Einhardsbasilika (Steinbach)

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The Einhardsbasilika in Steinbach near Michelstadt
View of the east side

The Einhardsbasilika in Steinbach , a district of Michelstadt in the Hessian Odenwald , is a church building from the 9th century. The well-preserved basilica is considered an extraordinary building and, because of the largely preserved Carolingian masonry in the area of ​​the central nave , the northern side choir and the crypt, it is one of the few examples of Carolingian architecture in Germany. Its name refers to its builder Einhard , the advisor to Charlemagne and Ludwig the Pious .

It is under the administration of the State Palaces and Gardens of Hesse and can be visited for a fee .

Carolingian period

prehistory

Portal and gable of the nave (west side)
Cross-section in front of the choir screen, reconstruction of the Carolingian state by Otto Müller
Floor plan, reconstruction of the Carolingian state by Otto Müller
Longitudinal section from the south, reconstruction of the Carolingian state by Otto Müller
View of the east side, reconstruction of the Carolingian state by Otto Müller
Winter choir, north aisle and north side of the nave from the west
View from the north-west (right the nave with the rebuilt north aisle)

Einhard , who had held many positions and offices for Charlemagne , received the Michelstadt mark as a gift from his son Ludwig the Pious in 815 in gratitude for his achievements . After Einhard had already replaced the existing wooden church in Michelstadt with a small stone church, he subsequently built a basilica - partly with the remains of one or more buildings - probably with two different intentions: On the one hand, for himself and his wife Imma to create a burial place, on the other hand to establish a pilgrimage church.

The model for the basilica could have been the basilica of the imperial abbey Kornelimünster . Einhard was probably known to Benedikt von Aniane , the founder of this monastery. Kornelimünster was founded in 814, so the basilica there is somewhat older than the one in Steinbach. The floor plans are almost identical, but there is no crypt in Kornelimünster .

Carolingian figure

Construction of the basilica began around 824 and was completed in its Carolingian form in 827.

It was built as a three-aisled basilica, the main apse faces east. The main choir is flanked by a north and south side choir. A no longer preserved choir screen separated the main choir from the central nave. The rounded apses of the choirs contain arched windows. There was an atrium in front of the main nave and another vestibule to the north and south of the aisles. The masonry follows the Roman style, consists mostly of red sandstone and is executed in three different ways: The visible sides of the masonry consist of colorful sandstone cuboids with light joints, the inner sides intended for plastering consist of sandstone quarries. Finally, the pillars of the arched arcades of the central nave are made of brick and thus presumably follow a recourse to Roman wall technology. The struts of the pillars are made of sandstone, the arched arcades are made of tuff stone.

The interior of the basilica was merely plastered over a large area and the walls of the central nave with the associated arcades, window niches and pillars were whitewashed yellowish-white. The only known Carolingian wall painting in the central nave consists of a surrounding, brightly colored console frieze above the windows of the upper aisle . The area of ​​the main apse was probably painted, possibly also gilded. Two Carolingian groups of figures are known between the edges of the apses of the main apse, north and south to the area of ​​the side window niches. All other wall paintings are more recent.

Under the church there is a cross-shaped passage crypt, in the central aisle there are two vaulted niches reminiscent of the burial places of Roman catacombs. The masonry of the crypt consists of sandstone, brick, fragments of roof tiles and tuff. Especially at the edges of the corridors it can be observed that the sandstones used there have been processed twice: fresher ones lie above the weathered old processing marks. This in connection with the fact that fragments of roof tiles were also used (especially to compensate for different edge heights of the sandstone blocks), suggests that the masonry of one or more buildings was used again. Roman ruins are conceivable, which is attributed to the fact that there are few Roman finds from the basilica. It is also conceivable, however, that it is material from a building in the north in the immediate vicinity of the basilica that was previously demolished. Remnants of this building were excavated. It is believed that the arcosolia of the crypt should serve as a burial place for Einhard and his wife. According to another opinion, the relics (see below) should find their resting place here. But after completion and before the planned consecration in 827, Einhard could not have known that Ratleik had brought two martyrs with him from Rome. Therefore, the niches were probably originally intended for himself and his wife.

