Romanesque country church with a secular upper floor

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Romanesque country churches with profane upper floors in old Bavaria and Lower Austria. Blue circles = church locations. Red circles = proven ownership of the Pabonen
Exemplary elevations of the castle chapel at Hof am Regen. The two secular upper floors, the west gallery with a raised external entrance and access via a wooden bridge and the narrow staircase to the upper floors within the wall thickness are clearly recognizable

Romanesque country churches with profane upper floors , mostly built in the 2nd half of the 12th century, are found in a regional cluster in certain regions of Old Bavaria . It is a rare type of church, which is characterized by an additional storey for secular purposes above a Romanesque church. The churches are probably part of a land development plan by the Burgraves of Regensburg and the Landgraves of Stefling, from the Pabonen family .

These churches must not be confused with Romanesque double chapels or double churches , as can often be seen as castle chapels or ossuaries and also frequently in the Alpine region.

Building type

They are mostly small, but often very high, single-nave hall churches with a west gallery and a recessed round apse in the east , more rarely with a rectangular choir or a choir tower . The latter variant is mainly found in the western area of ​​distribution. The often very thick walls of these churches are mostly built from large ashlars using a careful technique, which by far exceeds the level of other country churches and also profane Romanesque buildings, but only a few Romanesque decorative elements can be found on them. The stone in the vicinity served as building material, ie granite, sandstone, dolomite or limestone depending on the region. Bricks were also used where no suitable natural stone was available.

As a constructive, type-defining common feature, the churches have a profane upper floor above the Romanesque church space, which can be reached partly via a narrow inner staircase within the wall, and for the most part via an external entrance several meters high (without a staircase construction). This outside entrance, which is now mostly blocked, first opens up the west gallery and allows the further staircase to the upper floor, which sometimes only has a knee floor, but often also has entire floor walls and helps the overall building to an impressive height. Later this height was often given up again or replaced by newer roof constructions, and in isolated cases an additional upper floor was added. Few churches have been converted into double chapels.

In smaller churches of the type mentioned there are also secular upper floors in the choir tower, rarely also in a western transverse building or western tower.

construction time

There is only very seldom documentary information about the time and circumstances of its creation. Due to the cuboid technique and stylistic features that have just been introduced in southern Germany, all churches with a few exceptions are dated to the second half of the 12th century.

Location

The churches are mostly isolated or surrounded by a very small village ensemble; they are never found in cities or near monasteries. Most of the churches are now branch churches. Today only a few are the center of a larger village ensemble or serve as parish churches.

In addition to pronounced valley locations, there are also slopes, terraces, and very rarely also peaks. Some of the churches were once surrounded by a ring-shaped wall and ditch system, of which today there are often little or no traces. In the Middle Ages, the churches were often located on an estate , which later was not infrequently divided into several farms.

Most of the churches can be found within sight of a larger castle complex, the origin of which dates back to the same time, and very few have been subsequently integrated into one. Often there is evidence of a noble seat located directly at the church, but mostly only indirectly derived from the later, documentary naming of aftervasals who belonged to the chapel site. In a few cases a church with a top was extended from two upper floors to a formal tower castle.

Geographical distribution

The churches can be found predominantly in old Bavaria. They are found in a noticeable cluster in the hill country of the eastern Upper Palatinate and the Bavarian forest, z. T. in the vicinity of old military and trade routes. Further focal points are the middle Altmühltal , the Danube lowlands east and south-west of Regensburg and the Hallertau . The churches can also be found sporadically in the western Upper Palatinate, in the foothills of the Alps, in the former Ostmark (in today's Lower Austria), and singularly in Upper Franconia, near Bamberg.

