Marcha orientalis

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The Marcha orientalis from 952 to 976 as part of Bavaria .

The Marcha orientalis ( Latin : Eastern Mark , Ostmark ) or Bairisches Ostland was the eastern prefecture of the Frankish Duchy of Baiern from the beginning of the 9th century until the Magyars came to power in 907. The Ostland emerged with the conquest of the Avar Empire by Charlemagne . It consisted of the Avarland predominantly populated by Slavs , reduced by the plain between the Danube and Tisza , which the Bulgarians took over, and increased by the Bavarian-Slavic areas of the Traungau and Carantania . So-called prefects were appointed as the highest secular leaders. In the north, east and south-east, Slavic elites took over local power and formed principalities that were subordinate to the prefect, but which were obliged to be loyal to the king and to achieve military success.

With the subordination of the Ostland to the newly created Bavarian Kingdom of Ludwig the German , the name Bavarian Ostland gradually emerged . The politics in the east determined internal family struggles of the Carolingian royal family and constant struggles with the tributary principality of Moravia . At the end of the 9th century the Magyars invaded and, after a devastating victory against the Bavarians in 907, took over large parts of the east. After the battle on the Lechfeld in 955 under Otto the Great , parts of it came back to the Franks and were incorporated into Bavaria. Ostarrîchi was first mentioned in a document in 996 . Ostarrîchi was much smaller than the Marcha Orientalis, but in terms of rulership it can be regarded as their successor.

To denote the Bavarian east country

From the middle of the 9th century the Latin names plaga orientalis , oriens or partes orientales were used. The name Bavarian Ostland can be traced back to 870. The name in the Frankish language of the people was with great probability Ostarrîchi even then . With the occupation of the area by the Magyars, the extent of the Bavarian east was reduced to about half. All that remained was the strip between the Danube and the Lower Austrian-Styrian Limestone Alps, for which the name Ostarrîchi applied. The term Ostmark, which is occasionally used in connection with the Ostland, is a name that first dates back to the 19th century and was later used for Austria by National Socialism .

Political development

Border marks of Charlemagne

Avarmark and Mark Karantanien at the time of Charlemagne around 800
Count Ottokar (right) defeated the Avars at Ybbsfeld in 788 as Charlemagne's royal messenger.

Already at the time of the Bavarian Duke Tassilo III. The Franconian royal messengers Graman and Count Ottokar, who according to tradition, was founder of the Hippolytus Monastery , the historic city center of St. Pölten, together with his brother Adalbert in 791 , defeated the Avars on the Ybbsfeld in 788 and pushed them back behind the Kamp and the Vienna Woods . In the campaigns from 791 to 796 and 803, Charlemagne defeated the Avars in a temporary coalition with the Bulgarian Khan Krum . To protect the empire against the Avars settling to the east , Charlemagne had new border marks built in the conquered areas after the successful campaigns of the years 791 to 803 : in addition to the northern Ostmark, the southern Avarsmark and the march Karantanien adjoining this in the south .

After the final collapse of the Avar Empire, a separation of powers developed between the north and south of the former Avar areas. In the north, Karl installed his brother-in-law Gerold in der Baar , who had been prefect in Baiern since Tassilo's disempowerment in 788, as prefect of the east, known by the Carolingians as Pannonia superior . He controlled the Bavarian eastern border including Carantania and Pannonia. In the south, Pannonia inferior called, ruled from Cividale from Eric of Friuli . In addition to his own duchy, he administered Istria with the upper Dalmatian coast, Carniola and Slavonia . The newly developed areas probably extended beyond Lake Balaton in the east and connected to Charles' former Lombard Upper Italy in the south-west . The border between Pannonia superior and inferior was the Drava . Prefect Eric of Friuli was killed in 799 by the residents of Tarsatica . In September of the same year Prefect Gerold was killed in fighting with the Avars.

Formation of the Bavarian Ostland after 799

Charlemagne laid the foundations for the formation of the Bavarian Ostland.

After Gerold's death there was an uprising of the Avars, as a result of which the administration of Bavaria was reorganized. The subsequent division of Bavaria into two prefectures probably took place before 802. The "old Bavarian" Traungau was administered with the "Neubairian" Karantanien and the Avaria Karls as well as the Friulian east lands of the successor Erich of Friuli under the common name Plaga or Marcha orientalis .