Relics

After the completion in 827 Einhard considered to whom the church should be consecrated. That is why Einhard turned to a Roman named Deusdona during a stay at the court in Aachen. He promised him the desired relics and Einhard sent him to Rome together with his secret clerk ( notarius ) Ratleik. After Deusdona proved to be unreliable, he took the bones of Saints Marcellinus and Peter from a grave in the catacombs below the church " inter duos lauros " on the grave road Via Labina . These suffered their martyrdom under Diocletian at the beginning of the 4th century. In October or November 827 Ratleik reached Michelstadt with the remains. He had only allowed the relics to be carried openly in front of him from Saint-Maurice , since Gregory the Great had already forbidden the removal of relics under threat of the death penalty.

They didn't stay in the basilica long. Caused by numerous dream appearances of his servants and the "blood sweating" of the bones, Einhard came to the conclusion that the saints obviously did not feel well in Steinbach. He then had the bones transported to Seligenstadt , where he built a new basilica for them and founded a community of canons in accordance with the Carolingian reform laws inspired by Benedict von Aniane . To their abbot Ratleik, a member of the court chapel of Ludwig the Pious from Cologne, he entrusted the care of the liturgical memoria of the saints, the care of the pilgrims , the remembrance of prayer for the living and the deceased and the care of his grave. What Einhard had planned in Steinbach, but only partially realized there, becomes clear from his measures in Seligenstadt. The move began on January 16, 828. The basilica in Steinbach was not forgotten, but lost its importance as a pilgrimage church.

After Einhard's death

After Einhard's death on March 14, 840, the Mark Michelstadt fell to the Lorsch Monastery according to his will from the year 819 , so that the further fate of the basilica is closely linked to the history of this monastery.

From the following two and a half centuries until 1072 no documents or mentions of the basilica are known. From excavation findings, however, it can be concluded that a cemetery was established in the north as early as the 9th century, where men, women and children were buried. This was abandoned around 1050. Therefore, the basilica could have served as a parish church until 1072. To whom the basilica was dedicated at this time is unknown.

Construction activities and history up to 1232

History and construction activity from 1073

It was not until Good Friday 1073 that a provost's office was founded on the site and with the involvement of the building by Benedictine monks of the Lorsch monastery under Abbot Udalrich. She was consecrated to Our Lady Mary. The first monks from Lorsch had already arrived in Steinbach a year earlier. "But when the time of mercy dawned (...) the generous goodness of the Lord (...) directed some divinely inspired brothers there as volunteers to restore what had been neglected for 253 years". They erected an enclosure wall and initially a wooden house to the northeast. However, this was removed after a very short time and - a little further to the west - replaced by a large stone house, which probably served as the monks' apartment. Between the basilica and this north house, a connecting building, also dated from this period, was built. The walls that are visible there today are the foundation walls of this building that were subsequently built up.

The community was able to successfully expand in the following years, especially through the allocation of goods. The following are known by name as provosts (years in brackets: year of mention in documents): Libelin (1113), died 1119, Rehewin (1135), Hildebert, who was elected abbot of the main Lorsch monastery in 1149, Ludewic (1173), Alexius ( 1195) and Adelhelm von Steinbach (mentioned several times between 1222 and 1224).

In 1113, Emperor Heinrich IV. Abbot Benno von Lorsch confirmed the property belonging to the provost's property. This was in dispute with Provost Libelin. Abbot Benno von Lorsch died in the provost office, his gravestone and that of provost Libelin have been preserved and are currently in the former castle of the Counts of Erbach-Erbach in Erbach (Odenwald) .

