Luitpoldinger

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In the last phase of the East Franconian Carolingian Empire, the early medieval family of the Luitpoldinger rose to become one of the leading families of the Frankish imperial aristocracy and in the 10th century temporarily achieved a royal position in the tribal duchy of Bavaria . The descendants of the first Duke, Arnulf, were also known as Arnulfinger .

Map of the Duchy of Bavaria in the 10th century (Duchy of Baiern 952–976)

Beginnings to Margrave Luitpold

A possible relationship to the Carolingians and the Huosi is controversial in research. They see various theories related to this in many ways with Liutswinde, the mother of Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia . Various sources of the Freising diocese give evidence of possible ancestors of the first secured Luitpoldinger, the Margrave Luitpold . In 807 a Count Liutpald appears for the first time, whose county was located on the lower Amper . It is not certain whether this Liutpald already belonged to the Franconian nobility. Presumably he received his county only after he married into an important family in the Freising area. In 827 various donations were made from Allershausen to the Hochstift Freising, the relative Herigolt is also mentioned as a witness. In 842 this Liutpald (I.) is reported for the last time. In the generation after him, after Ernestus I and Ernestus II, his sons Liutpald (II) and Heriolt appear. In the reconstructed line of ancestors, the unknown son of Liutpald II (in the second half of the 9th century nothing is known about the family) would be the father of Margrave Luitpold, who gave the family its name.

It is certain that Luitpold was appointed by Emperor Arnulf in 893 as margrave in Carantania and Upper Pannonia (areas in today's Austria and Hungary) and thus succeeded the Wilhelminers . Around 895 Luitpold acquired the counties Donaugau and Nordgau around Regensburg , thereby expanding his leading position in the southeast of the empire. He was entrusted by the Carolingian emperors with duties in Moravia and the defense against the Hungarian threat, in which he was killed in the Battle of Pressburg in 907.

Luitpold's brother-in-law Heriolt or Herigolt († after 895), who was married to his sister Rhinia, and his sons Albrich and Rafolt were bailiffs of Niederaltaich Abbey .

Bavarian special kingship under Arnulf

His son Arnulf the Evil was able to build on the foundations of power that Luitpold had laid and soon assumed the title of duke. He was able to rely on the support of the Bavarian nobility, who hoped to improve their position. After a reorganization of the army, to which he also withdrew church property and gave it to his vassals , he was able to push back the Hungarians by 913 and obtained from them the contractual assurance that they would no longer invade Bavaria.

At the imperial level, Arnulf pursued a policy of independence in internal affairs and externally vis-à-vis the German kings Konrad I and Heinrich I. Arnulf took part in the election of Konrad. An intervention by Arnulf in favor of his related Dukes of Swabia against Konrad led to a lengthy conflict in the course of which Arnulf fled temporarily to the Hungarians, but was able to assert himself. Research has not yet clarified whether Arnulf had himself proclaimed the opposing king after the death of Konrad , or whether he was striving for a special Bavarian king . In the Treaty of Regensburg 921, however, Arnulf recognized Heinrich's sovereignty after fighting with Heinrich. In return, Heinrich approved Arnulf's independent rule, which included the appointment of bishops, the convening of synods and the exercise of actual rules (coinage, customs duties). In foreign policy, he submitted Bohemia and (but failed) tried in an Italian expedition 933/934 the Langobardenkrone for his son Eberhard gain after the Lombard aristocracy they had offered him. Eberhard was designated as his successor by Arnulf in 935 with the consent of the nobility and became a duke in 937.

Descent and end of the Luitpoldinger

However, King Otto the Great deposed Eberhard as early as 938 after two campaigns in spring and autumn because of his resistance against him. The conflict probably arose because Otto did not pursue the policy of accepting the Bavarian rights of his father Heinrich. Otto named Arnulf's younger brother, Berthold , Duke of Bavaria after he had renounced the important right to appoint a bishop and perhaps also the administration of the imperial estate in Bavaria. Berthold's policy was loyal to the empire and the king. In 943 he defeated the Hungarians at Wels and thus repelled the Hungarian invasions for a while.

After Berthold's death, it was not his son, Heinrich (III) , who was enfeoffed with the duchy, but Heinrich , Otto's brother , who had married Judith , Arnulf's daughter, in 937 . The bypassed Luitpolders only retained the office of the Count Palatinate , and Arnulf (II) , another son of Duke Arnulf, his son Berthold and his cousin Herold , the Archbishop of Salzburg, took part in the Liudolfini uprising . Arnulf was killed in a battle near Regensburg in July 954; his son tried in vain to ally himself with the Hungarians. Herold was captured and deposed in the Battle of Mühldorf in 955.