The administration of the east was already separated from that of the "old duchy" of Bavaria at this time. The capital was initially the old Roman town of Lorch an der Enns, where the Prefect of the Eastern Region resided in addition to the Prefect of Altbaierns in Regensburg. The Franconian border counts, the remaining Avars and the Slavic princes distributed throughout the eastern part of the country were subordinate to the East Country Prefect. He was equal to the Prefect of Old Bavaria and was the direct representative of the King in his administrative area. After 799 the prefects Goteram, Werinher (called 805/806), Albrih and Gotafrid officiated one after the other . At the beginning of the century, the newly conquered land was almost exclusively owned by the king. In 805 the tributary Avar principality was established under Charlemagne . The colonization by Bavaria and Franconia under the leadership of the dioceses, monasteries and the secular nobility began under Charlemagne and Louis the Pious . This process was intensified especially under Ludwig the German and his son Karlmann , who endowed the Bavarian church lords with numerous fiefs and own estates .

Ludwig the German, King of Bavaria

Ludwig the German with bishops, his sons Karlmann , Ludwig the Younger and Karl the Fat . Representation from the Grandes Chroniques de France .

In 817, Emperor Ludwig the Pious handed over the Awarenmark to his son Ludwig the Germans, who was around eleven years old, in addition to the "old" Baiern ( Nordgau ) , thereby creating the new kingdom of Baiern. From 819 to 822 the south was threatened by Lyudevit of Posavien , the prince of Sisak. The prince had complained in vain to Emperor Ludwig about the attacks by the Franconian margrave of Friuli Chadaloh and then attacked the Franks together with the Karantans and Timotschans . In 819 Chadaloh took to the field against Ljudevit and died shortly afterwards. A six-year war followed. In 823 Ljudevit was defeated by a Frankish army, which was probably led by Margrave Balderich , the successor of Chadaloh.

In 826, at the age of about 20, King Ludwig the German de facto took over the reign in Baiern. With him came Gerold II, the uncle of the king, as the new prefect of the east. Gerold mostly stayed at the king's court, although his mandate was the Ostland. His first task was probably the restoration of the east, after part of it was lost to the Friulian prefect Balderich. In 827 the Bulgarians invaded Pannonia by ship on the Drava . Balderich was held responsible for the defeat against the Bulgarians.

The Reichstag from 828

After the wars in Lower Pannonia, the constitution of the East was decisively changed in 828 as a result of a Reichstag that Ludwig the Pious had convened in Aachen. Until 828 there were no counties in either Pannonia or Carantania. Now the Franconian county constitution was largely introduced in these areas as well. The gentile princes of Carantania and Sisak were replaced by Frankish counts. The Krain was removed to Bald Erich's defeat by the Bulgarians from the Prefecture, joined the east country, and also subject to a Frankish count. The Avar principality was dissolved and its territory was taken over by the Franconian Count Rihheri ( County of Steinamanger ) and the Danube County . From the reorganization of 828, the Raab formed the border between Upper and Lower Pannonia.

The Ratpots era

In 832/833 Ratpot , probably a relative of Gerold and thus also of the king, succeeded Gerold II as prefect in the Ostland. Ratpot was the first of the eastern prefects to have its own county, the Danube county between Enns and Raab, which was divided into sub-counties. And he was the first prefect to be confronted with the Moravians when Mojmir I (around 830-846) brought the Moravian tribes under his sovereignty, expelled other Moravian tribal chiefs, as a prince of equal proportions pursued a separatist policy towards the Frankish Empire, and from 833 on, increasing pressure exercised on the Ostland. On the advice of Ratpot and Salachos , the Count in the Carniola, Ludwig the German handed over the newly created Pannonian principality to the former Moravian tribal prince Pribina in 839 .

The Treaty of Verdun , which regulated the succession disputes after the death of Charlemagne, brought about the admission of the Bavarian Ostland into the East Franconian Empire and the formal handover of the area to the now East Franconian King Ludwig the German. The neighboring Friulian eastern lands, however, went to Ludwig's brother Lothar I and his Middle Kingdom after Verdun . Prefect Ratpot was seen as an opponent of the treaty. In addition, after the initial fights against the Moravians, he is likely to have allied himself with their prince Rastislav . In 854 Prefect Ratpot was deposed by the king for treason.

The Carolingians personally take over the management of the east

Two years later the administration of the east was handed over to the king's son Karlmann . Until 871 he then had the Bavarian east country undivided in hand.

In the second half of the 9th century the situation on the borders of the east became increasingly difficult. Tulln and probably Wenia were fortified on the Danube . Count Wilhelm II and Engelschalk I built the Herzogenburg and Wilhelmsburg . The military order was brought into line with the Franconian military constitution and the Franconian hoof constitution was introduced. From around 860 onwards, only free men with more than four hooves were obliged to do military service. This increased their social prestige and influence, and settlers with less land were weakened.