Rebuilds from 1168

The next major renovations date back to 1168. A sacristy (so-called winter choir) was added to the northern side choir and the roof was renewed. The winter choir consists of two floors, the lower one can only be reached from the upper one, as a passage was built between the north wall of the northern side choir and the lower floor of the winter choir. The careful and precise processing of the cuboids on the outside is still noticeable today. It is unclear why this passage was designed this way. It is assumed that there is a priest's corridor along the northern side choir, but also that a small window on the northern side of the crypt was not built for lighting reasons. A barrel vault was built over the upper floor of the side choir.

The Romanesque roof structure

The roof of the central nave was also renewed in 1168; dendrochronological examinations of the tree trunks of the roof beams on the basilica today as well as the intermediate ceiling of the winter choir revealed the year 1168 as the year when the necessary tree trunks were felled. The Romanesque roof construction was originally a noteworthy rafter roof , which, despite later additions, is still easy to identify and reconstruct today. Its essential components have been preserved as originals. The architects of the time brought the span of the rafters above the central nave of the building to an unusual 8 meters by avoiding building up its structure with vertically aligned timber. At that time they wisely used auxiliary structures that supported the rafters to guide the thrust of the roof load downwards at an angle. There were only three pieces of wood inside the rafter construction. In the upper part, a collar beam counteracted the sagging of the roof-bearing rafters. The same prevented at the root ends left and right slanted struts . This is because they had the same static properties as the rafters. The above-mentioned fixtures are as simple as they are effective, but it was only through them that the former carpenters were able to allow the rafters to span the given, relatively wide space without elements foreign to its nature. On the sill beam, the base of the above. Roof beams, the rafters and their foot struts used to be mortised . Connected in this way, they gave the overall structure of the roof structure strength and elasticity, with the ceiling beams serving as anchors . Thus, the rafters were able to carry a heavy roof load (a lead roof ? Such as that of the Cologne or Aachen cathedral).

Conversions from 1182

Major changes were due in 1182. This year the Carolingian atrium and the two vestibules were demolished and replaced by two towers, between which a multi-tiered portal stood. For this purpose, the main nave and thus also the roof were extended to the west. The northern and southern bases of this Romanesque west portal are still visible in the basilica today, to the left and right of today's entrance; also the Carolingian west side (entrance to the basilica from the atrium, today wall section in the floor). The chessboard frieze , which is now walled up above the entrance to the winter choir, also dates from this time. A little later, in front of this tower front, a so-called paradise , an open courtyard that was enclosed on three sides by covered walkways, was probably built. In the course of this work, the connecting house between the house and the basilica was demolished.

Nunnery until 1535

Historical development

In 1232, Emperor Friedrich II transferred the Lorsch Monastery and its possessions to the Archdiocese of Mainz, including the Steinbach Provostry. Today's Fürstenau Castle was built in the neighborhood as a moated castle , probably as a result of the conflict between Kurmainz and the Palatinate. The political changes, in particular the competition between the Count Palatine and the Archbishop of Mainz, resulted in the Lorsch Monastery being abolished as a Benedictine monastery and continued as a Premonstratensian propstei as a result of this transfer . As a result of the changes in the Lorsch Monastery, the Benedictine provostry Steinbach was also abolished. It was converted into a Benedictine convent. On May 27, 1232 Pope Gregory IX. the abbess and the convent of Steinbach a letter of protection for present and future possessions. This is the first known document in which Steinbach is mentioned as a nunnery. In 1269 the parish of Steinbach was given to the Premonstratensian Monastery of Lorsch in a spiritual and secular relationship by Archbishop Werner von Mainz . With the consent of the nuns, a provisional was appointed.

Since the documents from the time of the nunnery are extremely poor, only the names of seven nuns are known from the entire period from 1232 to 1535, five of them heads (as "Abbess" but also as "Master"): Grete Duborn (1345), Else Freienstein (1382), virgin Jutta von Erpach ("Master of Steinbach") (ebf. 1382), Master Mekela von Rodeken (1444), Master Margaretha von Karspach (1483), Abbess Elisabeth Lochinger von Arxhofen (1509, died 1512) ) and master Katharina Weiler (1520, 1525). Abbess Elisabeth Lochinger died in 1512, the grave slab is still in the basilica.

