Herzogshof (Regensburg)

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Herzogshof east facade (2013)

Strictly speaking , the building in the old town of Regensburg , now known as the Herzogshof am Alten Kornmarkt , is only the eastern part of the former Herzoghof, which was redesigned in 1937, namely the part that included the Ducal Hall before 1937. The other larger, western parts of the Herzoghof's building were demolished in 1937.

In the 6th century the Herzogshof was established as the residence of the early Bavarian dukes, in the 9th century it was the royal palace of Carolingian and Ottonian kings and emperors and at the end of the 12th century it became the Bavarian ducal palace and residence of the Wittelsbachers for around 50 years . After the Wittelsbach family moved to Munich, the building and property remained in the possession of the Bavarian state until the beginning of the 20th century, and have since become the seat of various Bavarian administrative offices. At the beginning of the 20th century, it came as part of the transformation of the southern building of the cathedral square to abort the western parts of the building of the Herzogshofs and Reromanisierung the rest of the building.

History (until 1800)

Herzogshof with Roman tower (2018)
Bavarian coat of arms relief

At the end of the 6th century, the Duchy of Bavaria was established under the residence of the Bavarian ducal family of the Agilolfingers . They chose the Roman legionary camp Castra Regina as their residence city and used the Roman walls of the fort as protection. In the northeast area of ​​the fort, the Agilolfingische Pfalz emerged from a late Roman building complex. After Charlemagne incorporated the Duchy of Bavaria into the Frankish Empire in 788, he succeeded the Algilolfinger family and stayed in the Palatinate buildings several times until 803, which he expanded into a royal palace for the Carolingians . He held Reichstag, issued documents and from here waged wars against the Avars . After Charlemagne, Ludwig the German and his wife Hemma , who had ruled Bavaria from Regensburg since 826, had the Palatine Chapel rebuilt around 875, which is in direct tradition with the Old Chapel . Large Roman cuboids that came from the Roman wall were also used for its construction. Ludwig's successor, Arnolf von Kärnten , built new palace buildings in the vicinity of St. Emmeram Monastery (today's vestibule and forecourt) around 896 , but the buildings of the previous palace, the palace chapel, the emperor's residential palace, a palace school and the large palace hall remained for the Imperial assemblies exist in the northwest of today's old grain market. Other buildings such as monasteries for men and women and courtyards for foreign bishops lined the Palatinate area.

In the 10th century, the Palatinate area on today's Old Kornmarkt came to an end. When the Ottonian emperors began to give away palace buildings, some bishops received their relegation yards here. In 976, for example, Emperor Otto II gave the Archbishop of Salzburg a large part of the complex in the northwest, the later Salzburg court . Emperor Otto III. In 998 he donated the buildings south of today's Old Chapel to the Archbishop of Magdeburg. Under King Heinrich II , the collegiate monastery for the Old Chapel was given to the Bishop of Bamberg in 1009, and buildings in the east of the Duke's Palatinate on the area of ​​today's Carmelite Monastery were given away to the Bishops of Freising and Bamberg , who built the Freising and Bamberg Courts there let.

As in 1180 with Duke Louis I, Duke of Bavaria , the rule of the Wittelsbach family in Bavaria began, the Palatinate buildings have been converted to a Bavarian duke Pfalz while also redesigned the Duke Hall. In 1196, Duke Ludwig der Kelheimer moved into the facility. After Regensburg became an imperial city in 1245 , the Wittelsbachers gave up their residence in Regensburg. The interior of the Herzogshof building was adapted for other uses, but together with the western part of the square remained in the possession of the Bavarian state until the beginning of the 20th century. This was later demonstrated around 1600 by a heraldic plaque originally attached to the east facade. The building itself was initially used as a Bavarian customs office, later also as a salt office and forestry office. The tower of the building is therefore referred to as the Bavarian toll on old views of the city . During the time of the Bavarian occupation of Regensburg in the Thirty Years War, Bavarian sovereignty was demonstrated on the square in front of the Herzogshof by the fact that the Bavarian Elector Maximilian I had the renegade city commander of Ingolstadt Georg Wolmar von Fahrensbach executed here.

