , Andrzej Panufnik , Piotr Perkowski , Edmund Rudnicki , Eugenia Umińska , Jerzy Waldorff , Kazimierz Wilkomirski , Maria Wiłkomirska , Bolesław Woytowicz , Mira Zimińska ) performed in restaurants, cafes and in private homes. Patriotic songs such as “ Siekiera, motyka ”, the most famous song from occupied Warsaw, were also composed. Jewish musicians (e.g. Władysław Szpilman ) and artists also performed in ghettos and even in concentration camps. Although many of them died, some survived abroad, such as Alexandre Tansman in the United States and Eddie Rosner and Henryk Wars in the Soviet Union.

Music in exile

Many Polish musicians worked abroad, outside of occupied Europe. There were artists who performed for the Polish armed forces in the west as well as for the Polish armed forces in the east . Henryk Wars and Irena Anders were among the musicians who performed in the cabaret “Polish Parade” for the 2nd Polish Corps . The favorite song of the soldiers who fought under the Allies was " Czerwone maki na Monte Cassino " ( The red poppy on Monte Cassino ), which was composed in 1944 by Feliks Konarski and Alfred Schütz .

Contemporary music

Classical music

The contemporary Polish music of Stanislaw Skrowaczewski , Roman Palester , Andrzej Panufnik , Tadeusz Baird , Boguslaw Schaeffer , Włodzimierz Kotoński , Witold Szalonek , Krzysztof Penderecki , Witold Lutoslawski , Wojciech Kilar , Kazimierz Serocki , Henryk Górecki , Krzysztof Meyer , Paweł Szymański , Krzesimir Dębski , Hanna Kulenty , Eugeniusz Knapik and Jan AP Kaczmarek represented.

Polski Jazz

Jazz is one of the preferred genres of music in Poland. The Polish jazz scene is one of the most active in Europe.

During the thaw of the 1950s, jazz developed as an independent style - “Polski Jazz”, an important musical genre in the country. In 1956 Krzysztof Komeda first appeared in front of a large audience at the Sopot Jazz Festival. He became the founder of a Polish jazz tradition.

The Warsaw Jazz Jamboree became the most important jazz festival in Poland from 1958 , first in the student club "Stodoła" ( The Barn ) and from 1965 in the large congress hall of the Warsaw Palace of Culture, and where American musicians such as during the People's Republic of Poland for example Miles Davis (1983) appeared. The Wroclaw Jazz nad Odrą Festival is also very popular . Jazz clubs such as Warsaw Hybrydy and Akwarium or the Krakow club "Pod Jaszczurami" also became legendary .

Polish jazz musicians are counted among the best in Europe. Among the internationally recognized representatives of Polish jazz include jazz musicians such as Tomasz Stanko , Zbigniew Namysłowski , January Wróblewski , Adam Makowicz , Michał Urbaniak , Vladislav Sendecki , Urszula Dudziak , Leszek Możdżer , Andrzej Trzaskowski , Marcin Wasilewski , Zbigniew Seifert , Janusz Stefański , Leszek Żądło , Vitold Rek , Mikołaj Trzaska .

A specifically Polish phenomenon is the so-called Yass , a mixture of (free) jazz , rock and electronic music , which originated in the 1990s, especially in Gdansk and Bydgoszcz , and which shaped the development of the Polish jazz scene in the 21st century.

Folk and world music

Polish folklore and folk music are still cultivated in rural areas. This music is directly related to dance, Polish customs and holidays. A specialty here is the folklore of the gorals from the mountainous regions of southern Poland.

The World Music is also part of the cultural landscape in Poland. In recent years there has been a revival of ethnic music in Poland. The folk group Warsaw Village Band was named Best Newcomer at the 2004 BBC Radio 3 Awards for World Music .

Klezmer bands such as Kroke , Cracow Klezmer Band or Max Klezmer Band try to revive and continue the Jewish tradition in Poland.

Polish folk musical instruments include the accordion , the dulcimer cymbały , the strings suka , mazanki and złóbcoki , the bagpipes kozioł, dudy and koza, and the wooden long trumpets trombita and bazuna .

pop music

Polish pop music is very popular within Poland. The English language plays a rather small role in the songs of Polish music artists.

Sung poetry

A typical Polish genre is sung poetry ( poezja śpiewana ), whose artists set poems to music - both their own and those of well-known Polish poets such as Julian Tuwim , Bolesław Leśmian or Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński . Musically, sung poetry makes use of elements from many genres, in particular jazz , rock music , folk and chanson . The best-known representatives of this genre include Grzegorz Turnau , Marek Grechuta , Jacek Kaczmarski , Ewa Demarczyk and the bands Stare Dobre Małżeństwo, Raz, Dwa, Trzy , Wolna Grupa Bukowina.