The Council of Basle commissioned at the request of the champion and the Convention in 1437 the abbot of Amorbach and pin dean at St. Peter and Alexander ( Aschaffenburg ) return to the monastery, which had sold it illegally or what had been taken from him. Due to the poor source situation mentioned, it is not possible to determine in detail which of the very extensive properties of the monastery were affected.

In the course of the Reformation, the monastery was closed in 1535. The nuns who accepted the Reformation were allowed to stay in their new role as nurses in the former monastery and were cared for for their entire lives.

Construction work during the time of the Benedictine monastery

Compared to previous construction measures, the changes in the basilica and the monastery are not extensive and rather characterized by decay, but in the course of some smaller construction work, changes that are still visible today were made. The southern arcades of the central nave were bricked up. The reason for this is that a closed enclosure had to be created for a women's convent. This is one of the reasons why a wooden west gallery was built. The walling of the northern side choir and the addition of the gate with pointed arch that still exists there today can also be dated to the time of the nunnery. During the time of the Benedictine nuns, the north tower collapsed, probably in the 16th century, and the house to the north burned down during this time. The monastery could obviously no longer provide for the reconstruction.

Hospital until 1622

Historical development

After the abolition of the monastery in 1535 by Count Eberhard XIII. at Erbach it was converted into a hospital. The first document that mentions the Steinbach Hospital was issued in 1539. However, one should not imagine the hospital as being consistently occupied with sick people, "but rather an administration of the monastery's legacy with the purpose of providing versatile assistance to those in need in the area."

A few years later, in 1542, the Counts Georg II. Zu Erbach-Fürstenau and Count Eberhard XIV. Zu Erbach bought the entire area with all tithes , fields, meadows, pastures, forests and goods, interest, validity and all authorizations from the Premonstratensians in Lorsch for several hundred guilders. The hospital was closed during the Thirty Years' War . The last documents that mention the Steinbach Hospital date from 1622.

Structural changes in the 16th century

From around 1540 to 1542, the north aisle arcades and the north and south arch of the central nave extension in the west were walled up.

In 1568 the north aisle was dismantled and the winter choir's material was added to another floor, presumably initially used as a hospital ward. The room later served u. a. as bulk storage for grain. The block staircase , which is still used as a staircase, is the original from 1568.

In 1587 or 1588 the Romanesque west facade with portal, gable and the still standing but dilapidated south tower were demolished. With the building materials obtained during this demolition, today's west side with gate and gable was built, as can be seen, numerous Romanesque parts were built.

Time until the "rediscovery" as a Carolingian building

Interior view from the west, on the left the five historical grave monuments

After the Thirty Years' War the remaining income was transferred to the churches in Michelstadt and Erbach . The Michelstädter Church sold its monastery property in 1658, which was bought back in 1709 by the Counts of Erbach-Fürstenau . All remaining monastery buildings (abbess house, deanery house, gatehouse, etc.) were also sold in 1658 and demolished over time except for the deanery house. Also because the basilica served as the burial place of the taverns in Erbach in the 13th and 14th centuries , the later Count House of Erbach took care not to let the building completely fall into disrepair. A document from 1542/43 is known about a load of rafters on the orders of Count Georg II. These grave slabs were lifted in 1773 and 1785 and brought to the castle of the Counts of Erbach-Erbach . The found bones were transferred to the family crypt of the count's family in the town church in Michelstadt.

Until its "rediscovery", the basilica itself served as a storage facility and shed for hunting equipment and as a wood store. The latter in particular turned out to be a fortunate circumstance: Since the court carpenter wanted to store dry wood, they always made sure to keep the roof tight. In 1855 the main apse with the eastern gable collapsed. In the following years these parts were rebuilt from exposed sandstone.

Rediscovery in 1873, first excavations and more recent history

Christian Kehrer : Steinbach Monastery at the beginning of the present century , watercolor on paper, around 1800.

