Collegiate Church of St. Materniani et St. Nicolai
The former Evangelical Lutheran collegiate church of St. Materniani et St. Nicolai in Bücken , also popularly known as the "Bücker Dom", is a Romanesque basilica with twin towers from the 12th century .
Building history
We do not know anything certain about the oldest church, presumably made of wood in connection with the foundation of the monastery in the 9th century. Four construction periods can be seen on the collegiate church that exists today:
In the 11th century, a vaultless pillar basilica was built, the remains of which can be seen in the small-scale field stone masonry, for example in the structure of the pilaster strips on the basement of the east apse . The four eastern nave yokes also belong to this period .
The 12th century continued building with porta sandstone : the basement of the towers and the two western nave bays. The construction seam is clearly visible from the east due to the profile change on the fifth pillar. The western south portal (Saint Peter and Agnus Dei ) and the two figural consoles (north: master builder?) Under the organ gallery are dated to the second half of the 12th century .
An indulgence from 1248 in favor of the dilapidated church enabled the beginning of the third construction phase, which was partly made of brick. It includes: the upper floors of the tower, the semicircular closures ( cones ) of the transepts, the elevation of the east apse as a prerequisite for the large glass windows.
Perhaps it was only after around 1350 that the nave was vaulted, the windows enlarged and a stone west gallery was installed between the towers.
In 1802 the north tower was torn down down to the two lower floors. The simplifying alterations of the 18th century were reversed when the Bücken-born architect Adelbert Hotzen carried out a comprehensive historicist restoration (south tower, upper floors of the north tower, west vestibule and gable) from 1863 to 1868, during which he looked as good as possible to the preserved remains and in which the collegiate church was largely given its present shape. The furnishings were also restored during these years and the interior was repainted. Further exterior and interior renovations took place in 1963–1971. The 13th century stained glass windows were preserved in 1975, the organ renewed in 1976, and the south tower renovated in 1981–1982 and 1991.
Furnishing
The unified restoration from 1863–1868 included the picture and ornamentation by the church painter Heinrich Ludwig Schröer, whose teacher Michael Welter had designed the additions to the colored windows. The screed floor in the choir comes from the same period, a beautiful and rare example of this little-noticed handicraft technique of historicism. The medieval furnishings are even more important:
Triumphal Cross Group
In front of the transept, in the western arch, an Apostle beam spans the central nave as the bearer of a larger-than-life triumphal cross ensemble. Although the woods used are dendrochronologically determined to be a few decades older and the crucified one is still designed in the more ancient four-nail type , the group is mostly dated around 1260/70 for reasons of style and history. It is one of the most important wood carvings of the time in Northern Germany and can be compared with its Central German counterparts in Halberstadt and Wechselburg. On the ends of the cross, God the Father and the dove of the Holy Spirit are shown above, angels to the side and the three women in front of the angel at the empty tomb of the risen Christ below. Maria (renewed in 1868) and Johannes, who usually accompany the triumphal cross, stand on the personifications of Jewish and paganism lying on the ground, further outside the church patrons Maternianus (renewed) and Nicholas (head renewed). In the 15 niches of the beam sit next to Christ and Mary 13 (!) Apostles.
altar
The carved wing retable was created at the end of the late Gothic period around 1515. The calvary of the central shrine is correspondingly rich in figures . The two church patrons flank it again. The apostles are arranged on the wings, Saints Catherine and Magdalena in the essays above, and the four church fathers in the predella . Heavily restored in 1868.
Stained glass
The three more than 4 m high colored window strips of the east apse contain the qualitatively and iconographically most important glass windows of the 13th century in northern Germany, even if they were heavily restored by Michael Welter in 1867 and partly completely renewed. In any case, the iconographic context of the cycle has been preserved, something of which there are hardly any other examples in Germany from this period. The central window contains a sequence of images from the life of Jesus, which can be related to representations of stations of the Mass liturgy on the outer panels (the three lower and five upper panes renewed). The middle panel of the southern window is dedicated to the life of the patron saint Maternian, with kings and prophets of the Old Testament next to it (edge strips at the bottom left and middle right renewed, the middle medallion is best preserved). In the northern window depictions from the legend of St. Nicholas, accompanied on the edge by the wise and foolish virgins (renewed: five upper panes and two edge strips at the bottom right). While the palmette borders still follow Romanesque decor conventions, the physicality of the figures is already stylized in a decidedly Gothic style and the programmatic content is hardly conceivable without models from French cathedral art. However, where the windows were made (Minden or Bremen?) Has to remain unclear for the time being.
More works of art
- The stone pulpit from the middle of the 13th century, with its capitals and cloverleaf arches, shows architectural forms from the transition period between Romanesque and Gothic, something comparable can be found in Westphalia, but also in the Liebfrauenkirche in Bremen .
- The choir stalls , after 1337, have been heavily supplemented, but also contain original figurative parts.
- Christ in rest (Christ in misery), devotional image, wooden figure of the 15th century.