Disco polo

Disco Polo is a genuinely Polish variant of Euro Disco , which is very popular in Poland. The almost exclusively Polish texts mostly deal in a simple way with topics such as love and celebration; the music is based on simple melodies, often inspired by folk music, which are played with the help of instruments typical of disco music.

Hip hop

The hip-hop enjoys a great popularity in Poland. He has been part of the Polish pop music scene since the late 1990s. Various currents have emerged over the years. The most important artists include Paktofonika , Peja , DonGURALesko , Fisz , OSTR

Heavy metal

There is an important metal scene in Poland, some of which are internationally known. The dominant sub-genre is death metal . Bands such as Vader , Decapitated , Vesania , Hate , Trauma and Behemoth achieved international fame .

Music events

See also

literature

  • Timothy J. Cooley: Making Music in the Polish Tatras: Tourists, Ethnographers, and Mountain Musicians . Indiana University Press, Bloomington 2005 (with CD), ISBN 0-253-34489-1 .
  • Anna Czekanowska: Polish Folk Music: Slavonic Heritage - Polish Tradition - Contemporary Trends . (Cambridge Studies in Ethnomusicology) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006, ISBN 0-521-02797-7 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Brigitte Jäger-Dabek: More than just Chopin - Music in Poland. The Poland Magazine, accessed on December 18, 2011 .
  2. ↑ Olsak-Glass (1999), original quote: “The prisons, ghettos, internment, transit, labor and extermination camps, roundups, mass deportations, public executions, mobile killing units, death marches, deprivation, hunger, disease, and exposure all testify to the 'inhuman policies of both Hitler and Stalin' and 'were clearly aimed at the total extermination of Polish citizens, both Jews and Christians. Both regimes endorsed a systematic program of genocide. '"
  3. ^ Piotr Wrobel: The Devil's Playground: Poland in World War II. Accessed: November 5, 2011.
  4. ↑ a b Anna Czocher: Jawne polskie życie kulturalne w okupowanym Krakowie 1939-1945 w świetle wspomnień. In: Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość. [O. Vol.] / 7. 2005, pp. 227-252.
  5. ↑ a b c Stanisław Salmonowicz: Polskie Państwo Podziemne. Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, Warszawa 1994, ISBN 83-02-05500-X , pp. 252-256.
  6. ^ Czesław Madajczyk: Polityka III Rzeszy w okupowanej Polsce. Tom II, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1970, p. 132.
  7. ^ Shirli Gilbert: VII Music in the Holocaust: Confronting Life in the Nazi Ghettos and Camps. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2005, ISBN 0-19-927797-4 .
  8. ^ Anna Cholewa-Selo: Muza i Jutrzenka. Wywiad z Ireną Andersową, żoną Generała Władysława Andersa . [Accessed: November 5, 2011]
  9. ^ Brian O. Murdoch: Fighting Songs and Warring Words: Popular Lyrics of Two World Wars. Routledge 1990, 195 .
  10. ^ André Prager: Casual, Slavic, hip: Poland's jazz scene is alive. (No longer available online.) ARD, October 28, 2011, archived from the original on October 30, 2011 ; Retrieved December 18, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ard.de
  11. ↑ a b Polski Jazz: A Window to Freedom. Federal Agency for Civic Education, September 7, 2009.
  12. ^ Brigitte Jäger-Dabek: Poland - A neighborhood customer. Bonn 2006, ISBN 3-89331-747-3 , pp. 81-82.
  13. ↑ Window to Freedom: The Polish jazz scene sets clear trends in Europe. Tagesspiegel, September 13, 2011, accessed December 18, 2011 .
  14. ↑ BBC Radio 3 : Awards for World Music 2004 - Winners & Nominees , accessed on December 22, 2011 (English)
  15. ↑ Poland - land of death metal. (No longer available online.) Newspoint.CC, April 28, 2010, archived from the original on July 6, 2010 ; Retrieved December 18, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.newspoint.cc
  16. ↑ haltestelle-woodstock.de ( Memento of the original dated December 6, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.haltestelle-woodstock.de
  17. ↑ Metalmania 2008 ( Memento of the original from April 5, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. festivalguide.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.festivalguide.de
  18. ↑ Sunrise Festival Poland 2007 ( Memento of the original from January 18, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. festivalguide.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.festivalguide.de