Brunswick lion

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The original of the Brunswick Lion is now in Dankwarderode Castle (part of the Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum )
In order to protect the original, a true-to-original copy, which was made in 1937, has been standing on Burgplatz since 1980.
Seal of the city from 1231 with the statue of the lion
Braunschweig and the Braunschweig lion on the Ebstorf world map (around 1300)
Revers of a commemorative medal for the 1000th anniversary of the city of Braunschweig in August 1861.

The Brunswick lion , also known as Löwenstein until the late 19th century and still known today as the (Brunswick) castle lion , is a monument of a larger than life bronze lion from the second half of the 12th century, the symbol of Duke Henry the Lion of his power. The lion is the most famous landmark of the city of Braunschweig . It has been standing on Burgplatz in front of Dankwarderode Castle and the Brunswick Cathedral since it was erected .

history

prehistory

Guelph -Herzog Henry the Lion had since 1142 Duke of Saxony and since 1156 of Bavaria . He chose Braunschweig as his residence town around 1165 in connection with his marriage to Mathilde Plantagenet on February 1, 1168, which flourished as a result. When Henry in 1156 was given to the Saxon and Bavarian duchy, was on the court day to Regensburg "created for him a new name: Henry the Lion" in September of the year ( Et creatum est ei nomen novum: Heinricus Leo, dux Bavariae et Saxoniae. ). This new ruler name and the associated claim to power and rule was reflected u. a. in a variety coin by, for example, in a silver Brakteat the mint Braunschweig, coined during the reign of Henry the Lion, on the peripherally in capital letters the text HEINRICVS DE BRVNSWIC SVM LEO  ( [bin] [I am] Henry of Brunswick, the / a lion ) is to be read.

With the Dankwarderode Castle , built around 1165 , Heinrich had a palace built for himself. In 1173 he also donated the collegiate church of St. Blasii, today's Brunswick Cathedral , which is directly connected to the castle. The castle and cathedral, together with other buildings then and now, surrounded Burgplatz , in the center of which Heinrich, according to Seiler between 1164 and 1181 and according to Schneidmüller, had the bronze statue of a lion on a high stone pedestal erected, the first secular free-standing large - scale sculpture of the Middle Ages north of the Alps. This "Brunswick lion" was a sign of his name, that is, an individual symbol of rule, not a family symbol of the Welfs.

Year of installation

Several medieval chroniclers mention Heinrich the Lion, Braunschweig and the lion statue that the Duke had erected. However, the years are z. Some of them differ, but all date from the 2nd half of the 12th century.

For a long time 1166 was believed to be the year the lion was erected. The source was the “annals” of the abbot of the Marienkloster zu Stade and later chronicler, Albert von Stade , from the middle of the 13th century, almost 100 years later . This had for the year 1166 a. a. noted:

"Henricus Dux supra basin erexit leonis effigiem et urbem fossa et vallo circumdedit."

"Duke Heinrich [of Braunschweig] erected the shape of a lion on a substructure and surrounded the city [Braunschweig] with walls and moats."

- The chronicle of Albert von Stade. In: The historians of the German prehistoric times. Volume LXXII, 2nd edition, Dyk'sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1896, p. 31.

The reliability of this source, or the indication "1166", has recently been questioned, as Albert von Stade also described events in his chronicle for the year 1166 that demonstrably occurred later. It is assumed that the Braunschweig lion could have been erected at a later point in time - but possibly a little earlier. The earliest year of listing is assumed to be 1163 and the latest to be 1181.

The Braunschweigische rhyme chronicle , written by an unknown author between 1279 and 1292 , also mentions the lion monument - also with the year 1166:

“… And heyz gezen von metalle / eynen lewen von richer kost / dhen put uf eynen post / von steyne vil wol howen, / so men still do scowen, / in thou burch zo Bruneswich. / daz thete dher vurste Heynrich / dhusent jar, han i heard, / a hundred sex and sexich from gotes bort, / after his name scine and place. "

“... and called for a precious lion to be cast out of metal, which he had placed on a pedestal well carved out of stone, as can still be seen in the castle in Braunschweig. This is what Prince Heinrich did in 1166 after the birth of Christ, I heard from his name and status. "

Emergence

The bronze cast weighs 880 kg, has a height of 1.78 m, a length of 2.79 m and a maximum wall thickness of 12 mm. The Braunschweig statue is said to be artistically based on the Capitoline Wolf , also known as the “Roman Lupa” (from the 5th century BC) as well as the Lion of St. Mark in Venice or the equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome . These important sculptural works were probably known to the Guelph Duke through his participation in the first two Italian campaigns of Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa .

The artist of the work is unknown, but due to the fine chasing and the almost naturalistic appearance for the time it was made in the 12th century, it can be assumed that it was an experienced goldsmith from the city. The artistic implementation by a bell caster familiar with large-format bronze casts would also be conceivable . Originally the lion was gilded , traces of gilding were found between the shaggies of the mane during the last restoration.

Work history

Under the Duke of Brunswick, Friedrich Ulrich , the monument that the lion originally crowned was restored in 1616 and a sandstone plaque with an inscription was attached to it. In the translation the inscription reads:

“In the year of salvation in August 1616, the most illustrious prince and lord, Mr. Friedrich Ulrich, Heinrich Julius' son, Duke of Braunschweig and Lüneburg, had to restore this old monument of his dynasty, which had fallen into disfavour through times and weather, and in Ordered to restore the state of old splendor, after he had besieged and enclosed this city most violently a year earlier, but peace and harmony had been concluded after its liberation in February under the oath of homage, for eternal memory. "

The original of the plaque is now in the Braunschweig Municipal Museum and was replaced on the base by a copy made in 1858. In a chronicle from 1722 an even older inscription tablet is reported, although it is not clear whether it coincides with the creation of the bronze sculpture (that is, it was commissioned by Henry the Lion himself) or a later date ( but before 1616), because this tablet is considered lost.

Their inscription is said to have read as follows:

Henricus Leo Dei Gratia / Dux Bavariae et Saxoniae / Ad sempiternam et Originies et / Nominis sui Memoriam / Brunswici in avito majorum / Suorum Palatio / Anno ab Incarnatio ne Dño / MC LXVI. / HMP
(German: "Heinrich the Lion, by the grace of God Duke of Bavaria and Saxony / for the everlasting memory of his origins and his name ... 1166 ...")

Both the lion and the base have been repaired and restored several times over the centuries . So z. B. 1412, 1616, 1721, 1762, 1791-92, 1818, 1858 and 1980-83.

During the Napoleonic occupation, the lion was saved from melting down in 1812 by the prefect of the Oker department , Friedrich Henneberg .

In 1858 the Brunswick Lion was restored in the workshop of the Brunswick ore caster Georg Ferdinand Howaldt . During the work on the sculpture, the base was completely removed and rebuilt.

The Braunschweiger Löwe during the National Socialism

A replica from 1936. It represented the original between 1943 and 1946 on Burgplatz.

Braunschweig had been an important research and armament location for the Reich even before the Second World War . The first targeted bombing raid took place on August 17, 1940. From February 1944 (“ Big Week ”) Braunschweig was finally a planned and recurring target for Allied bomber squadrons.

In 1936, the Brunswick State Ministry under Minister of State Friedrich Alpers commissioned a true-to-original copy of the lion from the Berlin-based foundry Noack. However, Noack had not used a plaster model from Georg Ferdinand Howaldt's workshop , which Georg Ferdinand Howaldt had made around the middle of the 19th century for restoration work on the lion, but instead made a new one after Alpers intervened.

Until 1943, the original from the 12th century remained unprotected on Burgplatz in the center of the city, which at that time had already been the target of several bombings by the Royal Air Force and the United States Army Air Forces . It was the sole merit of the Braunschweig State Curator Kurt Seeleke that the original of the lion finally opposed the Noack copy in a night-and-fog campaign in 1943 - without consulting the superior office and without having informed the Braunschweig NSDAP leadership was replaced and the original, together with the seven-armed candlestick , the Imervard cross (both, like the lion, from the 12th century) and the tomb of Henry the Lion (13th century), as well as other art objects, from Seeleke in a tunnel were brought to safety in the nearby Rammelsberg near Goslar . Seeleke even had the mine Rammelsberg, 50 km south of Brunswick selected and set themselves on the official statement of time, said the art treasures of Silesia to bring (which in January 1945 by the Red Army was overrun). The lion was first brought into a tunnel on the daily conveyor line, but towards the end of the war this place was no longer considered safe enough and the lion was taken to a more remote part of the mine, where it remained walled in until the end of the war.