Examples

The church buildings in detail

  • St. Egidius in the Kreuzhof near Regensburg : high hall with round apse. Once the starting point of the Crusades, only recently saved from decline. Access to the upper floor through a wall corridor, accessible via the west gallery, which was once accessible from the outside through a door in the west wall.
  • St. Johann Baptist in Rinkam near Straubing : Church with rectangular choir and retracted west tower, here with access to the upper floor. Noble seat next to the church not proven with certainty.
  • St. Ulrich in Wilchenreuth near Weiden : high hall church with Romanesque round apse, the latter with a rare depiction of Christ Pantocrator. Assumed location in a noble estate, but not sure. Plastered upper floor, access through a now walled entrance in the west wall.
  • St. Nikolaus in Bernstein near Erbendorf: Greatly changed due to later renovations. The only church with a westwork, inside a secular room without reference to the church interior.
  • St. Michael in Schönkirch near Plößberg : Very high hall church made of large granite blocks, plastered in the upper part, with profane upper floor, prepared for residential purposes (benches on slotted windows, interior plastering). Another upper floor with beams. A third floor handed down orally. Location on a noble seat, today dismissed, still recognizable on the original cadastre moat.
  • St. Martin in Aicholding near Riedenburg : single-aisle hall with retracted choir in the choir tower. Formerly profane space can be reached from the neighboring manor house over a wooden bridge (post holes), today's castle construction is much younger. Structural references to Deising and Baiersdorf (corbel with rod).
  • St. Peter in Deising near Riedenburg : Romanesque choir tower. Careful limestone ashlar masonry under the plaster. On the south side of the tower there is an entrance opening into a profane upper floor. Belonged as a branch church to Altmühlmünster . Structural references to Aicholding and Baiersdorf (corbel with bar).
  • St. Johann Baptist in Baiersdorf near Riedenburg: Romanesque choir tower, plastered ashlar building. Entrance opening to a profane tower room. Structural references to Deising and Aicholding (corbel with rod).
  • St. Nikolaus in Unteremmendorf near Kinding : Romanesque choir tower, secular upper floor above the nave. Baroque conversions.
  • St. Gallus in Sandharlanden near Abensberg : high hall church made of carefully hewn ashlars, choir tower, profane upper floor, former staircase on the west wall (meanwhile rebuilt). Romanesque round arch portal added on the south side.
  • St. Georg in Neukirchen bei Train : Small Romanesque choir tower church on a terrace, surrounded by a ring moat of the flowing past (now drained). In the tower there is an entry opening to the profane upper floor with a preserved wooden flap door and the option of a barricade. Romanesque fresco on the left side of the choir.
  • St. Egidius in Türkenfeld near Hohenthann : Romanesque hall church with high round apse from the 12th century, partly baroque. Possible connection with a noble seat that has not been preserved. Access to the upper floor above the nave and to this room through stairs made in the wall thickness.
  • St. Jakobus in Schondorf am Ammersee: Well-preserved hall church with round apse and profane upper floor, accessible via the gallery in a wall staircase, careful ashlar technology made of tuff stone.
  • St. Georg in Thal near Tuntenhausen : Tuff cuboid construction before 1200, once surrounded by a moat, both floors flat. The upper floor is only accessible from the outside.
  • Castle chapel in Hof am Regen near Stefling : high rectangular tower made of granite blocks, before 1200, on a hill above the Regen. In the basement Romanesque chapel with a narrow nave and narrow, recessed apse. Upper entrance to the west gallery from the outside, here beam holes for Herrenbrücke later broken into. From there staircase in the thickness of the wall into two profane upper floors, e.g. T. from a later time. Passage to an additional lockable room above the apse. Headquarters of the Hofers. Within sight of the Pabonen headquarters, Stefling Castle (see below).
  • St. Peter and Paul in Obertrübenbach : formerly surrounded by a curtain wall and probably once part of the noble seat of the "Trübenbecker" family. Gothic choir extension. Probably two mundane upper floors, one of which has since been abandoned, both of which can be reached from a covered entrance opening in the west gallery.
  • Our Lady in Gasseltshausen : three-story brick tower (some with embossed ornaments), of impressive height. Entrance building from more recent times. Another secular floor above the high upper floor chapel, only accessible via very narrow wall shafts next to the apse.
  • St. Johann Baptist in Piesenkofen : Tower-like brick church building with a very high round apse. Located at three farms, on an old Salweg from Salzburg to Regensburg. Former noble seat suspected, not proven with certainty. Walled upper entrance in two profane upper floors, accessible via narrow walled stairs, once separated by a beamed ceiling. Even execution of the hard brick masonry. Deep foundation.
