Tribal Duchy of Bavaria

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The incorporation of Bavaria into the Frankish Empire and the establishment of the Avarmark ( Marcha Orientalis ) under Charlemagne

The tribal duchy of Baiern was one of the five tribal duchies in the East Franconian Empire , along with Swabia (including Alamannia) , Franconia , Lorraine and Saxony . It encompassed a much larger area than what is now known as " Altbayern " in southern Germany . The time of tribal Duchy of Bavaria begins with Garibald I. as the first proven Bavarian Duke and ends with the fall of the Guelph Duke Henry the Lion 1180. Here, the older the younger tribal Duchy distinction is that by the kingdom of the Carolingian were interrupted in Bavaria. From 1180 to 1918 Bavaria was ruled as a territorial duchy by the Wittelsbachers .

prehistory

From the second half of the 4th century, the Bavarian tribe was re-established on the land between the Danube and the Alps . Their origin is not exactly clear. A Germanic tribe that immigrated from Bohemia probably gave the Bavarians their name . This core probably mixed with other Germanic tribes, the remaining Romanized population and Hunnic elements to form the new Bavarian tribe. In the year 790, 80 taxable novels on the Traun are mentioned in the Salzburg document Notitia Arnonis in Traunwalchen and its surroundings .

The tribal duchy

The older Bavarian tribal duchy

The origins of the older Bavarian tribal duchy can be traced back to the year 555. Garibald I. is considered the first proven Bavarian duke . From this time until the end of the first tribal duchy, the dukes all came from the Agilolfinger dynasty, presumably of Franconian origin . In 591 Tassilo I was appointed rex (king) by the Frankish king Childebert II over Bavaria , comparable to the Merovingian kings in Neustria , Austrasia and Burgundy (Franconian Empire) . During this period the settlement area was expanded to the east as far as the Enns and south to today's South Tyrol . There were also changes in the east due to the withdrawal of the Lombards from Pannonia to northern Italy and the advancement of the Avars and later the Slavs to the area of ​​today's Bohemia . The seat of the Agilolfinger dukes, who ruled largely independently of the Franconian Empire for a long time, was Regensburg at this time .

Irish, Anglo-Saxon and Frankish religious and church people pursued Christianization from the 7th century. The bishops Emmeram of Regensburg, Korbinian of Freising and Rupert of Salzburg were particularly effective . Finally, in 739 Bonifatius established a permanent diocese organization with the dioceses of Freising, Salzburg, Regensburg and Passau. Kilian became a missionary in the Franconian area in the north of today's Bavaria. Boniface then founded the diocese of Würzburg in 742 , which in the 7th century belonged to the Thuringian-Franconian duchy of the Hedenen . In the area west of the Lech, Augsburg became a bishopric.

The Tassilo chalice during an exhibition in Aachen 2014

Under the Carolingians , the Frankish Empire grew stronger , which ended the extensive independence of the tribal duchies under the Merovingians . In 716 the Duchy of the Hedens ended first . The area came under Carolingian rule, with the church with the diocese of Würzburg receiving a dominant position. In the conflict between the Bavarian Duke Odilo and Karlmann and Pippin the Younger in 743, Odilo was defeated in the Battle of Epfach am Lech. He fled and then had to confirm the Franconian sovereignty over Baiern with the peace treaty of 744. Odilo, however, kept his duchy. After an uprising at Cannstatt was suppressed in 746, the Alemannic area was finally incorporated into the Franconian Empire. The Bavarian tribal duchy was the last to be smashed in 788. The Bavarian Duke Tassilo III. had tried in vain in the previous years to save independence through an alliance with the Lombards . The most precious monument of Duke Tassilo is the so-called Tassilo Goblet . The inscription reads: Tassilo dux fortis - Liutpirc virga regalis , in German: mighty Duke Tassilo - royal virgin Liutberga. The Tassilo chalice made in Salzburg with its ornaments is a Bavarian, not a Carolingian work.

The conquest of the Longobard Empire by Charlemagne ultimately brought about the fall of Tassilos III. and the end of the older Bavarian tribal duchy after itself. In 788 Tassilo was sentenced to death through a feudal trial in the Ingelheim Palatinate because of his (alleged) alliance with the Avars, later pardoned and finally banished to the Jumièges Abbey .

Karl appointed his brother-in-law Gerold , a relative of Tassilo, as his representative in Bavaria . He no longer received the title of duke, but was called prefect . When Gerold died in 799, Audulf followed him as prefect until 818 .