The return of the lion to Braunschweig

Together with the other art treasures, the lion remained in its hiding place until October 23, 1945 and only returned to Braunschweig on that day accompanied by Seelekes. After the end of the war, Braunschweig was initially under American military administration for a short time, but was then part of the British zone of occupation from June 5, 1945 . The British military administration had assigned Seeleke Robert "Rollo" Lonsdale Charles (1916–1977), art protection officer of the British army, who described the return of the Brunswick lion in his diary as follows:

“Tuesday, October 23, 1945: With Seeleke and Kump to Goslar to fetch the lion back ... At 2:30 we were able to leave ... The farm workers in the fields opened their mouths and noses when they saw him drive past, and I could see their lips Seeing them move when they pointed at us, laughed and shouted: “The Braunschweiger Löwe!” We arrived in Braunschweig around five o'clock ... A crowd gathered around him and stroked him, mothers lifted their children so they could see him ... everything was very touching ... a wonderful animal. You have the feeling that he will wag his tail at any moment! "

- Cay Friemuth: The stolen art. The dramatic race to save the cultural treasures after the Second World War. Pp. 279-281.

Before the original could return to its original place, however, it was first restored by metal sculptor Werner Kump , and then in 1946 it could be re-erected on Burgplatz. The copy from 1937 was on display at the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum next to the Aegidienkirche until the early 1990s. It then stood in the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum until May 2014 .

The original of the lion only remained on Burgplatz until July 9, 1980: On this day, due to the increasing air pollution in the city and the resulting damage to the plastic , the statue was removed from the base and a new duplicate was made in its place and is still there today. In the following three years the lion was extensively restored in the municipal museum .

Since 1989, the now almost 850-year-old landmark of Braunschweig has been located in Dankwarderode Castle to protect against harmful environmental influences, directly behind the original location, where it can now be viewed at close range.

reception

Heraldic heraldic animal

Coat of arms of the city of Braunschweig

In heraldry , the Brunswick lion is a heraldic animal and has a proper name among the heraldic lions . He's a mean character . Its appearance is:

In the silver shield is a red lion soaring heraldically to the right, with silver teeth, red tongue and black claws.

The five coats of arms of the Braunschweiger Weichbilde Altewiek , Altstadt , Hagen , Neustadt and Sack as well as numerous coats of arms of the region show these lions in a field of their coat of arms to document the affiliation to the city or country of Braunschweig (example Calvörde ).

Landmark

The lion is known worldwide as the logo of Büssing AG
Porcelain figure made of Fürstenberg porcelain in the house of the Brunswick Foundations
Postage stamp from the Sights series issued in 1990

Henry the Lion had the bronze statue set up at the center of his power to demonstrate his secular rule. His tense relationship with and his claim to power vis-à-vis his relative, the Staufer emperor Friedrich Barbarossa, certainly played an important role. It is a unique testimony to the foundry art of the 12th century. The lion was already depicted on ducal coins at that time and in 1231 was included in the oldest (preserved) seal of the city of Braunschweig. From 1296 to 1412 the city of Braunschweig minted the so-called Eternal Pfennig , a hollow pfennig with a lion rising to the left as a coin image. The lion has been a heraldic animal and symbol of the city of Braunschweig since the middle of the 14th century .

On the so-called Ebstorf world map from around 1300, Braunschweig is shown with the lion statue. In 1492 the Braunschweig lion also appears in the Saxon Chronicle . The Braunschweig historian, archivist and writer Ludwig Hänselmann published the book Unterm Löwensteine in 1883 . Old stories from an unwritten but true chronicle.

The Braunschweig lion was also the model for the logo of the Braunschweig company Büssing . Some trucks were also given the name Burglöwe . After the takeover by MAN in 1972 , the name “Büssing” with the lion logo was initially continued as an addition. When the first MAN buses were delivered to the Braunschweiger Verkehrs-AG without the addition of "Büssing", the population protested and MAN retrofitted the lion logo. The company later took it over and it still adorns their trucks and buses today .

During the Nazi era , the Braunschweig lion adorned the back of the 5 Reichsmark banknote from 1942 and from 1990 until the euro was introduced, the Deutsche Bundespost issued a 5-pfennig postage stamp with the head of the “ Sights ” definitive stamp series Brunswick lions out.

The American Football Club Braunschweig Lions (now New York Lions) chose its name based on the lion and uses a lion-like, stylized lion head as the club logo.

The Brunswick lion in the Heinrichssage

Heinrich and his lion. Illustration by Wilhelm Völker for Karl Simrock's story of the great hero and duke Heinrich the Lion and his wonderful, highly dangerous journey .