The then President of the Historical Association for the Grand Duchy of Hesse , Johann Friedrich Knapp, already suspected in 1844 that the remains of the monastery are Carolingian. He suspected a foundation by Imma, Einhard's wife. He had compared the gate hall in Lorsch with the structural remains of the basilica.

On June 4, 1873, the Darmstadt professor of art history Georg Schäfer rediscovered the remains of the Einhard basilica as Carolingian. On July 12, 1873, he presented his results to the historical association. Friedrich Schneider carried out the first excavation in the choir room on May 3, 1874, based on Schäfer's discoveries. Among other things, he recognized the remains of the choir screen.

Rudolf Adamy carried out an excavation on behalf of the Historical Association for the Grand Duchy of Hesse from February 8 to the end of March 1884. He excavated the remains of the Romanesque tower stumps and the atrium. He described the results in a volume on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the historical association a year later.

Condition during restoration work, 2008

Numerous other excavations followed up to the present day: In 1967 the basilica with other buildings and remains of the monastery was bought by the State of Hesse. The outer walls of the side aisles were rebuilt in 1972/73 and connected to the central nave walls with a pent roof. This construction measure was indispensable for structural reasons: the southern central nave wall is only 65 to 68 centimeters thick at a height of 8.20 meters and tilted alarmingly outward in the middle, which meant there was an acute risk of collapse. In the 1990s, the remaining plastered surfaces and painting scraps were secured.

The basilica is empty except for the grave monuments and the Romanesque arched lintel with palmette frieze and is not used or has no more function. Any church interior fittings and accessories, such as choir stalls, pulpit, benches, altars, organs and bells, are no longer available.

A restoration of the roof tiles and the beams that began in December 2006 was completed in 2010. The work became necessary because the roof tiles had been treated with alum in the 1950s and 1960s to protect them from moss. The resulting salt efflorescence had damaged the bricks and the beams. In order to be able to preserve as many of the tiles from the end of the 12th century as possible, they were treated with lye and silicic acid ester, and damaged roof beams were replaced. Costs of around € 900,000 were estimated for this.

Funerary monuments

Osbirn

Five grave monuments are still attached to the north wall of the nave . The other grave monuments (a total of eleven in number) that were found in the monastery area are, as shown, today, with one exception, in the Einhard chapel of the former count's castle in Erbach (Odenwald) . One of the grave monuments (double grave slab from 1368/69) is exhibited in the Art Museum in St. Louis / Missouri .

The following grave monuments are erected from the entrance in the direction of the main choir:

Grave slab with the name Osbirn

The following inscription can be found in the frame: + VIII. K (alendas) +. SEPT O (biit) OSBIRN. LAI (sus abbas?)

The plate is dated to the second half of the 11th or the first half of the 12th century. It is carved in a trapezoid shape, an abbot's staff is incised in the inner field, and rhombic friezes and tendrils on the outside. The fact that this type of sarcophagus lid is usually decorated, but does not contain any inscription, raises the question of whether the inscription was created at the same time as the memorial itself. There may be a secondary use, so the sarcophagus lid may have been used for two burials.

Grave slab of an unknown person

A rectangular plate with a surrounding inscription:

"QVI SOLU (S) MISERV (M) MUNDAS DE CRIMINE SECLVM. QUEM TEGIT HEC PETRA IVBEAS EVADERE CVNCTA. MORTIS. SUPLICIA S (AN) C (T) IS ET VIUDERE PRESTA HIC QU… TIS FUERAT SP (IRITU). "

“In translation: Whoever you alone free the wretched from the guilt of the world, may you command that he whom this stone covers escape from all torments of death and give that he lives with the saints. This was the spirit ... "

The plate is cut rectangular and has no jewelry. According to unsecured knowledge, it is dated to the first half of the 12th century.

Grave slab of the nun Grete Duborn

The plate is rectangular, in the middle is the coat of arms of those of Duborn, also known as the Starkerad. Since the name of a Grete Duborn has been passed down and the date of origin of the slab in the middle of the 14th century coincides with her lifetime, it can be assumed that it is her grave slab.