The Carolingian kingdom in Bavaria

Up until the beginning of the 10th century there was no longer a Bavarian duke. The Carolingians ruled as kings or sub-kings of Bavaria since Charlemagne. They sealed documents from this time as kings of Bavaria or sometimes appointed governors (prefects) to exercise their rule . In 817, Emperor Ludwig the Pious handed over the Awarenmark to his son Ludwig the Germans, who was around eleven years old, in addition to the "old" Baiern ( Nordgau ) , thereby creating the new kingdom of Baiern. Under the East Franconian King Ludwig the German , Baiern moved into the center of power. He was the ruling king in Baiern since 825 and king of the Eastern Franconia since the Treaty of Verdun in 843. Under Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia , today's Bavaria and Carinthia became the power base in Eastern Franconia with Regensburg as the seat of government.

After the end of the Carolingian rule, the individual areas became more independent. The "old Bavarian" Traungau was administered with the "New Bavarian" Karantanien and the Avaria Karls as well as the Friulian Ostlands of the successor Erich of Friuli under the name Marcha orientalis . The strengthening of independence was supported by the external threat posed by the Hungarian invasions .

The duchy in the 10th century

The younger Bavarian tribal duchy

The Carinthian margrave Duke Luitpold of Carinthia fell in 907 near Pressburg in a defeat against the Hungarians , but the date is also seen as the beginning of the younger Bavarian tribal duchy due to the successor of his son Arnulf I. Arnulf soon assumed the title of duke. He was able to rely on the support of the Bavarian nobility. The following was recorded in the great Salzburg yearbooks: “The Bavarians voluntarily pay homage to Duke Arnulf and instruct him to rule in the empire.” In the battles of 909 on the Rott, 910 near Neuching and 913 on the Inn , he succeeded to push back the Hungarians decisively. After the victories over the Hungarians, there was a second wave of Bavarian eastern settlements with gains in areas in what is now Lower Austria , Istria and Carniola . Through the mediation of his brother Emperor Otto I of Ottone married Henry Arnulf's daughter Judith from the Duke dynasty Luitpoldinger and was 948 with the Duchy of Bavaria invested . When in 976 Duke Heinrich "the quarrel" was deposed by his cousin Emperor Otto II after a failed uprising, Baiern - u. a. through the establishment of the official duchy of Carinthia with its Italian brands - almost half of its territory. In addition, the gender of the ruled Babenberger in the Marcha orientalis increasingly independent of Bavaria.

After the Ottonian Bavarian Duke became King Henry II of Germany in 1002 and temporarily ruled the Duchy in personal union until 1017, a period followed in which the Bavarian dukes were appointed from outside and were heavily dependent on the kingship. During this time, the rise of noble families such as the Counts of Bogen and Andechs , the Diepoldinger, Sulzbacher, Wittelsbacher and Welfen .

Welf IV. , First Guelph Duke of Bavaria (* around 1035, † 1101)
Map of the Duchy of Saxony and the Duchy of Baiern before 1180

The Welf Welf IV. , The son of Kunigunde and Alberto Azzo, was appointed Duke of Bavaria in 1070 by King Heinrich IV. , Himself a Duke from 1053 to 1054. This epoch is marked by the investiture dispute between the emperor and the pope . The Guelphs were able to strengthen their position by taking sides with the Pope. In the investiture controversy , Welf stood on the papal side, supported the election of Rudolf von Rheinfelden against Heinrich in March 1077 , was ostracized in May and fled to Hungary . In 1096 the reconciliation with the emperor took place, which also involved the return of Baiern to Welf. In 1137 the Guelphs also acquired the tribal duchy of Saxony . A conflict between the Guelph Henry the Proud and the Swabian ruling family of the Staufers in the election of a king led to the election of Konrad III. to the king, however, that Baiern was given to Leopold from Babenberg in 1139 . After Konrad III. For a short time Baiern ruled itself, followed from 1143 to 1156 by Heinrich XI from Babenberg . Jasomir god .

The Staufer Friedrich I Barbarossa tried to balance it with the Guelphs and gave Bavaria back to Heinrich the Lion , reduced by the Ostmark . The Marcha orientalis , now detached from Baiern , became the nucleus of later Austria under the Babenberg dukes . Heinrich the Lion founded numerous cities, including Munich in 1158 . Due to his strong position with the two duchies of Saxony and Bavaria, he came into conflict with Friedrich I. Barbarossa. With the exile of Henry the Lion and the separation of Styria , the younger Bavarian tribal duchy ended in 1180.