  • St. Aegidius in Schönfeld near Wald : A hall church built from carefully hewn granite blocks with two vaulted yokes and a round apse. Numerous stonemason's marks. A staircase in the thickness of the wall to a formerly profane upper floor, also accessible at gallery height through an external western staircase. Low basement floor, ventilated through slits in the wall, under the church, separated from it by an oak beamed ceiling. Secluded location on 3 farms. Earlier noble seat cannot be proven with certainty.
  • Holy Three Kings and St. Matthew in Friedersried near Stamsried : Romanesque country church made of sandstone, once probably with two aisles, with a beautifully tiered portal, recently uncovered. Static problems around 1720, removal of the vault and the profane upper floor, which are still indicated by high nave windows, erection of strong supporting pillars on the southern outer wall.
  • St. Egidius in Hof bei Oberviechtach : Oldest church in the Oberviechtach district, once a hall with a square retracted choir, located on the edge of a slope near a former farm. Erected from solid granite ashlars, on the western front walled upper entrance and staircase as a reference to an earlier upper floor.
  • St. Matthäus in Altentreswitz near Vohenstrauß : Small, picturesquely situated church from the 12th century on a hill near the village with a height that is disproportionate to its length. High windows exposed at the beginning of the 1990s, further evidence of a previous upper floor above a vaulted concrete barrel. Previously bricked west gallery with two yokes. Granite-encased passage from today's attic to a small room above the apse.
  • Castle chapel of the Holy Trinity and St. John of Nepomuk in Breitenstein near Königstein : high building made of granite ashlars, with a round apse and three storeys, in an exposed position above a precipice. Basement originally a passage to a raised hide connected with a wooden bridge, later converted into a sacred space. Another upper floor above the upper chapel, recognizable by a window opening. It was only subsequently integrated into the so-called outer bailey of the later Breitenstein Castle. Strong structural resemblance to the churches in Schönfeld, Türkenfeld, and Hof am Regen.
  • St. Benedikt in Landershofen near Eichstätt : Romanesque complex with a tower between the apse and nave, consecrated around 1190. Romanesque upper windows on the south side of the nave indicate a west gallery and a profane upper floor.
  • St. Oswald in Hepberg : Small Romanesque hall church with tall windows under the eaves. Walled up doorway on the gallery. Both indications for a profane upper floor. There is also an underground escape route nearby.
  • St. Nikolaus in Haugenried near Nittendorf : Small flat-roofed choir tower church outside the village. Large cuboid construction. On the south side at a height of 4 m, a walled-in Romanesque entrance opening into an upper floor that has since been demolished. Neighboring the Rammelsteiners, builders of Loch Loch and ministerials of the Pabonen (see below).
  • Our Lady in Oberammerthal : Major structural changes in the 15th and 16th centuries. Elevation of the nave and 2 small Romanesque eaves windows in the north wall as a reference to a former upper floor.
  • St. Maria in Oberweiling near Velburg : Romanesque choir tower with an entrance at the height of the gallery and a stone staircase made in the wall thickness to a former upper floor. Access to the gallery from the outside presumably exists, but clogged and plastered.
  • St. Ulrich in Ainau : Chapel of a former noble residence, on a hill with a ring moat. Romanesque apsidal hall system in cast masonry, faced with regular cuboids, built around 1220/30 and later rebuilt several times. The Romanesque sculptures on the south portal are of high artistic importance. Predecessor building (Ainau I) developed through excavation, an upper floor accessible from the outside is assumed in this building. A possible indication of this is also a preserved crack in the wall on the inner north wall.
  • St. Nikolaus in Piedendorf near Au in der Hallertau : Romanesque brick building from the 12th century, formerly with an upper floor that has now been largely demolished. On the south side of the choir, the former entrance to the upper floor, now blocked.
  • Holy Cross in Haunsbach near Elsendorf : The high choir apse has been preserved from the Romanesque, formerly two-storey complex made of large ashlars. German ribbon running around halfway up. Romanesque south portal added. Above the apse, a simple square tower from the post-medieval era.
  • St. Koloman in Thonhausen near Freising: Romanesque brick choir tower church, modified and added in the 17th century. High slit windows on the south side indicate the profane upper floor. Under the roof approach of the Romanesque nave part German ribbon and other decorative elements. Inside today massive vaulting, the western part with a reveal made of wood.
  • St. Jakobus in Hebrontshausen : choir tower church located on a hill; the former choir (sacristy) late Romanesque, the current choir the late Romanesque nave, today's nave from 1856. Apse structure by arched arcades with pilasters and battlements, above arched frieze and German ribbon. Formerly a two-storey facility. The tower with a gable roof is post-medieval.
  • St. Stephan in Unterwangenbach : Romanesque hall church with choir tower. The upper floor was once accessible through a door in the tower that is now closed, also recognizable by the high-set Romanesque slit windows.
  • St. Katharina in Rannertshofen : Romanesque choir tower church with high nave. Anecdotal on the upper floor, abandoned in 1732 and combined with the church.