Division of the East

Arnulf of Carinthia gave the upheavals after 871 in the eastern lands the lordly basis for the later coronation.

The Carolingian throne and territorial dispute also affected the Marcha orientalis. Karlmann rebelled against his father, released his loyal followers, such as Counts Pabo and Witigowo from Carantania and Rihheri from Steinamanger, and replaced them with his own followers. Ludwig reacted to his son's claims to power with generous donations to the loyal dioceses of Regensburg , Salzburg and Passau in order to strengthen his own position of power in the east. In addition to missionary work, the dioceses also carried the main burden of settlement and cultural maintenance and therefore had properties south of the main Alpine ridge until the 19th century.

The Arnulf Festival in Moosburg

The brothers Wilhelm II and Engelschalk I were able to expand their area of ​​office to the entire Danube counties. Their intensive colonization on the Moravian borders led to constant battles with the Moravian princes. In 870 they won another victory, in 871 the Wilhelminer brothers fell in the fight against the Moravians. In the course of the Carolingian family struggles, there was finally a split in the east. After the deaths of Wilhelm II and Engelschalk I in 871, Ludwig the German Count Aribo I commissioned the Upper Pannonian counties. The Wilhelminers then withdrew to Carantania. Lower Pannonia stayed with Karlmann. The counties of Aribos in Traungau remained untouched. In 876 Ludwig the German died. He was followed by his son Karlmann as King of Eastern Franconia and of Bavaria and thus as supreme lord of the Eastern countries. Karlmann handed Lower Pannonia over to his son Arnulf of Carinthia in the same year , giving him power that he could later use for the coronation of the king. The counties of Aribos remained untouched. Karlmann followed as the East Frankish kings Ludwig the Younger , Karl the Fat , Arnulf of Carinthia and Ludwig the Child .

As partisans of individual members of the royal family, the count families of the Ostland feuded bitterly. In the 870s and 880s, the dispute between the Wilhelminians , who supported Karlmann, and the Aribones dominated the local political landscape. The clashes in the Ostland were regularly shaped by various coalitions with the Moravians. Aribo called, in a dispute with the Wilhelminer Arnulf of Carinthia, Prince Svatopluk I for help, whereupon the latter devastated the area of ​​the Danube counties in 882 and in 884 occupied the Pannonian principality, which was previously headed by Arnulf. In 893, Count Luitpold took over the Lower Pannonian territories. With Arnulf's election as emperor in 896, Luitpold became Aribo's adversary. Aribo and Luitpold are the only counts of the Bavarian east country during the Carolingian era who were named in documents with the title Margrave . The Raffelstetten Customs Regulations are one of the last important documents of the Bavarian east before the Magyars came to power. It was written between 902 and 906 on behalf of King Ludwig the Child by Margrave Aribo I and the most important judges and aristocrats of the East and includes customs and toll regulations between the old Bavarian Nordgau and the Bavarian Ostland.

The Magyars in the Bavarian Ostland

Under Prince Árpád , large parts of the eastern Bavarian region came under Magyar rule after 907.

In 862 a people appeared who were unknown to the East Franconians until then. In that year the Magyars invaded the land of Louis the German. In 881 the Bavarians fought first at Wenia against the Hungarians and then at Pöchlarn against the Kabars, allied with the Hungarians . Arnulf of Carinthia allied himself with the Magyars. In 892 Magyar horsemen took part for the first time on the side of King Arnulf in his war against the Moravians. Presumably that year they fought in the Pannonian principality, which was occupied by the Moravians at that time. But just two years later they devastated “all of Pannonia” and therefore also the areas of their ally Arnulf. In 896 there was heavy fighting between Magyars and Bulgarians . In the same year, Prince Braslav received the Pannonian principality as protection against the Magyars, who smashed the Neutra principality and established themselves in the Pannonian principality around 900 under their Kende Kurszán . On their way back from an Italian campaign they devastated the Traungau in autumn 900 "fifty miles away". On November 20 of the same year, Margrave Luitpold destroyed a Hungarian division near Linz . After that, the Ennsburg was built to protect against the Hungarians . On April 11, 901, Count Ratold I of Sieghardingen , a carantan border count subordinate to Margrave Luitpold, defeated the Hungarians who had invaded Carantania on the Fischa in the Baden Palatinate area . In the summer of 904 King Ludwig the child invited the Magyar leader Kende Kurszán and his entourage to a feast at the Fischa and had his guests insidiously slain at the table. This brought the Bavarians a short respite, but with the Magyars, Prince Árpád was able to assert himself as sole ruler and overrun the Moravian Empire in 906.