The Brunswick lion also plays an important role in the so-called Heinrichssage . This late medieval story describes an adventurous journey of Henry the Lion and served, among others, the Italian composer Agostino Steffani in 1689 as the basis for his opera Enrico Leone . Legend has it that on his pilgrimage to the Holy Land , Heinrich witnessed the fight between a lion and a dragon . The duke comes to the aid of the lion and slays the dragon. The grateful lion then returns with him to his native Braunschweig. After Heinrich's death, the grieving lion refused all food and died shortly afterwards lying on his master's grave, whereupon the residents of Braunschweig erected a grave or memorial in honor of the lion on Burgplatz.

Copies

Several copies of the Braunschweig Lion can be found all over the world, but mainly in Germany. For example in front of the Ratzeburg Cathedral (erected in 1881), in the inner courtyard of Weingarten Monastery (erected in 1999), in front of Wiligrad Castle near Schwerin, erected in 1913/14 by Johann Albrecht zu Mecklenburg (from 1907 to 1913 regent of the Duchy of Braunschweig ), after 1950 disappeared and replaced by a new casting in 2014; Set up in Blankenburg in the Harz Mountains in 1915 on the terrace of the Great Palace, since 1953 in the Baroque Gardens of the Small Palace. In the Victoria and Albert Museum in London as well as in the Germanic National Museum in Nuremberg are plaster casts of the lion.

Copy for Hermann Göring

The Braunschweig state government under NSDAP Prime Minister Dietrich Klagges tried to strengthen the Free State of Braunschweig politically and economically in the early years of National Socialism. Hermann Göring was not only Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force , but since the end of 1936 also commissioner for the four-year plan and thus in fact the Reich's economic dictator. Klagges courted Goering in order to be able to assert his personal interests. In 1934, for example, he had the Reichsjägerhof “Hermann Göring” built in Riddagshausen near Braunschweig for the passionate “Reichsjägermeister” . The Reichswerke Hermann Göring in Salzgitter, south of the city, were already in the planning stage, and Göring became their president.

Against this background, Klagges had a 1: 1 copy of the Brunswick Lion cast on Göring's 44th birthday in 1937. The approximately ten hundredweight sculpture was handed over to Göring personally by Klagges on January 12, 1937 in the courtyard of his private villa in Berlin, Leipziger Platz 11 A (photo of the handover). Then Göring had them transported to Carinhall , his private residence in the Schorfheide , and initially set up there in the park on the west side of the property on a 1.50 m high base made of stone blocks. From 1940 the lion was placed on a 3 m raised stone pedestal in the newly created 2nd inner courtyard, where it remained until the end of the war. At the end of April 1945, shortly before Russian troops reached Carinhall, Göring had the entire complex blown up. However, the lion remained unharmed in the courtyard and was recovered shortly thereafter by a nearby farmer who placed him on his farm. In 1948 the lion was melted down together with other large sculptures.