Transition to the territorial state

Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa transferred the Duchy of Bavaria to the Wittelsbacher Otto I in 1180. After the Duchy of Carinthia was split off in 976 and the later Duchy of Austria in 1156 , the Duchy of Styria was finally separated on this occasion . The duchy , which had shrunk to the area of ​​today's Old Bavaria , thus increasingly acquired the character of the late medieval territorial state .

Prologue in the Cim manuscript . 7 of the Munich University Library, 9th century

Lex Baiuvariorum

The Lex Baiuvariorum (also Lex Baiuwariorum , Lex Bajuvariorum or Lex Baivariorum ) is the collection of Bavarian people's law that was created between the 6th and 8th centuries , i.e. the oldest collection of laws of the early Bavarian tribal duchy . The text is written in Latin , but contains Bavarian fragments and thus the oldest tradition of the Bavarian language . The initiative for this is said to have come from Duke Odilo. The Lex Baiuvariorum was in force until 1180.

See also

literature

  • Max Spindler (Hrsg.): Handbook of Bavarian history . Vol. 1, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-406-07322-0 .
  • Fritz Lošek : Notitia Arnonis and Breves Notitiae . In: Herwig Wolfram (Ed.): Sources on Salzburg's early history . Oldenbourg, Vienna et al. 2006, pp. 9–178. ( Publications of the Institute for Austrian Historical Research 44 = Communications of the Society for Salzburg Regional Studies, Supplementary Volume 22). ISBN 3-486-57862-6 .
  • Wilhelm Störmer : The Baiuwaren. From the Great Migration to Tassilo III . 2nd Edition. Beck, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-47981-6 .
  • Matthias Becher : Ingelheim 788. The trial against Duke Tassilo III. of Bavaria . In: Charlemagne in Ingelheim . Ingelheim 1998, ISBN 3-00-003290-8 , pp. 60 ff. (Contributions to Ingelheim history, issue 43).
  • Erika Bosl: Tassilo III. In: Karl Bosl (ed.): Bosls Bavarian biography. Pustet, Regensburg 1983, ISBN 3-7917-0792-2 , p. 771 ( digitized version ).
  • Benno Hubensteiner : Bavarian History. The Bavarian tribal duchy . Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3475537561 .
  • Lothar Kolmer, Christian Rohr (Eds.): Tassilo III. of Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg 2005, ISBN 3-79171-949-1 .
  • Peter Schmid: Kaiser Arnolf, Bavaria and Regensburg. In: Franz Fuchs, Peter Schmid (ed.): Kaiser Arnolf. The East Franconian Empire at the end of the 9th century. Regensburg Colloquium, December 9-11, 1999. Munich 2002, pp. 187-217. ISBN 978-3-406-10660-6
  • Matthias Becher : Arnulf von Kärnten - name and ancestry of an (illegitimate?) Karolinger. In: Uwe Ludwig, Thomas Schilp (eds.): Nomen et Fraternitas (= Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Supplementary volumes to the Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Vol. 62). de Gruyter, Berlin a. a. 2008, ISBN 978-3-11-020238-0 , pp. 665-682.
  • Roman Deutinger : Royal rule in the East Franconian Empire. A pragmatic constitutional history of the late Carolingian period (= contributions to the history and source studies of the Middle Ages. Vol. 20). Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2006, ISBN 978-3-7995-5720-7 .
  • Hans-Werner Goetz : "Dux" and "Ducatus". Conceptual and constitutional studies on the emergence of the so-called “younger” tribal duchy , Bochum 1977, ISBN 3-921543-66-5 .
  • Roman Deutinger : The election of the king and the raising of the duke of Arnulf of Bavaria. The testimony of the older Salzburg annals for the year 920. In: Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 58 (2002), pp. 17–68. ( Digitized version ).
  • Ludwig Holzfurtner: Gloriosus dux. Studies on Duke Arnulf von Bayern (907–937) (= Journal for Bavarian State History. Supplement 25). Beck, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-406-10666-8 .
  • Kurt Reindel : Duke Arnulf and the Regnum Bavariae. In: Journal for Bavarian State History 17 (1953/54), pp. 187ff.
  • Franz-Reiner Erkens : On the legitimation of Heinrich the quarrel in the throne dispute of 984 . In: Frühmedalterliche Studien 27, (1993), pp. 273-289.
  • Winfrid Glocker : The relatives of the Ottonians and their significance in politics: Studies on family policy and on the genealogy of the Saxon imperial family , Cologne 1989, ISBN 3-412-12788-4 .
  • Hubertus Seibert : Bavvarica regna gubernans. Heinrich the quarrel and the Duchy of Bavaria (955–995) In: Hubertus Seibert (Hrsg.), From Saxony to Jerusalem. People and institutions through the ages. Festschrift for Wolfgang Giese on his 65th birthday. Munich 2004, pp. 123-142, ISBN 3-8316-0312-X .
  • Helmut Hanko : Duke Heinrich II. Jasomirgott. Count Palatine of the Rhine - Duke of Bavaria - Duke of Austria. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 2012, ISBN 978-3-534-25605-1 .
  • Bernd Schneidmüller : The Guelphs. Reign and memory (819–1252). Stuttgart 2000.
  • Peter Landau : The Lex Baiuvariorum. Date, place and character of Bavaria's oldest legal and historical source. Publishing house of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-7696-1627-8 , ( Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Philosophical-Historical Class Session Reports 3, 2004) online .
  • Hubert Glaser : The time of the early dukes. From Otto I. to Ludwig the Bavarian. Contributions to Bavarian history and art 1180–1350 . Munich / Zurich 1980.
  • Sigmund von Riezler : The Duchy of Bavaria at the time of Henry the Lion and Otto I of Wittelsbach . Munich 1867.
  • Harald Siems: The life picture of Lex Baiuvariorum. In: Hans-Joachim Hecker, Reinhard Heydenreuther, Hans Schlosser (Hrsg.): Legislation and legal reality in Bavarian history . Conference of the Society for Bavarian Legal History 1 (Ingolstadt). Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-10671-4 , ( Journal for Bavarian State History . Supplement, Series B, 30), pp. 29–73.

