Kamp (river)
| Camp | ||
 Battle run |
||
| Data | ||
| location | Lower Austria ( Austria ) | |
| River system | Danube | |
| Drain over | Danube → Black Sea | |
| source |
Kamp origin (Gr. Kamp) 48 ° 33 ′ 21 ″ N , 14 ° 48 ′ 0 ″ E |
|
| Source height | 920 m | |
| muzzle | Danube Coordinates: 48 ° 23 '2 " N , 15 ° 47' 51" E 48 ° 23 '2 " N , 15 ° 47' 51" E |
|
| Mouth height | 180 m | |
| Height difference | 740 m | |
| Bottom slope | 4.8 ‰ | |
| length | 153 km | |
| Catchment area | 1,752.7 km² | |
| Discharge at the Stiefern A Eo gauge : 1493 km² |
MNQ 1983–2007 MQ 1983–2007 Mq 1983–2007 MHQ 1983–2007 HHQ (08.08.2002) |
3.19 m³ / s 8.9 m³ / s 6 l / (s km²) 81.3 m³ / s 800 m³ / s |
| Left tributaries | Kirchbach, Zwettl , Gradnitz, Plöttlbach, Töbernitz , Betzbach, Taffa , Teichwiesenbach, Tobelbach Gscheinzbach | |
| Right tributaries | Komaubach, Kleiner Kamp, Rottenbach, Sierningbach, Purzelkamp, Dobrabach, Gemitz, Reislingbach , Bruchelbach, Fronbach, Stiefernbach , Fahnbach, Loisbach , Krems | |
| Reservoirs flowed through | Ottensteiner reservoir , Dobrastausee , Thurnberger reservoir | |
 Kamp below Roiten |
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 Kamp near Stiefern am Kamp |
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The Kamp is a river in Lower Austria and with a length of 153 kilometers the longest river in the Waldviertel .
Surname
The name Kamp is of Celtic origin and goes back to the appropriate adjective kamb ("crooked") and is one of the oldest names in the region. Not only the main river bears the name Kamp, but also some of its tributaries have Kamp in their name.
topography
The Kamp, which is also known as Großer Kamp in the upper reaches , rises in the Weinsberg Forest at 920 meters above sea level and flows into the Danube at 180 meters above sea level east of Krems in the Tullnerfeld . With a catchment area of 1,753 km², it is the largest flowing water in the Waldviertel . The natural runoff regime is characterized by high runoffs in spring (March, April) and low runoffs in late autumn (October, November). However, this discharge characteristic has been changed downstream by the construction of barrages.
Upper course
The Kamp rises as Großer Kamp on the Lower Austrian-Upper Austrian border in the Weinsberg Forest. The origin of the campaign is located north of Liebenau in Upper Austria and the first kilometers of the river almost form the border between the two federal states.
Notable tributaries in the upper reaches are:
- The Kleine Kamp (also Ritterkamp ), which comes from the north of the Weinsberger Forest - its highest source stream (Prinzbach) rises from the Kampleitenteich at 938 m above sea level - and which flows into the Große Kamp at Rappottenstein ,
- the Zwettl , which flows into the Kamp near Zwettl ,
- the Purzelkamp , which rises north of Bad Traunstein on the Hummelberg at approx. 870 m above sea level and which flows into the Ottenstein reservoir near Rastenfeld .
Middle course
The Kamp cuts through its narrow valley in deep meanders and is a popular excursion destination. The Kamptal is difficult to access until Rosenburg , however, there are only a few places along the river and in parts there are no road connections. In the section between Rosenburg and Langenlois the valley widens, from here the river is used economically and the valley is densely populated, as in the example of the climatic health resort Gars am Kamp .
Tributaries are in the middle reaches
- the Taffa , which flows into the Kamp in Rosenburg ,
- and smaller rivers such as the Töbernitz , Reislingbach and Stiefernbach .
Lower course
At Langenlois the Kamp emerges from the Bohemian Massif and pours into the Tullnerfeld . By being used in mills , the Mühlkamp is also branched off and brought closer to the places than the flood-prone Kamp. The Kamp once flowed into the Danube at Grafenwörth ; in the course of the construction of the Altenwörth Danube power plant , the Kamp mouth was relocated together with the Krems mouth to Altenwörth ( Kirchberg am Wagram municipality ), where the Mühlkamp also flows into the Danube.
Tributaries in the lower reaches are the Loisbach and the Gscheinzbach .
Traffic and crossings
The Kamptalbahn has been running along the Kamp between Hadersdorf am Kamp and Rosenburg since 1889 . The Kamptal Straße (B 34) runs parallel to this .
While the Kamp in the upper reaches and from Rosenburg was historically easy to cross, the Kamp between Ottenstein and Rosenburg is difficult to pass. There are crossings in Krumau , Wegscheid and Steinegg , although these places are not connected to traffic along the Kamp.
Kamptal reservoirs
In the upper reaches / middle reaches three reservoirs ( Ottensteiner reservoir , Dobrastausee , Thurnberger reservoir ) were built by today's EVN between 1949 and 1957 . During the Nazi era , the Allentsteig military training area was built by the German Wehrmacht . After the Second World War , the military training area was significantly reduced. The area was largely uninhabited due to the forced resettlement . This made it relatively easy to build these reservoirs. Today only a small part of the Ottenstein reservoir lies below Zwettl Abbey in the area of the military training area.
Kamptal power station chain 1957ff. - Tourism versus energy generation
The chain of Kamptal power stations, completed in 1957, had adverse effects on the summer freshness in the middle and lower Kamptal, which soon became noticeable through several effects that permanently impaired bathing pleasure and slowed down the economic upswing of the Kamptal summer freshness Water level, shallower water depth, more silting and noticeably lower water temperature.