History (after 1800)

Herzogshof west facade with pedestrian passage and Bavarian coat of arms, foreground Altdorfer fountain

Shortly before the turn of the 20th century, three buildings immediately to the west of the Herzogshof, located on the south side of the then still relatively narrow Domstrasse, were demolished in 1893/5. The buildings in question were the Salzburger Hof , Dompfarrhof and Alte Post , which were built opposite the Regensburg Cathedral . At the same time, the dilapidated tower of the opposite St. Ulrich church , near the Roman tower, was removed. The aim of the demolition was to widen the Domstraße and to enable a new building, the New Dompost, in the neo-renaissance style, set back to the south . By demolishing and relocating the planned new building to the south, the narrow Domstrasse was to be expanded into a cathedral square in order to provide a better view of the cathedral. As a result of these measures, Albrecht-Altdorfer-Platz developed. The Herzogshof was initially retained and was adjacent to the New Dompost building on Domplatz in 1895/6 in the neo-renaissance style .

In the 1930s there were further serious changes in the building stock of the Herzogshof. Only 40 years after the New Dompost was built, the neo-renaissance decor of the north facade and inside the palatial new-renaissance counter hall were removed again. In addition, it became apparent that the new post office building was planned much too small and that an extension was necessary. The Oberpostdirektion succeeded in buying the adjoining medieval ducal courtyard to the east in order to build a Dompost extension in its place. The planned total demolition of the Herzogshof met the resistance of the monument conservator Walter Boll , who succeeded in convincing the Lord Mayor Otto Schottenheim of the historical importance of the Herzogshof. However, the desired expansion of the Dompost building could not be prevented, and western parts of the Herzoghof's building were demolished. When, in the course of the work, Romanesque arcades and even a Gothic coat of arms ceiling hidden under a false ceiling, the demolition could be stopped and the east wing of the Ducal Court with the Ducal Hall was preserved.

As a result, Boll had the entire east facade of the east wing "cleaned up" by dismantling the windows and installing two Romanesque arched windows from the museum's fund. The Bavarian coat of arms was moved from the east facade to the newly built west facade, which was then transformed into an ideal Romanesque state in 1938 by forging a Romanesque biforium by the sculptor Karl Kroher. A pedestrian passage was created to the newly created Albrecht-Altdorfer-Platz. The Schwibbogen to the Roman tower, which was removed in 1855 and which can be interpreted as the keep of the Herzogshof, has been relocated a little. Inside the building, the late Romanesque ducal hall from 1220 was converted into “Regensburg's most beautiful common room” and the original windows were exposed or added from the museum's holdings.

literature

  • Karl Bauer : Regensburg. Art, culture and everyday history (6th edition, pp. 56–60). Mittelbayerische Druck- und Verlags-Gesellschaft, Regensburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-86646-300-4 .

Web links

Commons : Herzogshof  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d Karl Bauer: Regensburg art, culture and everyday history . 6th edition. MZ-Buchverlag in H. Gietl Verlag & Publication Service GmbH, Regenstauf 2014, ISBN 978-3-86646-300-4 , p. 13-14, 58-60 .
  2. ^ A b Sigfrid Färber: Regensburg, then, yesterday and today. The image of the city over the last 125 years . JF Steinkopf Verlag, Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-7984-0588-3 , p. 21 .
  3. ^ Eugen Trapp: Regensburg and its Middle Ages, between continuity and reception. Tradition as a program . Ed .: Museums of the City of Regensburg. Catalog of the exhibition at the Museum der Stadt Regensburg, 1955, ISBN 3-925753-46-X , p. 9-22 .
  4. ↑ Peter Morsbach: Regensburg as a monument to the German spirit in the Third Reich . In: Working Group Regensburg Autumn Symposium (ed.): "To the devil with the monuments" 200 years of monument protection in Regensburg . tape 25 . Dr. Peter Morsbach Verlag, Regensburg 2011, ISBN 978-3-937527-41-3 , pp. 29-32 .

Coordinates: 49 ° 1 ′ 9 ″  N , 12 ° 5 ′ 59.1 ″  E