Historical classification

The building of the churches, e.g. Some of it was carried out in an astonishing size and with the most careful ashlar technology, was so costly and labor-intensive that the means of a single resident were not sufficient. The nationwide construction of the churches - in parts of Upper Palatinate and Lower Bavaria one can almost speak of a network - required a spatial concept that could only be developed and implemented by the major players in the state. But it is precisely about that in most churches that there is documentary silence. Only in the case of a church of the same type in St. Oswald in Lower Austria was the purpose, date and person of the founding recorded in a document. This church was built by the Burgraves of Regensburg and in 1160, including all possessions, was subordinated to the Diocese of Passau as the center of a new church village and parish district.

Strikingly, almost all of the churches listed here are in the sphere of influence of the Burgraves of Regensburg, as the map above shows. Their headquarters were in Regensburg, Riedenburg an der Altmühl and Stefling am Regen and - in cognatic sidelines - also in Abensberg and at Burg Rotteneck in the Hallertau. In their surroundings, the churches can be identified in particular density and frequency. Only a few churches of this type are found outside their sphere of influence. It is therefore obvious to see the representatives of this noble sex as the initiators of the double churches. The Burgraves of Regensburg are genealogically attributable to the Pabonen family . The connection between the churches and the Pabone sex becomes even clearer if one takes into account the stark contrast to neighboring counties: For example, in the area of ​​the Counts of Bogen , who traditionally held the cathedral bailiwick of Regensburg, there is not a single church in the The building type mentioned can be found, and also in the sphere of influence of the Diepoldinger , based in Cham, there is only one church with a potential upper floor. The same applies to the still quite circumscribed zones of influence of the Wittelsbachers, who were shortly before the takeover of the ducal power in old Bavaria when the churches were built (in 1180), and other count families of Bavaria.

It should be noted that the churches were built in a tightly timed framework, which in turn coincides in a striking way with the fate of the Burgraves of Regensburg. They arose predominantly under the rule of burgrave Heinrich III. and Frederick II. and they fall at a time when they also promoted and financed numerous major projects of other kinds. The family, which was split into a burggrave and a landgrave line in 1143, became extinct in the burggrave line in 1185 and in the landgrave line in 1196. At this point the development of the two-storey country churches also came to a complete standstill.

So-called. "Double chapel at the manor"

Situation of the Katzberg church near Cham around 1736: The reference to the manor house and the wooden bridge construction that leads over to the master gallery of the church are clearly visible. On the south side of the nave, a larger upper floor window occupies the profane upper room.

The historical framework explains plausibly that in the standard works of art history a large part of these churches is also viewed as a “double chapel at a manor” in terms of building typology. Accordingly, a mansion should be postulated in the immediate vicinity of the respective church. The resident ministerial family entered the west gallery of the church for church services via a bridge construction that led from the castle building to the upper external entrance of the church, while the servants and rural people had to use the lower entrance and the lower church space.

Theories about the primary purpose of the secular upper floors

In the absence of documentary evidence, the actual function of the profane upper floors has not been conclusively clarified. Several theories exist about their primary purpose.

Storage spaces

F. Mader's historical view that the secular upper floors could have served as permanent storage space for the enclosed courtyards, more or less as a barn, is now considered to be refuted. As can be seen from the traditional examples, the churches did not have gable gates and pulley blocks that would have made it possible to bring in hay and grain, but only relatively narrow internal stairs that were unsuitable for transporting goods.

Hostel for travelers and pilgrims

Another explanation was found in the upper floor rooms in the past as a place of accommodation for travelers and pilgrims who would have gone to the respective upper floors for an overnight stay without having to enter the church itself. The pilgrimage site theory was vehemently denied by A. Trapp because there would be a conflict with the very private mansion wing on the west gallery.