literature

  • Brage bei der Wieden , Jochen Luckhardt , Heike Pöppelmann (eds.): 850 years of the Braunschweiger Löwe. Documentation of the conference on March 10 and 11, 2017 (= supplements to the Braunschweigisches Jahrbuch ), Appelhans, Braunschweig 2019, ISBN 978-3-944939-38-4 .
  • Paul Dorn: On the question of the origin of the Brunswick castle lion. In: Treatises of the Braunschweigische Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft. Volume 6, Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig 1954, pp. 68-72 ( tu-braunschweig.de ).
  • Joachim Ehlers : Heinrich the lion. A biography. Siedler, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-88680-787-1 .
  • Cay Friemuth: The stolen art. The dramatic race to save the cultural treasures after the Second World War. (Kidnapping, recovery and restitution of European cultural property 1939–1948). With the diary of the British art protection officer Robert Lonsdale Charles. Westermann, Braunschweig 1989, ISBN 3-07-500060-4 .
  • Knut Görich : The Brunswick Lion. In: Katharina Weigand, Jörg Zedler (Hrsg.): A Museum of Bavarian History. Herbert Utz Verlag, Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-8316-4200-7 , pp. 131–150.
  • Martin Gosebruch (Ed.): The Braunschweiger Löwe. Report on a scientific symposium in Braunschweig from October 12th until October 15, 1983 (= series of publications by the Commission for Lower Saxony Building and Art History at the Braunschweigische Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft. 2). Goltze, Göttingen 1985, ISBN 3-88452-252-3 .
  • Dirk Jäckel: The ruler as a lion. Origin and use of a political symbol in the early and high Middle Ages. Böhlau, Cologne 2006, ISBN 3-412-21005-6 .
  • Karl Jordan , Martin Gosebruch: 800 years Braunschweiger Burglöwe 1166–1966. (= Braunschweiger Werkstücke. Vol. 38 = Braunschweiger Werkstücke. Series A: Publications from the city archive and the city library. Vol. 1, ZDB -ID 541605-x ). Municipal Museum, Braunschweig 1967.
  • Wolfgang Kimpflinger (edit.): City of Braunschweig, part 1. (= monument topography Federal Republic of Germany , architectural monuments in Lower Saxony , volume 1.1.) Niemeyer, Hameln 1993, ISBN 3-87585-252-4 , pp. 53-54.
  • Jochen Luckhardt , Franz Niehoff (ed.): Heinrich the lion and his time. Rule and representation of the Guelphs 1125–1235. Exhibition catalog. 3 volumes. Hirmer, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-7774-6690-5 .
  • Norman-Mathias Pingel: Castle lion. In: Luitgard Camerer , Manfred Garzmann , Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (eds.): Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon . Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 1992, ISBN 3-926701-14-5 , p. 53 .
  • Christof Römer : The Brunswick lion, Guelph heraldic animal and monument. (= Publications of the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum. 32, ISSN  0174-660X ). Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum, Braunschweig 1982.
  • Gerhard Schildt : Who does the castle lion belong to in Braunschweig? (= Work reports from the Städtisches Museum Braunschweig. 46, ISSN  0407-5013 ). Municipal Museum, Braunschweig 1984.
  • Gosbert Schüßler : The 'Leo rugiens' from Braunschweig. In: Munich Yearbook of Fine Arts . Episode 3, 42, 1991, pp. 39-68.
  • Peter Seiler : The Braunschweig Castle Lion - 'Epochal Innovation' or 'Unique Work of Art'? In: Herbert Beck , Kerstin Hengevoss-Dürkop (Hrsg.): Studies on the history of European sculpture in the 12./13. Century. Volume 1: Text. Heinrich, Frankfurt am Main 1994, ISBN 3-921606-25-X , pp. 533-564.
  • Peter Seiler: Judicial or military fury? Investigations to determine the primary importance of the Brunswick castle lion. In: Johannes Fried, Otto Gerhard Oexle (Hrsg.): Heinrich der Löwe. Dominion and representation (= lectures and research. Vol. 57). Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2003, ISBN 3-7995-6657-0 , pp. 135–197 ( online )
  • Peter Seiler: Welfischer or royal furor? To the interpretation of the Brunswick castle lion. In: Xenja von Ertzdorff (Ed.): The novels of the knight with the lion (= Chloë. Supplements to Daphnis. 20). Rodopi, Amsterdam et al. 1994, ISBN 90-5183-568-X , pp. 135-183.
  • Gerd Spies (Ed.): The Braunschweiger Löwe (= Braunschweiger Werkstücke. Vol. 62 = Series B: Publications from the Municipal Museum. Vol. 6, ZDB -ID 121119-5 ). Municipal Museum, Braunschweig 1985.
  • Reinhart Staats : The Brunswick lion in biblical lighting. Observations on the history of the impact and theology (= sources and contributions to the history of the Evangelical Lutheran Regional Church in Braunschweig. H. 10). Landeskirchenamt, Wolfenbüttel 2002, ISBN 3-9807756-4-X .