Grave slab of Anna von Bruck (wife of the present Konrad V. von Erbach)

It depicts a woman in a heavy coat. The coat of arms of Erbach is on the chest of the robe. The inscription is almost destroyed, but has survived: anno d (omi) ni. m. [ccc.l.xx in vigilia.asecensionis.] d (omi) ni. obiit.anna.pincerna. [d (omi) na.] de erpach. She died on May 22, 1370.

Grave slab of Abbess Elisabeth Lochinger von Arxhofen

The abbess is shown turning slightly to the left in prayer with the rosary. Next to the head and on the foot side, pairs of coats of arms are shown. The inscription reads: An (no) d (omi) ni. 1512.14 the augusti Obiit religiosa at (que) vernera (n) da Elizabeth lochingerin de arxhofen Cenobii h (uius) abbatissa c (uius) a (n) ima req (ui) escat in pace amen. She died on August 14, 1512.

  • unknown

  • Grete Duborn

  • Anna von Bruck

  • Elisabeth Lochinger

More finds

Also in the interior (north nave wall, immediately to the left of the entrance) is the semicircular lintel of the Romanesque west portal from 1182, decorated with a palmette frieze, made of sandstone.

During excavations in the 1920s under the stairs of the north aisle, the head of a Roman statue of Mercury made of sandstone was found unmoluted in the foundation pouring . The approximately 15 cm high head seems to be the work of a local workshop, although this is particularly successful in terms of craftsmanship. The god has a friendly, almost cheerful expression on his face. There are also finds of Roman wall tiles with roller stamp decoration.

Painting remains

In its Carolingian form, the basilica was only painted in the area of ​​the main apse and with a surrounding console frieze on the top wall surface. Various paintings were added in the subsequent construction phases. It can be assumed that the basilica was largely painted. However, all of these paintings have passed over the centuries, with the exception of a few and hardly recognizable remains. Still recognizable are (among others):