The subsequent Hungarian invasions led even deeper into the Franconian Empire. The big ones largely withdrew behind the Enns and from the areas south of the Alps to Old Bavaria, while the majority of the population and smaller local rulers have remained. The Pöhlder annals from the 12th century tell about the procedure of the "barbarians" in Pannonia in the year 906: "The women were led away naked and tied by their hair ...".

The Bavarian Ostland as one of the brands of the Holy Roman Empire in the 10th century.

With the defeat of the Bavarian army under the leadership of Margrave Luitpold at the Battle of Pressburg in 907, during which the majority of the Baier secular and ecclesiastical nobility were wiped out, the eastern lands were largely lost to the Magyars, who were responsible for the political and ecclesiastical organization of the Dissolve Eastern Franconia in the conquered areas and set up new structures under Magyar suzerainty.

The Magyars did not settle anywhere in what is now Austria , but limited their influence mainly to a military presence. Even a border count under Magyar suzerainty might have continued to work. During the 60 years of their rule in the Bavarian Ostland, they seem to have neither destroyed the infrastructure nor the possessions of the former lords from Bavaria. However, at least for the ecclesiastical lords, the use of their goods in the Ostland was severely restricted. In any case, even after 955, the former ownership structure was still so well known that the former lords were able to reconnect with the years before the Magyar takeover.

Only after the Battle of Lechfeld in 955 did the reconquest of the East Franconian Empire under the Liudolfingers begin, which was completed about 100 years later with the establishment of the Mark Ostarrîchi and the consolidation of the power borders .

Secular administration of the Bavarian Ostland

Law

Section of the Lex Baiuvariorum from the 9th century.

The legal reality of the early Middle Ages was marked by fundamental inequality. This general legal system of superiority and subordination was also expressed in the written legal books of the time. In the Franconian-Bavarian counties they lived according to the Lex Baiuvariorum , in the Slavic principalities they were subject to their own customary law , which was never recorded and is largely unknown today. All inhabitants of the east were subject to the capitularies of the Frankish kings. Counts and gentile princes were committed to loyalty and military service to the king .

Administrative units of the east at the time of the Carolingians

From the establishment of the eastern country under Charlemagne to the takeover of large parts by the Magyars after 907, the area was reorganized several times and consisted of the following administrative units, some of which were still divided into sub-counties:

The worldly great

Frank Edelmann 9Jhdt.jpg

Since Charlemagne wanted to avoid the term "prince" for the secular lords of the conquered duchy of Baiern , so-called prefects were the highest secular leaders and chief military leaders of the Bavarian east under Karl and his successors. As border counts they also fulfilled the function of a royal messenger . A count of the Carolingian era exercised a civil and military office. He was the king's representative in his area of ​​office and could only be used by the king. A count could neither inherit this office nor hold it on his own.

All Frankish and Bavarian sub-counts as well as the gentile princes of the east, who in turn also swore allegiance to the king, were subordinate to the prefect . The tributary princes were also appointed by the king, often at the suggestion of their people. Although they were externally dependent on the Frankish king, they were largely autonomous internally. In contrast to the counts, it was sometimes possible for gentile princes to inherit their office, as was the case with Pribina and his son Kocel, for example . A count exercised no independent church rule and was subordinate to the bishops, but the rule of the princes also included the ecclesiastical area. Frontier counts and princes were obliged to report personally to the king. A violation of this was considered a felony . Prefect Gerold (I.) was still responsible for the whole of Bavaria. From Goteram, the secular administration of "Old Bavaria" and the eastern part of the country was separated. From Aribo I. the top leaders of the Ostland officiated with the rank of margrave .

Prefects and Margraves of the Baier Ostland:

  • Prefect Gerold (I.) : † 799 in the fight against the Avars
  • Prefect Goteram : after September 1, 799, † 802 at the Guntio fort in the fight against the Avars
  • Prefect Werinher I .: called 805/806
  • Prefect of Albrih
  • Prefect Gotafrid
  • Prefect Gerold (II.): From probably 811, at the latest from 826 to 832/33
  • Prefect Ratpot : 832/833 to 854
  • Prince Karlmann : 856 to 871

Upper Pannonia (after the division of the east in 871):

Lower Pannonia (after the division of the east in 871):

Magyar rule from 909 to 955.

The Ostarrîchi region was first mentioned in 996. After that see the list of margraves and dukes of Austria in the Middle Ages .

Christianization

The former palace church of Karnburg from the 9th century.
On November 20, 860, King Ludwig the German handed over 24 estates from the Bavarian east to the property of the Archdiocese of Salzburg .