Place of asylum for renegade clerics

According to A. Trapp, the upper floors are rooms of the church asylum, which gained special importance during the schism between 1160 and 1177 and the smoldering conflict between Regnum and Sacerdotium. According to this, persecuted clergymen who openly attached to the papal church in Rome (especially under Pope Alexander III) are said to have fled to the churches. The henchmen were detained insofar as they always had to cross the sacred space via the western gallery in order to enter the secular asylum storeys and thereby desecrate it.

Refuge and hiding place in uncertain times

It cannot be assumed that the upper floor rooms of the vast majority of churches served the local aristocratic families as living quarters and residence rooms in the long term, because with a few exceptions they are too simple to build and too cumbersome and uncomfortable to climb. One can assume, however, that the profane upper spaces served primarily as a temporary refuge in the event of an attack. In no case were the churches designed for active defense.

Bases of the orders of knights

For some of the secular rooms on the upper floor, use as bases for the great orders of knights, the Templars and Hospitallers , must be considered, which is required for their extensive activities.

Crusader stations and accommodations

Some of the churches are located along the former deployment routes of the knight armies to Regensburg, at daily intervals along the valleys of the Danube and Altmühl and along the old trade and military routes, so that the crusaders themselves could use them as an overnight stop and stopover .

Summary

Despite weighing all possible aspects, it is not possible today to clearly define a primary individual function of the secular upper floors. The upper rooms could probably serve all sorts of profane purposes and sometimes be used for one, sometimes for the other, as a place to stay, as a place of retreat and refuge, as an asylum room for the persecuted. In each case, however, as the type of construction shows, it was a matter of satisfying a need for security.

The sacred space of the churches was dominant and decisive for the construction. In at least one individual case it is clearly documented that the churches were chosen to represent the future development core of parishes and to promote the spiritual and secular development of old Bavaria and the Eastern Mark with their multifunctionality.

Independently of this, the tall stone buildings represented not only the spiritual but also the secular claim to rule, the status and nimbus of the higher rulers. As a rule, it was possible for the resident country gentlemen to build larger mansions on the churches or to integrate the churches into castle complexes. Another part of the churches did not take part in this desired development, ie a village community did not develop, the noble houses and castles were destroyed or fell into disrepair, only the church buildings remained.

Behind the ambitious project were mainly the Pabonen, the Burgraves of Regensburg and Landgraves von Stefling, who had a decisive influence on the fate of the country for almost two centuries before they suddenly died out at the end of the 12th century.

literature

To the stock

  • Georg Dehio : Handbook of the German art monuments. Bavaria V, Regensburg and the Upper Palatinate, Bavaria II, Lower Bavaria, Bavaria IV, Munich and Upper Bavaria, Bavaria I, Franconia. Berlin 1999-2008.
  • Monuments in Bavaria. Volume III, Upper Palatinate, Volume II, Lower Bavaria, Munich 1986.
  • FH Hofmann, F. Mader and others: Die Kunstdenkmäler von Bayern, Oberbayern, Volume I (1895), II (1902), III (1905), Niederbayern, Vol. VII (Kelheim, 1922), XII (Straubing, 1925), XVII (Deggendorf, 1927), XVIII (Mainburg, 1928), XXII (Rottenburg, 1930), Oberpfalz I (Roding 1905), IV (Parsberg 1906), VII (Oberviechtach 1906), VIII (Vohenstrauss 1907), IX (Neustadt / WN , 1907), X (Kemnath, 1907), XIII (Beilngries II, 1908), XIV (Tirschenreuth 1908), XV (Amberg, 1908), XIX (Sulzbach 1910), XX (Stadtamhof, 1914), XXI (Regensburg 1910) , XXII (Regensburg 1933), Munich.