Web links

Commons : History of Bavaria  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Bavaria  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Brigitte Haas-Gebhard : The Baiuvaren: Archeology and History. Regensburg 2013, ISBN 3-7917-2482-7 . P. 192.
  2. ^ Rudolf Reiser: Garibald I. In: Karl Bosl (Ed.): Bosls Bavarian Biography. Pustet, Regensburg 1983, ISBN 3-7917-0792-2 , p. 239 ( digitized version ).
  3. ↑ Rudolf Reiser : Tassilo I. In: Karl Bosl (Hrsg.): Bosls Bavarian Biography. Pustet, Regensburg 1983, ISBN 3-7917-0792-2 , p. 771 ( digitized version ).
  4. ^ Benno Hubensteiner : Bavarian history . 16th edition. Rosenheimer Verlag, Rosenheim 2006, ISBN 3-475-53756-7 , p. 59.
  5. ^ Benno Hubensteiner : Bavarian history . 16th edition. Rosenheimer Verlag, Rosenheim 2006, ISBN 3-475-53756-7 , pp. 44f.
  6. ↑ Michael Mitterauer : Carolingian margraves in the south-east Franconian imperial aristocracy and Bavarian tribal nobility in Austria. Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachf, Graz / Vienna / Cologne 1963.
  7. ^ Roman Deutinger: Hludovicus rex Baioariae. On the role of Bavaria in the politics of Ludwig the German. In: Wilfried Hartmann (Hrsg.): Ludwig the German and his time. Darmstadt 2004, pp. 47–66, here: p. 49.
  8. ↑ ... Freising documents date - after the first year, when King L. came to Bavaria
  9. ^ Scheuch: Baiern and the Carolingian East Country . In: Historical Atlas . The best, S. 25 , col. 1 .
  10. ↑ Other authors see the beginning as an independent structure with the Treaty of Verdun 843.
  11. ^ Benno Hubensteiner: Bavarian History , Rosenheimer Verlagshaus, 17th edition 2009, pp. 72–73.
  12. ↑ Helmut Hanko: Duke Heinrich II. Jasomirgott. Count Palatine near the Rhine. Duke of Bavaria. Duke of Austria. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 2012, p. 66.
  13. ↑ Knut Görich : Hunter of the lion or the driven of the princes? Friedrich Barbarossa and the disempowerment of Henry the Lion. In: Werner Hechberger, Florian Schuller (eds.): Staufer & Welfen. Two rival dynasties in the High Middle Ages. Regensburg 2009, pp. 99–117.
  14. ↑ Benno Hubensteiner : Bayerische Geschichte , Rosenheimer Verlagshaus, 17th edition 2009, pp. 44–48.