- To the left of the altar, the filigree sacrament house made of sand-lime brick from the end of the 15th century protrudes into the vault.
- Cabinet-shaped offering box , dated 1675.
- A baroque baptismal font has a carved lid from 1677 and a neo-Romanesque baptismal font comes from the restoration period 1863/67.
- Epitaphs for Hinrich Behse († 1561) and Achatz von der Wense († 1605).
organ
The Hillebrand -Orgel the church from 1976 has slider chests with mechanical play and register contracture . During the construction, pipe material from several previous instruments was supplemented by replicas in the historical sense. Almost all registers in the main work are of historical origin. The immediate predecessor instrument was built by the Hanoverian court organ builder Meyer using pipes from the 17th century that Harmen Kröger had made for the previous instrument. It may even be possible to infer an even older inventory from the 16th century due to striking manufacturing characteristics.
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- Coupling : II / I, I / P, II / P
- Block tremulant for all works
History of the pen
The current town of Altenbücken was mentioned as early as 860 . After the foundation of the monastery, the name passed to the place that formed around the church. The Archbishop of Bremen Rimbert founded the Collegiate Foundation Bücken in 882 as a mission center for Saxony and Scandinavia . The collegiate church was consecrated to St. Maternian , Archbishop of Reims (d. 368). Later Nikolaus was added as the namesake. The monastery was headed by a provost , who was elected to his office from the Bremen cathedral chapter, headed and administered. At the same time he was archdeacon of the spell stooping. The collegiate chapter consisted of seven canons who were responsible for the services. A monastery yard (Siebenmeierhof) was assigned as a benefice to each canon . These were in Bücken , Essen , Stendern , Mehringen , Mahlen, Wührden and Magelsen . At the beginning of the 11th century, Bücken was a refuge for the Bremen bishops to get away from predatory Vikings . Construction of today's church began in the middle of the 11th century. The area of today's parish was created around 1000. The parish included the places Altenbücken, Bücken, Calle , Dedendorf , Duddenhausen , Helzendorf , Holtrup , Nordholz , Warpe and Windhorst . Parts of Hoya were also part of it until around 1400 . The monastery flourished through numerous donations and around 1200 was one of the richest tax collectors in northern Germany. The Reformation was introduced in 1532 and the church property was confiscated from the Counts of Hoya . In 1648 the monastery was dissolved.
Founding legend
Monks who were to build the church and determine the location of the church asked God for a sign. They wanted to build the church where the donkey they were taking with them would “bend down” to eat. But when the animal wanted to settle in the "Wüsteney" ( Helzendorf ), they pulled it on to the place where the "Bücken" collegiate church is today.
literature
- Hans-Herbert Möller : The collegiate church in Bücken. Munich / Berlin 1986 (5th A.), 16 pp. 11 fig.
- Hans-Herbert Möller u. Cord Meyer: The collegiate church to stoop. [Recordings: Wolfgang Heising]. 8., rework. Ed., Dt. Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 2008 (DKV Art Guide No. 207), ISBN 978-3-422-02168-6 , 23 pp. numerous Ill.
- Dietrich Studer: The collegiate church in Bücken. Koenigstein / Ts. no year, 52 p.m. 64 Fig.
- 1100 years of Bücken (882-1982). (Ed .: Festival Committee 1100 Years of Bücken), o. O. 1982, 287 p. M. numerous Fig.
- Nicolaus Heutger: 1100 years of Bücken - The Bücken monastery in history and art (edited by Nicolaus Heutger on behalf of the Hoya-Diepholzschen Gesellschaft), August Lax Hildesheim publishing house in 1982, 64 pages and 80 plates.
- Ernst Andreas Friedrich: The collegiate church in Bücken , P. 133-135, in: If stones could talk , Volume I, Landbuch-Verlag, Hanover 1989, ISBN 3-7842-03973 .
- Werner Kloos and Jürgen Wittstock: Old churches in and around Bremen, Bremen 1982, pp. 88–95.
Individual evidence
- ↑ The chronology referred to below is based on the presentation in: Georg Dehio: Handbuch der Deutschen Kunstdenkmäler - Lower Saxony Bremen, Munich 1992, pp. 315-318.
- ^ Bremisches Urkundenbuch, Vol. 1, 1863, No. 241. Further indulgences followed up to 1256.
- ↑ This is what Reiner Haussherr suspects in: Die Zeit der Staufer , exhibition catalog Stuttgart 1977, cat. No. 416 , because Wedekind I. von Minden was from the family of the rulers, the Counts of Hoya , during the years in question provost in Bücken (1244) and Bishop in Minden (1253-1261) was.
- ↑ Hans Wentzel : The color windows of the 13th century in the collegiate church at Bücken on the Weser . in: Low German contributions to art history , Vol. 1, 1961, pp. 57–72; Vol. 2, 1962, pp. 131-151; Vol. 3, 1964, pp. 195-214.
- ↑ Information on the organ
Web links
Coordinates: 52 ° 46 ′ 47.6 " N , 9 ° 7 ′ 49.5" E