To the churches with profane upper floors

  • Christian Frank: Pilgrim hostels of the 12th and 13th centuries. In: Deutsche Gaue. 29, 1928, ISSN  0070-4016 , pp. 177-184.
  • Eberhard Grunsky: Double-storey Johanniter churches and related buildings. Studies on the type history of medieval hospital architecture. Stehle, Düsseldorf 1970 (Tübingen, Phil. Fac., Diss., October 7, 1970).
  • Rolf Jakob: On the problem of medieval asylum chapels (replica to A. Trapp). In: Oberpfälzer Heimat . 26, 1982, ZDB -ID 214218-1 , pp. 7-24.
  • Karl Kafka: Churches with defensive upper floors. In: Deutsche Gaue. 40, 1939, pp. 9-13.
  • Karl Kafka: The pilgrim hostel in Alt-Weitra. In: Deutsche Gaue. 42, 1950, pp. 67-70.
  • Karl Kafka: fortified church and pilgrims' hostel (Michelstetten). In: Our home. 25, 1954, ISSN  1017-2696 , pp. 141-152.
  • The art monuments of the Kingdom of Bavaria. Volume 2: Administrative regions of Upper Palatinate and Regensburg. Volume 10: Felix Mader : Kemnath district office. Oldenbourg, Munich 1907, p. 15ff.
  • Andreas Trapp: Romanesque chapels with secular upper floors in Upper Palatinate and Lower Bavaria. Erlangen 1953 (Erlangen, Phil. Fak., Diss., March 20, 1953).
  • Manfred Weikmann: Multi-storey churches. To the pilgrim hostels in Michelstetten and Alt-Weitra. In: Deutsche Gaue. 48, 1957, pp. 68-74.

About the Burgraves of Regensburg

  • Manfred Mayer: History of the Burgraves of Regensburg . Rieger'sche Universitätsbuchhandlung, Munich 1883 (also: Munich, Univ., Diss., 1883).
  • Manfred Mayer: Regesten on the history of the burgraves of Regensburg . In: Negotiations of the Historical Association for the Upper Palatinate and Regensburg 43, 1889, ISSN  0342-2518 , pp. 1–55.
  • Joachim Friedl: The Burggrafschaft Regensburg. Military Command or City County? In: Negotiations of the Historical Association for the Upper Palatinate and Regensburg 146, 2008, pp. 7–58.
  • Alois Schmid : The Burggrafschaft Regensburg. Constitutional historical observations on a high medieval aristocracy. In: Julius Schmatz (ed.): 1000 years Stefling 996-1996. Kallmünz 1996, pp. 9-23.
  • Peter Schmid: The rulers and their spheres of influence in early and high medieval Regensburg . In: Martin Angerer and Heinrich Wanderwitz (eds.): Regensburg in the Middle Ages , vol. 1, 5th edition, Regensburg 1998, pp. 45–56.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ Particularly clear in the church of St. Giles in Schönfeld. The mortar-free friction masonry came from the time of the Romans; it was already expressly admired by the contemporary Bishop Otto von Freising : “... there was a very solid tower-like building, made of ashlar stones in solid work. But the size of the stones was astonishing. Because it was not made of ordinary boulders or those that humans could carry. Rather, it was designed by artists' hands in such a way that, resting on four pillars, resembling a Roman building, it hardly or never had a joint ... “See Otto von Freising: Gesta Friderici, z. B. Edition F.-J. Schmale, Darmstadt 1974, p. 487f.
  2. ↑ z. B. in Breitenstein, Gasseltshausen.
  3. ↑ z. B. in amber, here a kind of westwork with a tower added later, in Rinkam and Urschalling with a west tower.
  4. ^ Establishment of St. Jakob in Schondorf in 1150, consecration of St. Oswald in Lower Austria in 1160.
  5. ↑ z. B. Piesenkofen, Türkenfeld.
  6. ↑ z. B. Schönfeld, Aicholding, Wilchenreuth.
  7. ↑ z. B. Rannertshofen, Obertrübenbach, Rinkam, Hof bei Oberviechtach, Haugenried.
  8. ↑ z. B. Breitenstein, Tiefenthal.
  9. ↑ z. B. Schönkirch, Türkenfeld, Ainau.
  10. ↑ z. B. Schönfeld, Piesenkofen, Gasseltshausen.
  11. ↑ For example B. Siegenstein Castle near Schönfeld or Altenburg Castle near Türkenfeld have their own castle chapels.
  12. ↑ The fact that the integration did not take place at the time of construction can be seen from the seams of the wall or subsequent lowering of the floor to form a castle courtyard, which is why the entrances to the chapels had to be supplemented with an outside staircase.
  13. ↑ So named after the progenitor Pabo I., Count in the Donaugau. For more than 2 centuries, from approx. 970 to 1180, they passed on their office in line of succession from one generation to the next.
  14. ↑ z. B. Dehios "Handbook of German Art Monuments" or "The Art Monuments of Bavaria".
  15. ↑ z. B. in Hof am Regen, Schönkirch, Gasseltshausen, Piesenkofen.