Romano Gothic
The term Romano-Gothic is used for the style of certain church buildings from the 13th and 14th centuries on both sides of the Dutch-German border in the transition period between the later Romanesque and Gothic . He makes use of the decorative forms of jewelry of the Gothic, but does not adopt their construction principles. He still held on to these peculiarities when the Gothic construction method had long been followed more consistently elsewhere. The main features are decorative masonry and decorative elements such as blending arcades , round windows and round arch friezes .
Lower Rhine
The Lower Rhine late Romanesque style is attributed to the Romano Gothic due to the increasing verticality through the use of cross vaults and the occasional use of pointed arches . In the Netherlands, the Munsterkerk in Roermond is the most important Romano-Gothic example. Features of the architectural style can also be found at the Alte Salviuskerk in Limbricht . Other Romano-Gothic churches are the Servaas basilica , the Liebfrauenbasilika in Maastricht and the St. Plechelmus basilica in Oldenzaal . At the end of the 19th century, this style was the source of inspiration for the Neo-Romano-Gothic, the most important representative of which is the German-Dutch church architect Carl Weber (1820–1908).
East Frisia and Northern Netherlands
Several churches in western East Frisia and in the Dutch provinces of Groningen and Friesland are characterized by their own Romano-Gothic architectural style. Occasionally the architectural style is also referred to as "early Gothic". Specific characteristics differentiate the architectural style from purely Romanesque churches. The Romano-Gothic church building in Friesland are built exclusively of brick and have a wall outline with horizontally spaced-apart planes on which blend African serve as decoration. The gable triangles of the transept are also equipped with niches. The initially small arches are recessed in the wall and have round profiles. Sometimes wall reinforcements and buttresses are used, which point to the Gothic. In particular, the east side can be designed decoratively with glare fields, diamond patterns in the gables, oculi , groups of three windows , consoles , round arch friezes and arches . Various decorative elements anticipate the Gothic, while the way of construction is still Romanesque. Inside, eight-part cross-rib vaults are used, which are flattened at the top so that the ribs form a circle in the center. A development has taken place within the Romano-Gothic, with the oldest examples showing a greater use of niches and gable decoration than the younger ones. Gradually, these were used less, the windows were larger and formerly round arches were replaced by pointed arches, until finally purely Gothic elements were used. The representative Romano-Gothic churches in East Frisia can almost all be traced back to the foundations of local or regional chiefs.
An early example of an East Frisian Romano-Gothic hall church is the Dreifaltigkeitskirche in Collinghorst (around 1250). The east gable of the Grimersum church is structured by staggered panels, the group of three windows below is flanked by two panel niches. At St. Mauritius in Reepsholt , the transept gables are decorated with round panels with a herringbone bandage and a three-pass frieze, which you would otherwise not encounter in East Friesland, but in the Dutch Friesland. The long sides of the nave of the Eilsumer Church (1240–1260) are divided by two levels with round-arched blind arcades, at the bottom are larger, flat and at the top small, deeper arches with narrow round-arched windows.
The Romano-Gothic eastern part of the Reformed Church in Bunde is more elaborately designed than the simple Romanesque nave (around 1200) and dates from around 1270 to 1280. The outer walls of the choir are provided with continuous arched arcades on the lower level. They are built as blind arches with capitals on round bars with oculi in the middle. In the upper part of the east wall there is a triple pointed arched window, which is flanked by two blind windows with cloverleaf arches and checkerboard and herringbone patterns, in the side walls blind windows with round arches. The original diamond pattern has been preserved on the northern gable . The Stapelmoorer Church is architecturally designed similar to the Bunder Kreuzkirche. The crossing tower of the Pilsum Kreuzkirche also comes from the transition period.
The Marien-Kirche in Marienhafe is an example of a very special kind , which is based on the design of the Osnabrück Cathedral and French models and was built around 1250 to 1270 as a three-aisled basilica . The style of the Warnfried Church in Osteel was based on the Marienhafer Church and, like that, was partially demolished in the 19th century. The Werdum St. Nicolai Church with its corner pilasters and the richly decorated cornice from 1327 represents the last phase of the Romano-Gothic.
One of the oldest examples of this style in the Netherlands is the choir of the church in Leermens . The churches of Stedum and Zuidbroek are largely preserved examples of the early style. The church in Noordbroek shows the transition to Gothic. The final stage of the Romano-Gothic has been reached in Zeerijp : Purely Gothic forms are combined with a construction method and individual elements of the Romano-Gothic. There are other Romano-Gothic churches in the Groningen province in Krewerd, Loppersum, Termunten, Garmerwolde, Bierum, Godlinze, Ten Boer, Huizinge. In West Friesland there are churches of this style in Hantumhuizen, Bergum and Eestrum.
See also
literature
- Hermann Haiduck: The architecture of the medieval churches in the East Frisian coastal area . Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1986, ISBN 3-925365-07-9 .
- Peter Karstkarel: All middeleeuwse kerken. Van Harlingen dead Wilhelmshaven . 2nd Edition. Uitgeverij Noordboek, Groningen 2009, ISBN 90-330-0558-1 .
- Gottfried Kiesow : Architecture Guide East Friesland . Verlag Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz , Bonn 2010, ISBN 978-3-86795-021-3 .
- Monika van Lengen: Islands of calm: Churches in East Friesland . Leer 1996, ISBN 3-7963-0335-8 .
- Robert Noah: God's houses in East Frisia . Soltau-Kurier, Norden 1989, ISBN 3-922365-80-9 .
- Geerd Westermann: Vaulted churches of the 13th century in Groningen . University of Münster, Münster 1979.
Web links
- archimon.nl: The virtual museum of religious architecture in The Netherlands (engl.)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Monika van Lengen: Islands of calm: Churches in East Friesland . Leer 1996, ISBN 3-7963-0335-8 , pp. 80 .
- ^ Connie van den Broek: Leven en werk van Carl Weber (1820-1908) . Nijmegen 1988.
- ↑ Noah: God's houses in East Frisia . 1989, p. 50.
- ↑ welt.de (June 24, 2006): Friesische Freiheit , viewed September 27, 2011.
- ^ Hermann Haiduck: The architecture of the medieval churches . 1986, pp. 105f.
- ↑ Gottfried Kiesow: Architectural Guide Ostfriesland . 2010, p. 97
- ^ Ostfriesland.de: Ev.-Reformed Church Bunde , seen October 6, 2012.