Rüstringen

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In the Middle Ages, Rüstringen was a Frisian Gau or an autonomous state municipality, which included today's Butjadingen , the Stadland , large parts of today's Jadebusen and some areas of the Jeverland and the Frisian Wehde . He was closely connected to the other two districts in the east of the East Frisian peninsula, Östringen and Wangerland . From parts of these three districts, the Jever rule was formed later .

Rüstringen around 1300
East Frisian peninsula around 1600
Rüstringen is already part of the Jever rule here

Rüstringen was the largest of the three districts. It comprised the area between the Weser estuary and the Maade and north of the Wapel , the border with the Saxon Ammergau , and consisted of the four quarters of Blexen, Varel, Langwarden and Aldensum, which later sank into the Jade Bay due to storm surges.

history

Rüstringen was mentioned in a Franconian document from the year 787 when listing the districts in which Willehad was supposed to do mission . The autonomous Frisian state community of Rüstringen, the terra Rustringie , emerged from the old Gau Rüstringen around 1200 . The Free Frisians then claimed that there was no ruler over them except the emperor. Outwardly, the rural communities were represented by the Redjeven . In June 1220, 16 representatives from Rüstringen signed a contract with the city of Bremen in order to increase legal security and regulate trade. At that time Rüstringen was one of the Frisian Zealanders who joined together to form a state peace union. The representatives of this Friesian lakeland which Redjeven, came every year on the Tuesday after Pentecost at Upstalsboom together on legal and law to advise and through the feuds to safeguard endangered the richer kulaks peace. The Asegabuch , a collection of Frisian law , also dates from that time . The Rüstringer law was a specialty, as it contained both older freestyle from the Asega period and more recent from the Redjeven period.

The cooperative organization in the state parish was undermined by the increasing power of rich families. Feuds between rich family associations were the order of the day. The Landfriedensbund des Upstalsboom hardly played a role anymore. Then chiefs took power in the 14th century. Edo Wiemken the Elder stands out among the chief figures . His successor was his grandson Sibet Lubbenson . He lived on the Sibetsburg (today in the area of ​​the city of Wilhelmshaven ); There he was defeated and killed as a supporter of the Vitalienbrüder by troops from the Hanseatic city of Hamburg . His successor and brother-in-law Hayo Harlda moved the chief's seat to the castle in Jever , which was already outside Rüstringen. Wiemken's descendants Edo Wiemken the Younger and his daughter Maria von Jever have gone down in the history of Jeverland as outstanding figures.

Development of the Jade Bay and Weser Delta; The silting up of water surfaces created since 1300, from 1500 only shown indirectly via the dike.
→ Enlargements: • 33% (216 dpi) , • 50% (144 dpi)

The state community of Rüstringen was torn apart by the storm surges of the 12th to 15th centuries, when the Jade Bay was formed. The areas Boith Jada (east of the Jade = Butjadingen) and Bova-Jatha (above = Bovenjadingen = west of the Jade ) had no land connection with each other. The western part, the Varel district, was torn apart again by a storm surge, so the Bant district was created in the northern part, where the name Rüstringen was retained. It consisted of the parishes of Heppens, Neuende (with the rest of the parish of Bant, which was submerged in the Jade Bay ) and Sande . These went up in Jeverland . Today Heppens and Neuende are part of the city of Wilhelmshaven . The southern part of the Varel district consisted of Varel with the Frisian Wehde. Sooner or later, all parts of the former and now torn apart Frisian state community came to the Oldenburger Land , first Butjadingen in 1523, the Stadland and parts of the Frisian Wehde, last with the rule of Jever, which Russia ceded to Oldenburg in 1818.

In his "Description of the Duchy of Oldenburg" Ludwig Kohli writes:

"The Pagus Ruistri (Rustrigau, Rustringen, Rüstringen) understood a part of East Friesland [...], all of Jeverland, Stadt-, Butjadingerland and Stedingerland, together with the former marching bailiffs (Moorriem, Oldenbrok, Strückhausen and Hamelwarden), which in the last days of the Frisian republic were counted as part of the Stedingerland, as well as the Osterstadische on the other side of the Weser. "

The extension of the term Rüstringen to Stedingen , which can not only be found in Kohli, is probably a consequence of the Latin term "Terra Stedingorum Rustringi (a) e". Depending on whether one relates Rustringi (a) e ("Rüstringens") to Terra ("Land") or Stedingorum ("the Stedinger"), this can on the one hand be interpreted to mean that all of Stedingen was rüstringian (including the Stadland, where many Stedingers fled to after the Battle of Altenesch in 1234), but also to the effect that the areas of the Rüstringian Stedinger (the Stadland) should be differentiated from those of the non-Rüstringian, originally Saxon Stedinger. In fact, the wording in Latin documents usually refers to the Stadland. Wilhelm von Hodenberg describes the course of the southern border of Rüstringen as follows: It begins in the west at the Bullenmeer, runs in the middle of the Wapel to its confluence with the Jade and north of Strückhausen and Hammelwarden over the Braker Sieltief into the Weser. Josef Wanke, on the other hand, notes that "the Rüstringers" only cleared the area around the mouth of the Hune in the first decades of the 14th century, thus giving the county of Oldenburg access to the Weser.

