Jade (river)
| jade | ||
 Lower Jade in the area of the municipality of Jade |
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| Data | ||
| location | Germany ( Lower Saxony ) | |
| River system | jade | |
| Drain over | Jade Bay → Inner Jade → Outer Jade → North Sea | |
| origin | Confluence of Rasteder Bäke and Schanze, north of Rastede 53 ° 16 ′ 52 ″ N , 8 ° 16 ′ 9 ″ E |
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| Source height | 2 m above sea level NHN | |
| muzzle | East of Varel Coordinates: 53 ° 24 ′ 34 " N , 8 ° 11 ′ 45" E 53 ° 24 ′ 34 " N , 8 ° 11 ′ 45" E |
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| Mouth height | 0 m above sea level NHN | |
| Height difference | 2 m | |
| Bottom slope | 0.09 ‰ | |
| length | 22 km | |
| Left tributaries | Südbäke, Geestrandtief, Wapel | |
| Right tributaries | Dorenebbe | |
| Communities | Rastede, Jade, Varel | |
Today the Jade is a 22 kilometer long river in Lower Saxony , Germany .
Surname
The word jade (1314: Jatha ) is difficult to interpret. The declaration of Jade as a Gatt , Old Frisian jet, is to be rejected because the oldest evidence already shows a d or th . It was also presumed that it was a water name with the Indo-European root u̯ādʰ- (like Watt ). There are also older interpretations, whereby the jade is equated with the swamp "Eddenriad" mentioned in the 11th century. This name is said to come from the word riade or "Riede" (= "Bach") and the verb advised ("tear").
course
The jade is created in the extreme northeast of the municipality of Rastede ( Ammerland district ) in the Hankhauser Moor through the confluence of the Rasteder Bäke and the Schanze. Its source streams arise in the heights of the Oldenburger Geest not far from the northern city limits of Oldenburg ; one of the springs is located in the middle of the Rastede palace gardens. The jade flows northwards and forms the border between the districts of Ammerland and Wesermarsch at Jaderlangstraße . Then she crosses the Jade municipality named after her . In the last kilometers before the mouth, the jade forms the border between the districts of Wesermarsch and Friesland . The left bank of the river in this section belongs to the city of Varel . The jade flows into the Jade Bay behind the large Wapelersiel estuary .
The river and the adjoining sea area
The jade does not feed nearly as much fresh water into the North Sea as the neighboring Weser . Therefore, the salt water content of the Jade Bay is only slightly lower than that of the open North Sea (the salinity of the southern bank of the Jade Bay is 3.0 percent, that of the open North Sea 3.5 percent). It is therefore problematic to regard the jade near Wilhelmshaven as a continuation of the (freshwater) river Jade, which nevertheless happens occasionally by calling this section the “river (estuary)”. Strictly speaking, the mouth of the Jade lake does not constitute an estuary , as the jade north of the Jade Bay is not a river. Nevertheless, in some texts, even knowing that it is not a river estuary, it is referred to as a “jade estuary”.
history
The Bremen Canon Adam von Bremen reported around 1080 about a border moor "Eddenriad" (also written "Eddinriad"), which was crossed by a river of the same name, presumably the Jade. Its headwaters are described as lying on the border between the Emsgau ( Lengenerland ) and Östringen ; the river is said to have run from southwest to northeast, i.e. not in its current bed. However, the dating of the first marine invasions is controversial. The sources are poor. According to a reconstruction, the river mentioned is said to have widened gradually as a result of the Julian flood on February 17, 1164.
Until the Clemens flood in 1334 or the Marcellus flood of 1362, the source streams and tributaries of today's Jade are said to have run eastwards to pour over the Liene into the Lower Weser. The devastating floods formed the Frisian Balge (also spelled "Balje", first mentioned in 1512), a funnel-shaped arm of the sea that extended to the vicinity of Rastede. This formed the "valley" in which the jade flows today. The funnel partly silted up by itself, and partly the seawater was pushed back by sluice structures . Other historically documented floods devastated the villages in the south of the Jade Bay in the early 16th century. In 1523 the southern part of the bellows was regained; Jade was founded as a Sielort. Further embankments in the following centuries shifted the mouth of the jade ever further north. It was not until 1822 that the dike lock came to its current location in Wapelersiel.
At the time of the greatest loss of land in the Wesermarsch, the approaching North Sea water flowed over the Frisian Bellows east of Rastede through the Liene north of Elsfleth into the Weser , so that the Jade water system formed part of the Weser Delta. At high tide, the water of the North Sea first flowed over the Jade Bay and the Frisian Bellows to the south, then to the east, at low tide first from the Lower Weser to the west, then to the north into the North Sea. The free flow of water from and to the Weser was prevented in the 16th century by building dykes at Salzendeich, so that the Liene largely silted up. At the same time, the water from the streams, which had previously fed the Liene, was diverted to the north. However, water movements that change direction with the tide still exist in the Jade catchment area today. The streams and small canals such as the river , which are left over from the delta and now carry fresh or brackish water . B. the Dorenebbe can be classified as both a tributary and a bifurcation of jade. The marshland between Jade and Weser is largely below sea level, so it has to be protected from flooding by pumping stations . Their pressure and suction effects also prevent stable flow conditions.
The history of piloting on the Jade began in the 17th century, is shaped by the political interplay of the Jade neighbors Oldenburg, Bremen and Prussia and closely interwoven with the piloting on the Weser . Nowadays it is perceived by the members of the Lotsenbrüderschaft Weser II / Jade .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Arend Remmers: From Aaltukerei to Zwischenmooren. The settlement names between Dollart and Jade . Leer 2004, p. 114
- ↑ See Hans Bahlow: Germany's geographical world of names: etymological lexicon of river and place names of old European origin , 1985, p. 155.
- ↑ Ludwig Kohli, Handbook of a historical-statistical-geographical description of the Duchy of Oldenburg , Oldenburg 1844, p. 64, after Conrad Wierichs: An attempt at some comments, about the state of Friesland, in the middle of the times , Oldenburg 1741, p. 56 ff.
- ↑ Department of Biosciences at JW Goethe University Frankfurt: Marine Biological Excursion Wilhelmshaven and Helgoland 1 Summer 2006 ( Memento of the original from February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 2.3 MB), p. 17
- ↑ Günther Lang: A contribution to the tidal dynamics of the inner jade and the jade buss . In: Bulletin of the Federal Institute for Hydraulic Engineering No. 86. 2003, pp. 33–42
- ↑ E.g. Andreas Malcherek: Tides and waves. The hydromechanics of coastal waters . Vieweg + Teubner. Wiesbaden 2010, p. 81
- ↑ Carsten Misegaes: Chronick the freyen Bremen . Bremen 1828, p. 176
- ↑ Marcus Malsy: Analysis of the inflow and drainage systems in the Wesermarsch: history, function and strategies for adapting to climate change . Thesis. Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, April 30, 2010, p. 33
- ↑ Klaus Modick: The river from the sea . The time . Edition 45/1989
- ↑ Dietrich Hagen: Der Naturraum ( Memento from February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 725 kB). In: Dietrich Hagen, Heinrich Schmidt, Günter König: Oldenburg. Land between the North Sea and Dammer Mountains . State Center for Political Education 1999, p. 30