Constitution of the Church and of the Gentiles

There are no written sources about the religion of the Slavic inhabitants of the East, but results from archeology point to analogies with the general knowledge about Slavic mythology . Timely historical documents written by Christians are silent in detail about their religious practices. Christianity did not deny that the powers in which the Gentiles believed existed . The church did not deny existence and effectiveness to pagan songs, sorcery and other magical arts . But the pagan powers were condemned as demons , pagan acts as sorcery, or diabolical machinations. The treatment of sick people by conjuration and magic was forbidden by councils and ecclesiastical books. Folk medicine and its pagan tradition were socially ostracized and despised as a cultural asset of the lower class. But even the royal family and its jurisdiction were not entirely immune to superstition. So it was still possible in 899 that after the death of Emperor Arnulf a man and a woman were executed who were accused of having caused the emperor's death by magic.

Missionary activities

The Christian mission in the Ostlands was not only to be understood in a pastoral sense, but also in the sense of a rulership of the population. The church work therefore consisted of pastoral care , baptism , the construction of new churches and the consecration of churches, as well as clearing and technical room organization. In numerous cases, ecclesiastical fiefdoms later became the property of the church. The names of many of these churches are known from medieval sources such as the Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum and deeds of gift. For the most part, however, it is no longer possible to localize them today because the places have either disappeared or were later given new names. The church places in the Bavarian east that are still known today include, for example, Arnsdorf (reminiscent of Bishop Arn), Hollenburg , Karnburg , Krems an der Donau , Oberloiben , Pinkafeld (controversial), Ptuj and Rappoltenkirchen . In the course of Christianization , bishops and priests were installed, mass was read and the most important prayers were taught. But the most effective method of combating the heathen was the upbringing of the children of the upper class by the churchmen.

Until preserved today witnesses to the missionary work of the 9th century in Austria for example, two Carolingian ornament stones at the church of St. Peter am Bichl , Carolingian frescoes in the winter church of Maria Wörth , remnants of the original construction of the church of St. Martin in Traismauer and lead crosses in 1968 during excavations of the Wallburg Thunau am Kamp were found.

Organization of the mission

Martinskirche in Linz was first mentioned in a document in 799.
Teachers of the Christian faith in Moravia and Pannonia: Cyril and Method .

The missionaries worked closely with the Slavic tribal princes and the local nobility. The Slavs provided labor and building materials for churches and monasteries and took over the protection of the missionaries. They expected the missionaries to act with the people in the spirit of the authority of the local princes. In Carantania, the Christian mission, based on the Archdiocese of Salzburg , began as early as the middle of the 8th century after its submission to Bavarian rule. In the (later) Avarsmark, it began with the beginning of the Avar Wars of Charlemagne in the 790s. The starting point for the Avar mission was a synod in the course of the Avar campaign of King Pippin's son on the Danube in 796. The participants explained the basic questions of the mission, spoke out against forcible conversion and in favor of adequate instruction before baptism.

The Martinskirche in Linz was mentioned in a document in 799. The Salzburg Archbishop Arn was appointed as the main person responsible for the Slavic Mission and was responsible for the area east of the Vienna Woods. After that, the conquered area was divided up. The Archbishop of Salzburg was responsible for the Alpine area, the area around Lake Balaton and between Raab, Danube and Drava , Paulinus II , the Patriarch of Aquileia , for the area south of the Drava. The patriarch began his work in the newly conquered area only hesitantly and only under the pressure of Charlemagne and their mutual friend Alcuin , and even then the teachings of the Slavs through the diocese of Aquilieia were not in the Slavic language.

In 829/830, Ludwig the German laid down an additional jurisdiction limit on the Raabnitz and Raab rivers, through which Passau was assigned the areas on the Danube and in the Bucklige Welt the areas to the left of the Raabnitz. That this limit was not always strictly adhered to is shown, among other things , by the St. Rupert's Church in Vienna , which points to Salzburg, and the St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna , which has a Passau patronage . In its mission area, the Diocese of Passau had possessions near St. Pölten and in the Wachau since Charlemagne. From 833 Ludwig the German received additional possessions around Tulln, Ybbs and Pielach, Raabnitz and Zöbernbach as well as between Raab and Wienerwald, which were left to the Passau choir bishops Anno and Albrich for usufruct or free property. Since the Diocese of Passau did not have sufficient resources in terms of personnel or organization, other Bavarian institutions in this area were also active in the development of the country and in the church development. In addition to the Salzburg archbishop and his suffragans, old Bavarian monasteries such as Sankt Emmeram , Niederaltaich , Kremsmünster and Mattsee were the bearers of the Christian mission. The Herrieden monastery is the only non-Bavarian church institution known today that received property in the Bavarian Ostland at the time of Charlemagne.