  • Carolingian painting remains on the southern side of the main apse

  • Carolingian painting remains on the northern side of the main apse

  • Late Gothic painting remains in a window reveal on the south side

  • Late Gothic painting remains on a bricked-up arcade of the south nave wall

There are more remains of painting on the north wall of the nave, but only a few square centimeters of this have survived and the fragments are barely visible to the visitor.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ To this in detail: Günther Binding: Multis arte fuit utilis - Einhard as an organizer at the Aachener Hof and as a client in Steinbach and Seligenstadt
  2. ^ Hermann Schefers: Einhard . P. 15
  3. ↑ on this in detail: Summer: The Einhardsbau from 821 in the city church . In: The town church Michelstadt from 1491
  4. ↑ a b Thomas Ludwig, Otto Müller and Irmgard Widdra-Spiess: The Einhards basilica in Steinbach near Michelstadt in the Odenwald . P. 55
  5. ↑ a b Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: pp. 51, 52
  6. ↑ Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: p. 14ff.
  7. ↑ Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: p. 58
  8. ↑ Otto Müller: Types of construction and masonry techniques on Einhard's buildings . P. 43
  9. ↑ a b Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: p. 57
  10. ↑ a b Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: p. 46
  11. ↑ Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: p. 12ff.
  12. ↑ z. B. Otto Müller: The Einhartsbasilika zu Steinbach . P. 10 para. 36
  13. ↑ Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: p. 49
  14. ↑ According to Einhard himself: “But that (Ratleik) had long been thinking about something else in his mind. Because, as he told me later, he did not consider it allowed to return home alone with the body of Blessed Marcellinus ... ”in: Einhard: The transmission and miracles of Saint Marcellinus and Peter . P. 10
  15. ↑ Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: p. 50
  16. ↑ on this and on the relics see Einhard: The transmission and miracles of Saints Marcellinus and Peter . Pp. 4-21
  17. ↑ Thomas Ludwig: Einhard's Basilica . Pp. 13/14
  18. ↑ Thomas Ludwig: Einhard's Basilica . P. 16
  19. ↑ Semmler, Einhard and the Reform (see ref. Below) pp. 187–189.
  20. ↑ Conclusion from: Einhard: The transmission and miracles of the Saints Marcellinus and Peter . P. 21
  21. ↑ Thomas Ludwig: Einhard's Basilica . P. 18
  22. ↑ Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: p. 244
  23. ↑ a b Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: p. 64
  24. ↑ a b c Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: p. 27
  25. ↑ a b c Otto Müller: The Einharts Basilica in Steinbach . P. 16
  26. ^ Certificate of October 27, 1095, translation by Dr. Hermann Schefers after Karl Josef Minst, Lorscher Codex deutsch , Vol. 1, 2nd edition, Lorsch 1974 in: 900 years Steinbach - Chronicle of a village , Michelstadt 1995.
  27. ↑ Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: p. 67
  28. ↑ a b c Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: pp. 28/29
  29. ↑ a b Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: p. 273ff.
  30. ↑ Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: p. 69ff.
  31. ↑ The central nave is equipped with 19 sill beams.
  32. ↑ Of the 19 inclined struts on the south side of the central nave, not a single one has survived in situ today (2019) . On the north side there are only 4
  33. ↑ Bernd Fäthke, The atavism of the Bierstädter Türsturzes, Nassauische Annalen, 85th volume, 1974, p. 19, Fig. 7
  34. ↑ The foot struts that are still present in the sill beams or their empty recesses can be clearly seen on site.
  35. ↑ Bernd Fäthke, The Atavism of the Bierstädter Türsturzes, Nassauische Annalen, 85th Volume, 1974, pp. 19-20
  36. ↑ Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: pp. 71–78
  37. ^ Heinrich Büttner: A memorial for the foundation of the Lorsch Monastery 1200 years ago . In: Contributions to the history of the Lorsch monastery . P. 39, ed. from Heimat und Kulturverein Lorsch, special volume 4 in the series of history sheets of the Bergstrasse district, 2nd edition, Heppenheim 1980.
  38. ↑ a b c Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: pp. 30/31
  39. ↑ Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: p. 78
  40. ↑ possibly not until the 14th or 15th century, s. Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: pp. 78–79
  41. ↑ a b Ludwig, Müller and Widdra-Spiess: p. 81
  42. ↑ a b c d Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: p. 31
  43. ↑ a b Otto Müller: The hospital of the county of Steinbach . P. 160
  44. ↑ Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: p. 83, 85
  45. ↑ Thomas Ludwig: Einhard's Basilica . P. 20
  46. ↑ Ludwig, Müller Widdra-Spiess: p. 97ff.
  47. ↑ a b Thomas Ludwig: Einhards Basilica . P. 21
  48. ^ Georg Zimmermann: The Carolingian Einhards basilica in Michelstadt-Steinbach and its restoration . P. 366
  49. ↑ Georg Zimmermann: p. 368
  50. ↑ Ludwig, Müller, Widdra-Spiess: pp. 88–99
  51. ↑ Thomas Ludwig: Einhard's Basilica . P. 38
  52. ↑ On the piece see Marion Mattern: Roman stone monuments from Hesse south of the Main and from the Bavarian part of the Main Limes. Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani . Germany vol. 2,13, Mainz 2005, publisher of the Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum; Commissioned by Habelt, Bonn, ISBN 3-88467-091-3 , p. 191 and plate 126.
  53. ^ E. Schallmayer in: D. Baatz / FR Herrmann, Die Römer in Hessen (Stuttgart 1989) p. 436; F. Mössinger, Die Römer im Odenwald (Heppenheim 1967) pp. 49–51 (with illustrations); F. Behn, New excavations and investigations at the Einhards Basilica in Steinbach in the Odenwald. Mainzer Zeitschrift 27, 1932 p. 3 Note 1, Fig. 7.