Christian Friedrich Strackerjan stated in 1837: "The old Comitat Rustringen [...] can hardly be proven according to its borders", since political interests were connected with the (non-) allocation of areas to Rüstringen. The only thing that is certain is that the Weser has always formed the eastern border of Rüstringen.

Persistence of the name

Coat of arms of the city of Rüstringen

The name Rüstringen had and will continue to exist in the region even after the end of the Gau. First there was a bailiwick on the western bank of the Jadebusen and from 1902 an office Rüstringen, formed from the rural communities of Bant, Heppens and Neuende. Heppens became a town in 1907, and in 1911 the rural communities of Bant and Neuende were combined with Heppens to form the town of Rüstringen . Due to the union with Wilhelmshaven in 1937, the name Rüstringen disappeared as a town name, but the Protestant parishes kept the name. The former town hall was called Rüstringen town hall for a long time . The city of Wilhelmshaven included the figure of the Rüstringer Frisian in its coat of arms as did the Wesermarsch district . The home association of the Wesermarsch is called the Rüstringer Heimatbund and is represented in the international Frisian Council.

literature

  • Georg Sello : Östringen and Rüstringen . Ad. Littmann, Oldenburg, 1928.
  • Hermann Lübbing: Oldenburg. Historical contours. Heinz Holzberg - Verlag, Oldenburg 1971, ISBN 3-87358-045-4
  • The Jadebusen and Rüstringen west of the Jade In: Carl Woebcken: The Land of the Frisians and its history . Oldenburg iO 1932, reprinted by Dr. Martin Sendet oHG, Walluf near Wiesbaden 1973
  • Rüstringen in Carl Woebcken: Jeverland, what has been and what has remained . Booklet 8 of the communications of the Jeverland antiquity and homeland association. CL Mettcker & Sons, Jever, undated
  • Albrecht Eckhardt, Heinrich Schmidt (ed.): History of the state of Oldenburg. 3rd edition Holzberg, Oldenburg 1998, ISBN 3-87358-285-6 .
  • Hans Patze , Ernst Schubert (ed.): History of Lower Saxony. 3 volumes, Lax, Hildesheim, (last volume 3, part 1: 1998, ISBN 3-7752-5901-5 )
  • Tilemann Dothias Wiarda: Asega book, an old Frisian law book of the Rüstringer . Friedrich Nicolai, Berlin and Stettin 1805 ( digitized version )
  • Wilhelm Ebel, Jan Wybren Buma: The Rüstringer right . Musterschmidt, Göttingen 1963.
  • Rolf H. Bremmer, 'Language and Contents of the Old Frisian Manuscripts from Rüstringen (c.1300): A' Veritable Mixtum Compositum? ', In: Rolf H. Bremmer, Stephen Laker, Oebele Vries (eds.), Advances in Old Frisian Philology , Amsterdam 2007, pp. 29-64 (Amsterdam contributions to older German studies, vol. 64).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Heinrich Schmidt, The area of ​​Nordenham in the Middle Ages and the Reformation, in: Wolfgang Günther (among others), Nordenham. History of a city, Oldenburg 1993, pp. 81–160, p. 100. The source is edited: Bremer Urkundenbuch I, no. 119.
  2. ↑ Wilhelm Ebel, Jan Buma Wybren: The Rüstringer law . Musterschmidt, Göttingen 1963.
  3. ^ Heinrich Schmidt : Sibet Lubben In: Hans Friedl u. a. (Ed.): Biographical manual for the history of the state of Oldenburg . Edited on behalf of the Oldenburg landscape. Isensee, Oldenburg 1992, ISBN 3-89442-135-5 , p. 669 f. ( online ).
  4. ↑ Cf. Karl-Ernst Behre : Landschaftsgeschichte Norddeutschlands , Wachholtz Verlag , Neumünster 2008, p. 99 and the maps on p. 100.
  5. ^ Ludwig Kohli: Description of the Duchy of Oldenburg together with the rule of Jever and the two principalities of Lübeck and Birkenfeld . Wilhelm Kaiser, Bremen 1824, p. 83
  6. ^ Wilhelm von Hodenberg: The diocese of Bremen and its districts in Saxony and Friesland . Capaun-Karlowa, Celle 1858, p. 67
  7. ^ Josef Wanke: The Vitality Brothers in Oldenburg (1395-1433) . In: Yearbook for the history of the Duchy of Oldenburg , Vol. 19, 1911, p. 22
  8. ^ Christian Friedrich Strackerjan: Contributions to the history of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg in informal booklets , Bremen, Wilhelm Kaiser 1837, p. 106