In 863 Method von Saloniki and his brother Kyrill came to Moravia to teach Christianity to the Slavs in their own language. In the summer of 867 they stayed in the Pannonian Principality for the first time. The activities of the two Greek missionaries were viewed by the Salzburg bishop Adalwin as interference in his area of ​​competence, and therefore the eastern lands got caught up in the tension between the king, archbishopric of Salzburg, pope and Byzantium in the 870s. The Pope appointed Method Archbishop of Pannonia and Greater Moravia. This then took his seat in the capital Mosapurg of the Pannonian principality . There he was under the protection of Prince Kocel . Method was cited before a Bavarian court that was most likely under the direction of King Ludwig the German. Archbishop Adalwin, who had the Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum drafted in defense of his position, acted as the main prosecutor . Method was convicted and imprisoned for several years. After a sharp reprimand from the Pope, who even removed Bishop Adalwin from his office and excommunicated him, he was able to return to Pannonia, but in the end the ecclesiastical suzerainty remained with Salzburg.

Centers

Centers of the kings and the imperial church

The royal palace Herzogshof in Regensburg.

Under Charlemagne and Ludwig the Pious, Regensburg , Frankfurt am Main and Aachen functioned as capitals of the Carolingian kings, which is why they had to be regularly visited as part of the Reichstag, court days and deeds of counts and princes, but were otherwise of no great importance for the East . The same applies to the seat of the Bavarian metropolitan in Salzburg and his suffragans in Passau and Freising , who, like various old Bavarian monasteries, were active in ecclesiastical administration and Christian missions in the east. These cities were all outside of the east. Padun-Baden near Vienna , which was visited by King Karlmann in 869, still had Roman thermal baths and also served as a deployment base against the Moravians, is known as the royal palace in the east of the country .

Centers of prefects

Secular and ecclesiastical centers in the east were often former Roman cities, which 300 years after the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the migration of peoples and Avar rule in the 9th century, had buildings that could still be used or at least renovated. In Lauriacum-Lorch , a former border town between Bavaria and the Avars, Charlemagne gathered the Frankish armies in 791 to attack the Avars. Lorch became the first seat of the Eastern prefect. In Comagenis-Tulln is the only was in Ostland as a royal Fiscus known area. Under Prefect Ratpot , who owned half of this Fiscus, Tulln became the seat of the Prefect. In 863 the meeting between King Ludwig the German and the Bulgarian Khan Boris I took place there. King Charles III met here around 884 . with Svatopluk I and Braslav for talks and to receive the feudal oath of the two princes, which was only valid for the king and his empire, but not for the local rulers of the eastern country.

Suburbs of the counties

Late Roman horseshoe tower in Mautern on the Danube ( Favianis ), a suburb of the Danube county in the last third of the 9th century.

From 803 the former Favianis fort near Mautern was repopulated and secured. At the time of the Margrave Aribos I and his son Isanrih, Mautern was one of the most important suburbs of the Danube County . In the Raffelstetten customs regulations it was named as the last Bavarian customs place. The next stop after that was in Moravia. An important ecclesiastical base in the Danube county was Traismauer near the Roman fort Augustianis . Here is the burial chamber of Count Cadaloc , who died in 802 together with Prefect Goteram in the fight against the Avars at the "Guntio Castle". Prince Pribina was baptized in the Martinskirche near Traismauer.

The secular suburb of Carantania was the Karnburg on the western edge of the Roman city of Virunum , whose church center was Maria Saal on the eastern edge of Virunum. Karnburg and Moosburg were favorite places to stay for the later Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia . The suburb of Savaria-Szombathely in the county of Steinamanger will probably also have served as the center during the time of the Avar principality , which stretched between Carnuntum and Savaria.

The Salzburg annals mention a clash between the Bavarians and the Magyars "ad Weniam" in 881. It is still a matter of debate whether this Wenia is the first mediaeval mention of the Wien River or whether it is today's Austrian capital Vienna .

Princely seats

Remains of one of nine churches in Mikulčice , the presumed center of Moravia for the Moravian princes.

