Reign of Jever

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Territory in the Holy Roman Empire
Reign of Jever
coat of arms
Jever.PNG
map
Jever Ostfriesland 1500.png
Rule of Jever and the surrounding area around 1500


Reichskreis Burgundy



Language / n German
East Frisian
Low German




The Jever reign was a territory of the Holy Roman Empire . It was initially not taken into account when the empire was divided into imperial circles , but in 1548 it was added to the Burgundian imperial circle .

The rule of Jever extended west of the Inner Jade in the east of the East Frisian Peninsula and bordered in the south on the county of Oldenburg and in the west on the county of East Frisia . It was formed in the 15th century from the three districts of Rüstringen , (precisely: the "Bant district" of Rüstringen), Östringen and Wangerland and the island of Wangerooge . The royal seat was the city of Jever . It encompassed the Kniphausen rule , which only came to the Jever office in 1858 . The coat of armsconsisted of a golden, crowned lion on a blue background.

The northern half of today's Friesland district , the so-called Jeverland , can be traced back to the Jever rule in terms of territorial history.

history

Jever Castle
Edo Wiemken's (d. J.) tomb in the town church of Jever

In 1359, Edo Wiemken the Elder is said to have succeeded in uniting the domains of the three chiefs in Rüstringen, Östringen and Wangerland, who had also ended the period of so-called Frisian freedom here , under his own rule (this is now in the historical debate controversial, and the permanent unification of the "Jeverland" areas was probably not achieved until the 15th century). In the following 200 years, Jever remained under the rule of his descendants, who managed to defend themselves against the claims to power of the strengthening Counts of East Friesland from the Cirksena family , who had ended the local chief rule there, and to isolate themselves from the further political development of East Friesland. From 1428 the destroyed castle in Jever was rebuilt as Schloss Jever and from then on served the chiefs of the Jever rule as a residence.

From 1517 to 1531 the area was under strong political influence from East Frisia, as the only male heir of the previous regent Edo Wiemken the Younger , Christoph , suddenly died at the age of 18, and Edo's daughter, Maria , with the heir of the East Frisian Count Edzard the great one , Enno , was engaged. This promise of marriage was finally broken in 1530 with the marriage between Enno II and Anna von Oldenburg . Before that, Enno had managed to capture the nominally ruling hereditary maids Maria and Anna in their castle in Jever in 1527.

The symbolic or symbolic thalers coined in the Jever rule, especially the Daniels thalers of Mary, show her capture in a symbolic representation. The thalers show the East Frisian chief daughter Maria von Jever as "Daniel in the lion's den". The lions symbolize the Counts of East Friesland and the prophet Habakkuk, led by an angel, symbolizes Mary's fiancé, Boing von Oldersum, who drove out the East Frisian occupation with the help of Brunswick mercenaries.

After the occupiers were driven out in 1531, however, Anna and Maria decided on April 12, 1532 , to subordinate the territory that had previously existed as an Allod to the Duchy of Brabant and the County of Holland , which were in the hands of Emperor Charles V , as a feudal territory and thus the To give up imperial immediacy . As a result, the rule of Jever was attached to the Burgundian Empire in 1548 at the Reichstag in Augsburg . In 1573, the remaining regent, hereditary maiden Maria, appointed her cousin Count Johann VII of Oldenburg as heir in her will, contrary to the claims of the East Frisian count. The Brussels court as feudal lord agreed to this decree. After Maria's death in 1575, Count Edzard II of East Frisia upheld his claims to power, which were finally rejected on August 12, 1588 by a judgment of the Brabant Lehenhof. Now the rule of Jever was connected to the county of Oldenburg through the same sovereign.

The son and successor of Count Johann XVI, Anton Günther , stipulated in his will that after his death the rule of Jever should fall to his nephew, Prince Johann von Anhalt-Zerbst . The rule of Kniphausen was to be given to his illegitimate son Anton I von Aldenburg . Anton Günther died in 1667, and the Oldenburg family of the Oldenburg family had no legitimate male heir. The Danish King Christian V , who was a member of an Oldenburg branch and inherited the county of Oldenburg, also laid claim to the Jever rule, which he had occupied in 1675.

The French King Louis XIV , who had in the meantime acquired the title of Duke of Burgundy and thus claimed supreme sovereignty over Jever, supported him by formally enfeoffing him with the rule of Jever in 1682. The officials of the Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst were expelled. Anhalt-Zerbst protested at the Reichstag. On July 16, 1689, a settlement was reached in Copenhagen. Anhalt-Zerbst received the rule of Jever back as an imperial immediate area and was able to maintain its entitlement to the rule of Kniphausen, but had to surrender other areas of land that Denmark claimed and pay an amount of 100,000 thalers.