The intention expressed at the end of the 1950s to expand the chain of Kamptal power plants with reservoirs, which should be filled with Danube water by means of pump power plants, failed because of the Kamptal mayors, whose tourism and bathing officials feared that this would leave the Kamp river baths in complete ruin.
The slump in tourism in the mid-1970s was followed again by the intention to use the middle Kamp more for electricity generation. A citizens' initiative was formed around 1980 against the planned construction of further power plants in the Rosenburg area. Their interests coincided with the ideas of the politically, medially and economically influential “health pope ” Willi Dungl , who made his revival of Gars tourism dependent on an intact, natural environment. His gentle tourism concept finally prevailed against the expansion of the Kamp power plants.
After Dungl's death, the competition between tourism and electricity generation from hydropower came to a head again, as the 100-year-old power station building in the Rosenburg area was being demolished and replaced by a new one, and a new dam wall overhanging the old one by more than 2 m and the reservoir at one Should increase length of 1 km. It was also planned to dredge the underwater to a length of 1 km in order to gain additional usable head. Against this impairment of the intact river and floodplain habitat of the middle Kamp, which was named a “river sanctuary” by the WWF and the responsible federal ministry in 1998 because of its biodiversity and scenic beauty, resistance was organized in 2014 by the Lower Austrian Nature Conservation Association , WWF and regional citizens' initiatives.
tourism
The Ottenstein reservoir with the Ottenstein Castle , but also the Kamptal itself are popular recreational areas. The climatic health resort of Gars am Kamp , the Kamptal Nature Park and the Kamptal wine-growing region are located in the lower reaches of the Kamp . The latter includes all municipalities in the judicial district of Langenlois. In addition to the wine town of Langenlois, this includes well-known wine-growing locations such as Schönberg am Kamp , Zöbing , Gobelsburg and Kammern . The main grape varieties in the area are the Grüner Veltliner and Riesling . The latter is optimally grown on the loess slopes near Heiligenstein and Seeberg.
Flood in 2002
The Ottenstein reservoir hit the headlines during the flood of the century in 2002 , when EVN was accused of opening the locks too late and thus contributing to the flood disaster. In retrospect, however, no culpable behavior could be proven.
In the course of this flood, the river flooded numerous places and in some cases looked for a new bed. As protection against renewed floods , it should be given more space again. In order to get the exact documents for any retention basins and floodplains, a research project is running at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , in which parts of the river are being recreated to scale .
literature
- Extreme runoff events: documentation - meaning - methods of determination . In: TU Wien (Ed.): Wiener Mitteilungen . tape 206 . Vienna 2007, historical floods on the Kamp (Heinz Wiesbauer), p. 43–58 ( online [PDF]).
Movie
- Kamp - A river for all the senses. Documentary film, Austria, 2006, 43:40 min., Script and director: Alfred Vendl, production: ORF , Kamp - A river for all senses - summary by 3sat .
Web links
- A kayak river guide over the Kamp
- Construction of the Kamptal reservoirs
- Entry on Kamptal power plants in the Austria Forum (in the Heimatlexikon)
- Sustainable development of the Kamptal river landscape of the Lower Austrian State Academy
- Werner Gamerith : The middle Kamptal. The Waldviertel river jewel is threatened by another power plant . In: Naturschutzbunt Heft 1 - 2015. S. 3f.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Gerald Dick, Peter Sackl: The fish fauna of the Kamp (Waldviertel, Lower Austria) with regard to fish-biological zoning and water quality (PDF; 2.6 MB). Knowledge Mitt. Niederösterr. Landesmuseum, 6, Vienna 1989, p. 148
- ↑ Station: Stiefern - water level. In: www.noel.gv.at. Archived from the original on June 27, 2009 ; accessed on April 24, 2019 . See also: Development concept for Kamp River Stable Landscape (other data; PDF; 101 kB)
- ↑ S. Preis, S. Muhar, H. Habersack, C. Hauer, S. Hofbauer and M. Jungwirth (2006): Sustainable Development of the Kamp River Landscape: Presentation of a management process with regard to the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive (EU WFD ) . In: Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft, 58, 11–12, S. 160, doi: 10.1007 / BF03164517 .
- ↑ Fink, MH, Moog, O. & Wimmer, R. (2000): Flowing waters - natural areas of Austria. (PDF; 471 kB) Monograph of the Federal Environment Agency. Vienna, Volume 128, p. 87. ISBN 3-85457-558-0
- ↑ Andreas Weigel : The summer freshness through the ages. In: Bettina Marchart and Markus Holzweber (eds.): Garser stories. Gars am Kamp. Thousands of years of cultural landscape (2014). Pp. 521-588. Pp. 565f., 571, 574, 581.
- ↑ Andreas Weigel : The summer freshness through the ages. In: Bettina Marchart and Markus Holzweber (eds.): Garser stories. Gars am Kamp. Thousands of years of cultural landscape (2014). Pp. 521-588. P. 581.
- ↑ Werner Gamerith: The middle Kamptal The Waldviertel river jewel is threatened by a power plant again. ( Memento of the original from May 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ WWF : Kamp: The Lower Austrian river sanctuary is in danger. There is a risk of massive destruction from the expansion of a power plant.
- ↑ Niederösterreichischer Naturschutzbund : No new construction of the power station near Rosenburg am Kamp. ( Memento of the original from May 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ NÖN: Kraftwerk: EVN wants to inform.