The center of the princes of Sisak was also an important city in Roman times. When the Ljudevit -Krieg that shook the entire Ostland, raged, Sisak was considered a strong attachment. The center of the Principality of Moravia was Moravia, which today is mostly equated by research with the castle fortress Valy near Mikulčice and consisted of an approximately ten hectare civil and military complex with nine churches. The relatively large number of churches can possibly be explained by the influence of the Archbishop of Pannonia Method on the Moravians. Other main places in Moravia were the seat of the formerly independent Prince of Neutra , where there was a feudal principality and the Moravian Bishop Wiching resided, as well as Devín , Gran , Cracow and Užhorod .

Mikulčice was founded in the early Middle Ages, as was the fortified hilltop settlement "Schanze" of Prince Joseph in the Kamptal near Thunau and the capital of the Pannonian principality of Mosapurc-Zalavár . At the beginning of the 870s, Mosapurc was the de facto bishopric when Archbishop Method resided with Prince Kocel. On March 13, 888, King Arnulf of Carinthia possibly issued a certificate in Mosapurc. In the Pannonian principality there were also the old Roman church village of Fünfkirchen and, with Pettau, the southeasternmost base of the Frankish imperial church. Dudleben, probably near Bad Radkersburg , was a suburb of the Pannonian sub-county of the same name.