Web links

Commons : Braunschweiger Löwe  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jochen Luckhardt, Franz Niehoff (ed.): Heinrich the lion and his time. Rule and representation of the Guelphs 1125–1235. Volume 1: Catalog. Hirmer, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-7774-6900-9 , p. 382 f.
  2. ↑ Heinrich Wilhelm Schupp: The medieval town to the loss of independence in 1671. In Gerd Spies (eds.): Braunschweig. The image of the city in 900 years. History and views. Volume 2: Braunschweig's cityscape. Städtisches Museum, Braunschweig 1985, pp. 3–58, here p. 17.
  3. ↑ Paul J. Meier , Karl Steinacker : The architectural and art monuments of the city of Braunschweig. 2nd, expanded edition, Braunschweig 1926, p. 51.
  4. ^ Norman-Mathias Pingel: Burglöwe. In: Luitgard Camerer , Manfred Garzmann , Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (eds.): Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon . Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 1992, ISBN 3-926701-14-5 , p. 53 .
  5. ↑ Joachim Ehlers: Heinrich the lion. P. 251.
  6. ^ Helmold von Bosau : Chronica Slavorum. Retransmitted and explained by Heinz Stoob . In: Selected sources on German history in the Middle Ages. (FSGA XIX) Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1963, p. 300.
  7. ↑ Wolfgang Leschhorn : Brunswick coins and medals. 1000 years of coin art and monetary history in the city and country of Braunschweig (= Braunschweigisches Kunsthandwerk (BKH). Volume 3). Appelhans, Braunschweig 2010, ISBN 978-3-941737-22-8 , p. 35.
  8. ↑ a b Peter Seiler: The Braunschweiger Burglöwe - securing evidence in search of artistic models. In: Luckhardt, Niehoff (Hrsg.): Heinrich the lion and his time. Volume 2 (Essays), p. 244.
  9. ↑ Bernd Schneidmüller: The Welfs. Reign and memory (819–1252). Stuttgart 2000, p. 218.
  10. ^ Norman-Mathias Pingel: Burglöwe. In: Luitgard Camerer , Manfred Garzmann , Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (eds.): Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon . Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 1992, ISBN 3-926701-14-5 , p. 53 .
  11. ↑ Joachim Ehlers: Heinrich the lion. P. 257.
  12. ↑ Herbert Blume : Braunschweigische Reimchronik. In: Luitgard Camerer , Manfred Garzmann , Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (eds.): Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon . Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 1992, ISBN 3-926701-14-5 , p. 43 .
  13. ↑ Braunschweigische Reimchronik: 31, p. 496
  14. ^ Eckart Grote: Target Brunswick 1943–1945. Air raid target Braunschweig - documents of destruction. Braunschweig 1994, p. 11.
  15. ↑ Werner Girbig: 1000 days over Germany. The 8th American Air Force in World War II. Lehmann, Munich 1964, pp. 198ff.
  16. ↑ Gerd Spies: The Brunswick lion. In: Gerd Spies (Ed.): The Braunschweiger Löwe. Pp. 25-26.
  17. ↑ Gerd Spies: The Brunswick lion. In: Gerd Spies (Ed.): The Braunschweiger Löwe. P. 26.
  18. ↑ Braunschweiger Zeitung (ed.): The 100 largest Braunschweiger (= Braunschweiger Zeitung. Special. No. 1, 2005). Braunschweiger Zeitungsverlag, Braunschweig 2005, p. 31.
  19. ↑ Reinhard Bein , Bernhardine Vogel: Post-war period. The Braunschweiger Land 1945 to 1950. Materials on the country's history. Döring, Braunschweig 1995, ISBN 3-925268-16-2 , p. 272.
  20. ↑ Braunschweiger Zeitung (ed.): End of the war. Braunschweiger Zeitung Spezial, No. 2 (2005), p. 63.
  21. ↑ The Monuments Men: Robert Lonsdale “Rollo” Charles (1916-1977) on monumentsmenfoundation.org.
  22. ↑ Dirk Jäckel: The ruler as a lion. Origin and use of a political symbol in the early and high Middle Ages (= supplements to the archive for cultural history. H. 60). Böhlau, Cologne et al. 2006, ISBN 3-412-21005-6 , p. 163 f., (At the same time: Bochum, Universität, dissertation, 2002).
  23. ^ Text of the legend Heinrich the Lion in the version of the Brothers Grimm on Project Gutenberg-DE .
  24. ^ Karl Simrock : The German People's Books . 1st volume. Brönner, Frankfurt am Main 1845, pp. 1-40.
  25. ↑ www.burgerbe.de Wiligrad Castle: the Welf Lion is back , accessed on February 13, 2015.
  26. ↑ Base inscription: “The Duchy of Braunschweig, under the reign of Duke Johann Albrecht zu Mecklenburg, dedicates this replica of the statue made by Duke Heinrich the Lion in the XII to the Germanic Museum in Cambridge . The bronze lions erected on the Burgplatz in Braunschweig in the 17th century " (Johann Albrecht ruled from 1907 to 1913)
  27. ↑ Gerd Biegel (Ed.): Bombs on Braunschweig. In: Publications of the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum. , No. 77, Braunschweig 1994, p. 9.
  28. ^ Photo of the handover of the Braunschweiger Löwen to Göring on January 12, 1937 ; left of Goering, in Klagges SS uniform
  29. ↑ Volker button, Stefan Martens: Görings Reich. Self-presentations in Carinhall. Christoph Links Verlag, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-86153-392-4 , p. 155, see also files at BLHA , Rep 204 A.

Coordinates: 52 ° 15 ′ 52.8 "  N , 10 ° 31 ′ 25.7"  E