literature

  • Rudolf Adamy: The Einhard Basilica in Steinbach in the Odenwald . Darmstadt 1885 (reprint: Degener, Neustadt an der Aisch 2000, ISBN 3-7686-5175-4 ).
  • Thomas Ludwig, Otto Müller and Irmgard Widdra-Spiess: The Einhards Basilica in Steinbach near Michelstadt in the Odenwald . Edited by the State Office for Monument Preservation Hessen. 2 volumes. Von Zabern, Mainz 1996, ISBN 3-8053-1322-5 .
  • Andrea Banse: Einhard's Basilica. Change and function of a cultural monument for a region . Self-published, Michelstadt 1999, ISBN 3-00-004423-X .
  • Thomas Ludwig: Einhard's Basilica Michelstadt-Steinbach. Short guide . Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2003, ISBN 3-7954-6372-6 .
  • Otto Müller : The Einharts Basilica in Steinbach . Introduction from his dissertation, Verlag Gustav Sprey Jr., Seligenstadt 1937.
  • Otto Müller: Structural forms and masonry technology on Einhard's buildings in Michelstadt-Steinbach and Seligenstadt . In: Journal of the Breuberg Association . Vol. 20, Issue 2, Reinheim 1973.
  • Hermann Schefers: Einhard - A life picture from Carolingian times . Edited by the Einhard-Arbeitsgemeinschaft eV, reprint from the history sheets of the Bergstrasse district, vol. 26, Heppenheim 1993.
  • Georg Zimmermann: The Carolingian Einhardsbasilika in Michelstadt-Steinbach and its restoration . Special print from the archive for Hessian history and antiquity . New series, vol. 45, 1987.
  • Otto Müller: The hospital of the county of Erbach in Steinbach . In: The Odenwald. Journal of the Breuberg Association . Vol. 43, Issue 4, December 1996.
  • Gisela Bergsträsser, Johannes Sommer a. a .: Michelstadt - 500 Years of the City Church , Volume 9 of the Town Hall and Museum Series , Michelstadt 1991. ISBN 3-924583-13-7
  • Einhard , The transmission and miracles of Saints Marcellinus and Peter , translated into German by Karl Esselborn, Darmstadt 1925; Unchanged reprint of this edition, published by Historischen Verein für Hessen, Darmstadt 1977
  • Martin Heinzelmann: Einhards, Translatio Marcellini et Petri '. A hagiographic reform from 830 . In: Hermann Schefers (Hrsg.): Einhard studies on life and work (work of the Hessian Historical Commission new series 12). Hessische Historische Kommission, Darmstadt 1997, pp. 269-298 ISBN 3-88443-033-5
  • Josef Semmler: Einhard and the reform of spiritual communities in the first half of the 9th century . In: ibid. Pp. 179-189.
  • Günther Binding : Multis arte fuit utilis - Einhard as an organizer at the Aachener Hof and as a client in Steinbach and Seligenstadt . In: Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch , Volume 30, 2, 1995, pp. 29-46.
  • Heinrich Büttner: A memorial for the foundation of the Lorsch Monastery 1200 years ago . In: Contributions to the history of the Lorsch monastery . P. 39, ed. from Heimat und Kulturverein Lorsch, special volume 4 in the series of history sheets of the Bergstrasse district, 2nd edition, Heppenheim 1980.
  • Rudolf Kunz, Paul Schnitzer: The Premonstratensian provosts of the Lorsch monastery . In: Contributions to the history of the Lorsch monastery . Pp. 335ff., Ed. from Heimat und Kulturverein Lorsch, special volume 4 in the series of history sheets of the Bergstrasse district, 2nd edition, Heppenheim 1980.
  • Monika Vogt: Sleeps a song in all things. Encounters with archeology and building research in Hessen. Published by the Sparkassen-Kulturstiftung Hessen-Thüringen and the State Office for Monument Preservation Hessen . Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7954-2104-5 , pp. 38-40.

Web links

Commons : Einhardsbasilika  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 49 ° 41 ′ 15 "  N , 8 ° 59 ′ 48.1"  E

This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on May 14, 2008 .