See also

literature

  • Kurt Mühlberger: The Franconian-Bavarian East Country in the 9th Century. Dissertation at the University of Vienna , 1980.
  • Ernst Dümmler : About the south-eastern brands of the Franconian Empire under the Carolingians (795–907). Archive for customers of Austrian historical sources, published in Volume X of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1853, online at Google Books .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Manfred Scheuch : Historischer Atlas Österreich, Verlag Christian Brandstätter, Vienna 2007, ISBN 3-87070-588-4
  2. ↑ Herwig Wolfram: The Birth of Central Europe. History of Austria before its creation 378–907. Verlag Kremayr & Scheriau, 1973, ISBN 3-218-00451-9 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h Herwig Wolfram: Salzburg, Bavaria, Austria. The Conversio Bagoarium et Carantanorum and the sources of their time. Verlag Oldenbourg, Vienna, Munich, Oldenbourg 1996.
  4. ↑ Peter Schmid, Heinrich Wanderwitz (ed.): The birth of Austria: 850 years of Privilegium minus. Schnell & Steiner publishing house, 2007.
  5. ↑ a b c Kleindel: Austria, numbers - data - facts. Special edition A & M, 2004, ISBN 3-902397-49-7 .
  6. ↑ SANT YPOELTEN - PIN AND CITY IN THE MIDDLE AGES , accessed on April 14, 2013
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h Herwig Wolfram : Borders and spaces. History of Austria before its creation. Austrian history 378–907. Ueberreuter Verlag, Vienna 1995, ISBN 3-8000-3532-4 , p. 212ff. and 218ff.
  8. ^ Walter Pohl : The Avars, A steppe folk in Central Europe 567–822 AD. 2nd edition Munich 2002, ISBN 3-406-48969-9 .
  9. ^ Scheuch: Baiern and the Carolingian East Country . In: Historical Atlas . The best, S. 25 , col. 1 .
  10. ↑ a b Other authors see the beginning as an independent structure with the Treaty of Verdun 843.
  11. ↑ a b Lexicon of the Middle Ages. Vol. 6, Verlag Metzler, 1999, p. 1520ff.
  12. ↑ a b Herwig Wolfram: The birth of Central Europe. History of Austria before its creation 378–907. Verlag Kremayr & Scheriau, 1973, ISBN 3-218-00451-9 , p. 193ff.
  13. ↑ Uta von Freeden, Herwig Friesinger , Egon Wamers (ed.): Faith, cult and rule. Phenomena of the Religious. Colloquia on prehistory and early history. Vol. 12, Roman-Germanic Commission of the German Archaeological Institute, Frankfurt am Main 2009, ISBN 978-3-7749-3663-8 , p. 400ff.
  14. ↑ a b c Michael Mitterauer : Carolingian margraves in the southeast, Franconian imperial aristocracy and Bavarian tribal nobility in the Austrian area. Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachf., Graz, Vienna, Cologne 1963.
  15. ^ Karl Gutkas : History of Lower Austria. Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, Vienna 1984, ISBN 3-7028-0209-6 , pp. 27f.
  16. ↑ Ernst Dümmler : History of the East Franconian Empire. Vol. 1, Duncker & Humblot Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2009, ISBN 978-3-7749-3663-8 .
  17. ^ Lower Austrian Institute for Regional Studies: Raffelstetten Customs Regulations (902 / 03–907). In: Fateful year 907. The battle near Pressburg and early medieval Lower Austria. Catalog for the exhibition of the Lower Austrian regional archive in the Kulturfabrik Hainburg 2007, St. Pölten, 2007, ISBN 978-3-901635-11-3 , pp. 132ff.
  18. ^ A b Herwig Wolfram: The Hungarians and the Franconian-Bavarian East Country. PDF ( Memento of the original from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.europainstitut.hu
  19. ↑ Timothy Reuter (Ed.): The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, c.900 – c.1024. Cambridge University Press, March 2000, ISBN 978-0521364478 .
  20. ↑ Jan Dhondt: Fischer World History, Volume 10, The early Middle Ages. Verlag Fischer, Frankfurt, ISBN 978-3596600106 , p. 17f.
  21. ^ Scheuch: Baiern and the Carolingian East Country . In: Historical Atlas . The best, S. 25 , col. 3 .
  22. ↑ a b Entry on Margraviate in the Austria Forum  (in the AEIOU Austria Lexicon )
  23. ↑ a b Some authors also regard the Magyar invasion as a “temporary occupation”, and the Mark Ostarrîchi seen in continuity, the end would then be seen in 1156 with the privilege minus .
  24. ↑ Werner Rösener (Hrsg.): Structures of the manorial rule in the early Middle Ages. Verlag Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1989, p. 406ff.
  25. ↑ a b c Herwig Wolfram: The birth of Central Europe. History of Austria before its creation 378–907. Verlag Kremayr & Scheriau, 1973, ISBN 3-218-00451-9 , p. 379ff.
  26. ^ Rudolf Schieffer : The time of the Carolingian empire (714-877). In: Handbook of German History. Vol. 2, 2001.
  27. ↑ Hans K. Schulze : The county constitution of the Carolingian era in the areas east of the Rhine. Duncker & Humblot Verlag, 1973, ISBN 978-3428029457 , p. 345ff.
  28. ↑ Intitulatio II. Latin titles of rulers and princes in the 9th and 10th centuries. Announcements from the Institute for Austrian Historical Research. Supplementary volume / 24, Vienna 1973, p. 179ff.
  29. ↑ Document: Salzburg, cathedral chapter (831-1802) AUR 0860 XI 20 (Salzburg document book) in the European document archive Monasterium.net .
  30. ^ Zdeněk Váňa: Mythology and gods of the Slavic peoples. The spiritual impulses of Eastern Europe ("Svět slovanských bohů a démonů"). Urachhaus publishing house, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-87838-937-X .
  31. ↑ Witch persecution in Austria on the website http://www.religionen.at .
  32. ^ A b Andreas Otto Weber: Studies on the viticulture of the old Bavarian monasteries in the Middle Ages. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-515-07290-X , pp. 68ff.
  33. ^ A b c Heinz Dopsch : History of Salzburg. Salzburg 1993, ISBN 3-515-07290-X , pp. 179ff.
  34. ↑ a b c 1000 years of Ostarrîchi. His Christian history. Tyrolia-Verlag, Innsbruck-Wien 1997, ISBN 3-7022-2110-7 , p. 114ff.
  35. ↑ Dieter Bauer: Monasticism - Church - Rule. Sigmaringen 1998.
  36. ↑ Pierre Riché : The world of the Carolingians. Reclam Verlag, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-15-020183-1 .
  37. ^ Andreas Schwarzc: Pannonia . In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages (LexMA). Volume 6, Artemis & Winkler, Munich / Zurich 1993, ISBN 3-7608-8906-9 , Sp. 1655-1657.
  38. ↑ Gottfried Schramm : Slavic in worship. Verlag Oldenbourg, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-486-58045-7 .
  39. ↑ Walter Aspernig, Albert Atzl, Klaus Volker, Gerhard Winkler: Framed world. 1. From prehistoric times to the Middle Ages. Verlag Ferdinand Hirt, Vienna 1981, ISBN 3-7019-8400-X .
  40. ↑ Hans Rudolf Sennhauser (Ed.): Excavations in the town church and the Three Kings Chapel in Baden 1967/1968. vdf Hochschulverlag, Zurich 2008, ISBN 978-3-7281-3229-1 , p. 415f.
  41. ^ Hans Krawarik: settlement history of Austria: the beginnings of settlement, settlement types, settlement genesis . Verlag Lit, 2006, p. 126f.
  42. ↑ Herwig Friesinger, Brigitte Vacha: The many fathers of Austria. Romans · Teutons · Slavs. A search for clues. Compress Verlag, Vienna 1987, ISBN 3-900607-03-6 .
  43. ↑ The ski jump on the website Babenberger Burgruine Gars / Thunau.
  44. ↑ Béla Miklós Szőke: ANTÆUS 31–32. Communicationes ex Instituto Archaeologico Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. Budapest 2010.