Raffelstetten customs regulations

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The Raffelstetten Customs Regulations was 902-906 on behalf of the East Frankish king Louis by Markgraf Aribo and the most important judges and nobles of the then Franco-Bavarian Ostmark written in Latin to existing discrepancies related to unjustified tariff - and toll collection with the goods in the Danube region in To regulate the area east of the Passau Forest up to the Mautern area in what is now Lower Austria . It is one of the most important documents of early medieval trade between Bavaria and Slavs in what is now the Austrian Danube region. A copy of the document from the 13th century is preserved in the Codex Lonsdorfianus , a Passau copy book, which is in the Bavarian Main State Archives in Munich .

content

The Raffelstetten Customs Regulations governed the amount and type of customs duties, depending on the goods group, transport route, sales area and ethnicity. Ships that traded between the Passau Forest and Linz only had to pay a so-called half penny of toll in Rosdorf . Beyond Linz, three bushels of salt were to be given per salt ship , which guaranteed free trade as far as the Bohemian Forest and the Ennswald . The next tariff of three bushels of salt had to be paid from Eparesburch and allowed for further passage to Mautern. After this payment was made, only three more bushels of salt had to be paid in order to be able to freely participate in the salt markets in this area. In order to participate in the so-called market of the Moravians , one shilling had to be paid per shipload . Local residents of Bavaria were generally tax-privileged and had to pay z. B. do not pay any additional taxes for salt for personal use. A bushel of salt had to be given near Amstetten by the Url river for salt transport by land . Ships from the Traungau were again exempt from taxes. Non-resident Slavs, e.g. B. from Bohemia and Moravia to the trading centers of the Danube region, the residents of Rodl -Flusses or Ried Märker in today's Mühlviertel came, had per Saumtier to pay a certain value two lumps of wax or per carrier a lump of wax. Corresponding taxes were also set for horses or slaves sold there. All other merchants and Jews had to pay the customs duties that were customary in the days of King Ludwig and Karlmann for slaves and other commercial goods .

history

Already in Roman times wine, grain, olive oil, etc. were traded on the Danube. The most important commodity in the Middle Ages, however, was salt. In what is now the Austrian Danube region there were three important marketplaces for the salt trade from the 9th century onwards, where customs had to be paid:

  • Linz: Customs at the Linz salt market also authorized trade with Bohemia. The salt was transported north through the Mühlviertel via the Linzer Steig , actually a network of old sheep paths and mule tracks .
  • Ebersburg ( Eparesburch , Eperaesburg ) probably Ybbs
  • Mautern

There were also the following toll stations along what is now the Austrian Danube:

  • Rosdorf: the ship landing stage , which has long since been abandoned and was first mentioned in writing in 853, can be found between Aschach and Eferding or near Goldwörth .
  • Tabersheim ( Tafersheim ) between Linz and the mouth of the Traun: This is where two important salt transport routes meet, the main export route for Hallstatt (Gmundner) salt along the Traun and the transport route for Reichenhall and Hallein salt from Passau down the Danube. Both the settlements on the right bank of the Danube ( Zizlau , Slav. Zaglaw , and later St. Peter) and on the left bank of the Danube (Windegg, western Steyregg) originally had the common area name Tabersheim, which was first mentioned in 885.

At Raffelstetten on the southern bank of the Danube between Linz and Enns, there was a significant shipping area below the confluence of the Traun River into the Danube. In the catchment area of ​​the Luftenberg , which was already fortified in Celtic times , the reloading of the salt freight from the salt barges of the Traun to Danube ships or for the transfer of the salt to the northern bank of the Danube, z. B. at Steining , Gusen or later at Mauthausen . Raffelstetten was chosen as an important salt handling point for the new regulation of customs and toll regulations for river traffic.

The Raffelstetten customs regulations were in the presence of the royal ambassadors, Archbishop Theotmars (Dietmar) of Salzburg, Bishop Burkhards of Passau and a Count Otachar (Ottokar) by Margrave Aribo, his deputies Vicarius Walto , Vicarius Durinc , Vicarius Eigil and about 30 other noblemen from the three counties of the domain of Margrave Aribo in the course of a public negotiation in Raffelstetten, at that time near Lorch , established. Among the witnesses there were also men named Solomon or Isaac , who were probably involved as Jewish traders at the time.

Raffelstetten is now a small village that belongs to the political municipality of Asten .

Web links

literature

  • Max Heuwieser: History of the Diocese of Passau. First volume: The early history. From the foundation to the end of the Carolingian era . Commission publisher Paul Egger, Passau 1939, pp. 187f.
  • Lower Austrian Institute for Regional Studies: Raffelstetten Customs Regulations (902 / 03-907) . In: Fateful year 907. The battle near Pressburg and early medieval Lower Austria . Catalog for the exhibition of the Lower Austrian regional archive in the Kulturfabrik Hainburg 2007. St. Pölten, 2007, ISBN 978-3-901635-11-3 , p. 132ff.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Marion Lischke: Codex Lonsdorfianus on uni-passau.de, accessed on June 29, 2019.
  2. ^ Latin wording of the customs regulations in Pfeffer 1954, pp. 52–53.
  3. ^ Pfeffer 1954, pp. 69, 85.
  4. ^ Pfeffer 1954, p. 59.
  5. ↑ Pfeffer 1954, p. 67.
  6. ^ Pfeffer 1954, pp. 38f, 46.
  7. ↑ Karl Hohensinner , Peter Wiesinger : Place Name Book of the Province of Upper Austria 10. The place names of the political district Urfahr-Umgebung (Middle Mühlviertel) . Vienna 2006.