983 could with Heinrich III. another Luitpoldinger to return to the Bavarian ducal throne. However, in 985 he had to give way to Heinrich the quarrel , who was reconciled with Otto. Henry III. was compensated for this with the Duchy of Carinthia , to which the brands in Italy, which had been administered from Bavaria since 952, were added. With his death in 989 the definitely verifiable male line of the Luitpoldinger ends.

There is a probable family relationship with the Luitpolders to the so-called Babenbergers , where the name Luitpold occurs in every generation and the rich property in Bavaria makes a direct male line probable. Since Luitpald / Leopold was practically the leading name of the Babenbergs, they were occasionally referred to as the younger Luitpaldinger. According to the European Family Tables, Volume I. Leopold I was Count in the Donaugau and from 976 Margrave of the Eastern Bavarian Mark - later Austria - a younger son of Duke Arnulf the Evil of Bavaria. Accordingly, the Babenbergs would be a younger branch of the Luitpoldinger. In addition to the lead name Luitpold and the margraviate in the Duchy of Bavaria, the fact that the sons of Margrave Leopold I held important positions: Heinrich and Adalbert were (984-1018) and (1018-1053) Margraves of Austria, Ernst was Duke of Swabia (1012-1015), Poppo was Archbishop of Trier (1016-1047) and Luitpold Archbishop of Mainz (1051-1059).

A family connection to the Wittelsbachers , as it is claimed in the Großer Brockhaus , has not been proven, but it cannot be ruled out either. Theories considering such a connection assume that the future Count von Scheyern and ancestor of the Wittelsbach family, Otto , was a direct descendant of Berthold, Duke Arnulf's youngest son.

literature

  • Walter Egger: The last Luitpoldinger. Duchess Judith of Bavaria died 1000 years ago in Regensburg. In: Altbayerische Heimatpost 28 (1976/30), 4.
  • Eduard Hlawitschka : Contributions to the genealogy of the Burchardinger and Luitpoldinger In: Georg Jenal (Hrsg.): Herrschaft, Kirche, Kultur. Stuttgart 1993 , pp. 203-217.
  • Ludwig Holzfurtner: The Luitpoldinger. The beginning of high medieval Bavaria. In: Alois Schmid (Ed.): The rulers of Bavaria . Munich 2001, pp. 43-57.
  • Ludwig Holzfurtner: Gloriosus Dux. Studies on Duke Arnulf of Bavaria (907–937). Beck, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-406-10666-8 .
  • Emil Kimpen: On the genealogy of the Bavarian dukes from 908-1070 . In: Yearbook for Franconian State Research 13 (1953), pp. 55–83.
  • Siegfried Moll: The Bavarian family of the Luitpoldinger. In: Chiemgau-Blätter 1996/52, pp. 1-3.
  • Kurt Reindel : Bavaria among the Luitpolding people. In: Max Spindler (ed.): Handbook of Bavarian History . Volume I: Old Bavaria. The tribal duchy until the end of the 12th century . Munich ²1981, pp. 277-301.
  • Kurt Reindel: The Bavarian Luitpoldinger from 893-989. Collection and explanation of the sources. Munich 1953.
  • Friedrich Prinz: The Duchy of the Luitpoldingern. In: Max Spindler (ed.): Handbook of Bavarian History . Volume I: Old Bavaria. The tribal duchy until the end of the 12th century . Munich ²1981, pp. 380-386.
  • Alois Schmid : The image of the Bavarian Duke Arnulf (907-937) in German historiography from his contemporaries to Wilhelm von Giesebrecht. Kallmünz 1976.
  • Franz Tyroller: The ancestors of the Wittelbachers for another time. In: Yearbook for Franconian State Research 15 (1955), pp. 129–155.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Der Große Brockhaus , 15th ed. Leipzig 1928 ff., Vol. 1, p. 703 and
    Arnulfinger . In: Brockhaus Konversations-Lexikon 1894–1896, 1st volume, pp. 924–925.
  2. ^ Mitterauer Michael: Carolingian margraves in the southeast: Franconian imperial aristocracy and Bavarian tribal nobility in Austria . Vienna 1963.
  3. ^ Father Hermann Scholliner: New historical treatises of the electoral Bavarian Academy of Sciences, third volume . Ed .: Electoral Bavarian Academy of Sciences. Munich 1791. page 105
  4. ^ Father Hermann Scholliner: New historical treatises of the electoral Bavarian Academy of Sciences, third volume . Ed .: Electoral Bavarian Academy of Sciences. Munich 1791. page 108
  5. ^ Georg Scheibelreiter "The Babenbergers, Imperial Princes and Rulers", page 89, Böhlau Verlag, Vienna Cologne Weimar (2010), ISBN 978-3-205-78573-6
  6. ↑ Detlev Schwennike, European Family Tables, Volume I. Plate 9, (1980)
  7. ↑ Großer Brockhaus, 15th ed., 1928, 1st volume, p. 702, where the “most likely” of the 14th edition (p. 925) no longer appears.