During the first Katharinenflut (1685) and the Christmas flood in 1717 , Jever was hit by severe flood disasters. The last Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, Friedrich August , rented Jeveran soldiers to Great Britain during the American War of Independence .

As the line Anhalt-Zerbst in 1793 became extinct, the rule was Jever because of their status as Kunkellehen not in the Zerbster division involved with, but fell in 1793, first the Allodium concerning the nearest relatives, the Russian Empress Catherine II. (The Große), who now became sovereign of Jever. Katharina appointed the widow of the last Prince of Zerbst, Friederike Auguste Sophie , as governor , who held this position until 1806. Tsar Alexander I ceded the rule of Jever on July 7, 1807 in the Peace of Tilsit to the Kingdom of Holland, which was under Napoleonic rule, and recaptured it in November 1813. In the meantime, the area had been part of the French Empire from 1810 to 1813 and belonged to the Ems-Oriental department .

After the withdrawal of Napoleonic troops, Russia re-entered its rights in 1813, but in 1818 handed over the rule of Jever to the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg . It was no longer governed in personal union , as was the case until 1807, but was united with the Oldenburg state and administered as an office. After 1814, in addition to the office of Jever, there were also the offices of Tetten and Minsen (seat of Hooksiel) and the rule of Kniphausen (from 1854 also Oldenburg office) on the area known today as “ Jeverland ” . Due to an administrative reform, these offices were combined in the Jever office in 1858 (without Wilhelmshaven ), and from 1879 on the Jever administrative office. These included the parishes of Accum, Fedderwarden , Heppens, Hohenkirchen , Kleverns , Middoge , Minsen , Neuende with Bant, Oldorf, Pakens , Sande, Schortens, Sengwarden , Sillenstede , St. Joost , Tettens , Waddewarden, Wangerooge , Westrum, Wiarden , Wiefels and Wüppels .

In 1902 the town of Rüstringen , formed from the rural communities of Bant, Heppens and Neuende, was spun off. The offices of Jever and Varel were merged in 1933 to form the "Amt Friesland" with headquarters in Jever , from 1939 the " Landkreis Friesland ". In 1946 this district was incorporated into the newly founded state of Lower Saxony .

In the course of the Lower Saxon community reform in 1972, the former East Frisian community of Gödens (formerly Wittmund district ) was added to the district of Friesland , which was incorporated into the community of Sande . In the course of Lower Saxony's district reform, the district of Friesland was split up on August 1, 1977: the northern part was added to a new district of Friesland based in Wittmund , and the southern part to the district of Ammerland . By order of the Lower Saxony State Court in Bückeburg , the old district of Friesland was restored after the disbanded district of Friesland and the city of Jever filed a lawsuit against the reform law. Neustadtgödens remained with the municipality of Sande and thus with the district of Friesland.

Constitutional development

The Jever estates were able to maintain their privileges under the rule of the autochthonous Wiemkens, the Counts of Oldenburg, the Princes of Anhalt-Zerbst and the Russian imperial family. Only King Louis Bonaparte of Holland canceled this.

List of Lords of Jever

Maria von Jever
Count Anton Günter on his dapple mold
Tsarina Catherine II

literature

  • Georg Sello: The territorial development of the Duchy of Oldenburg. Oldenburg 1917.
  • Georg Sello: Östringen and Rüstringen. Ad. Littmann, Oldenburg 1928.
  • Jeverland antiquity and homeland association: a look back. Contributions to the history of the Jeverland. CLMettcker & Sons, Jever 1986.
  • Albrecht Eckhardt, Heinrich Schmidt (ed.): History of the state of Oldenburg. 3rd edition Holzberg, Oldenburg 1998, ISBN 3-87358-285-6 .
  • Wolfgang Petri: Miss Maria von Jever. Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1994. ISBN 3-925365-77-X .
  • Ernst Schubert , Hans Patze (ed.): History of Lower Saxony. Vol. 2 Part 1, Hildesheim 1997, ISBN 3-7752-5900-7 .
  • Hans Patze , Christine van den Heuvel, Manfred von Boetticher (ed.): History of Lower Saxony. Vol. 3 Part 1, Hildesheim 1998, ISBN 3-7752-5901-5 .
  • Antje Sander (Ed.): The Miss and the Renaissance. Maria von Jever 1500–1575. Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 2000. ISBN 3-89598-711-5 .

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ P. v. Lehmann: The thalers and small coins of Miss Maria von Jever… (1887), p. 55/62