Mojmir I.

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Mojmir I. (also Moimir , Moymir ; † probably August 846 ) was the first historically documented ruler of the Moravians ( dux Maravorum ) and namesake of the Moravian Mojmirid dynasty from no later than 830 to 846 .

Nothing is known about Mojmir's origins and rulership, but historians ascribe to him the unification of the Moravian Slavs in a common Moravian empire, which took place at the latest around 833 . The questions about Mojmir's acceptance of Christianity and its role in the Christianization of Moravia are the subject of scientific debates. Historians, who consider Mojmir to be a Christian ruler, attribute the baptism of “all Moravians” by the Passau bishop Reginhar in 831 to his work, which is handed down from a later source . In 846 he was replaced by his nephew Rastislav from the East Franconian King Ludwig the German .

origin

There is no reliable evidence of Mojmir's origin. The Moravian Mojmirid dynasty is named after him, although he may not have been their first ruler. According to a late tradition communicated by Tomáš Pešina z Čechorodu , the Mojmiriden descend directly from the early Slav ruler Samo (623–658). According to Pešina's records, Mojmir I was the son of the Moravian prince "Mojmar", who is said to have been baptized by the Passau bishop Urolf between 804 and 806 and to have ruled over the Moravians from 811 to 820. Mojmar is said to have had three sons: Ljudevit, Boso and Mojmir I (listed in tradition as Mojmir II), who became his successor. According to tradition, the reign of Mojmir I lasted from 820 to 842.

According to another theory, Vojnomir - an 8th century Slavic margrave who was in the service of Erich of Friuli - was a predecessor of Mojmir. According to some researchers, the name Mojmir (also written Moimar, Moymar) indicates an Alanic origin of the dynasty or the Moravians in general. However, such hypotheses also exist in relation to Anten , Russians , Croats and Serbs .

Prince the Moravian

Power politics

Approximate borders of Moravia under Prince Mojmir I.

Mojmir I. asserted himself as ruler of Moravia in the 820s or at the latest around 830. The beginnings of the Moravian empire formation remain completely unclear, but it is noticeable that - in contrast to Bohemia and Poland - in Moravia in the 9th century the old tribes had already disappeared. Centralization must have started earlier here than in neighboring countries.

The Moravians themselves are first mentioned in the written sources in 822. In the report of the Annales regni Francorum for this year they are listed among the Slavic peoples who paid tributes to the Frankish emperor Ludwig the Pious . It is possible, however, that their envoys were received by the Carolingian emperors as early as 811 in Aachen and 815 in Paderborn . Since the Moravians and their area are not yet mentioned as part of the Bavarian kingdom of Ludwig the German in 817, they probably only recognized the obligation to pay tribute to the Franconian Empire between 817 and 822 . From then on, the Franks saw Moravia as a tributary principality dependent on their empire. However, Franconian politics respected the power of its eastern neighbor, whose territory was known as the "Empire of the Maraven" (regnum Maravorum) .

Staré Město (UH), památník 012.jpg
Mikulčice-Valy 6.JPG
Excavated fragments of a Moravian settlement in Staré Město (above) and a castle complex near Mikulčice (below) , 9th century.

The long-distance trade routes that ran through the country and the prosperity associated with long-distance trade favored the Moravian prince's rapid expansion of power. Archaeological and written sources show that the Moravian nobility enjoyed considerable wealth and maintained an aristocratic lifestyle not dissimilar to that of the Franks.

Around the year 833 Mojmir I banished the rival ruler Pribina from Moravia. He had previously built a church in the city of Nitra ("Nitrava") and had it consecrated by the Archbishop of Salzburg, Adalram . This was in connection with Salzburg's claim to this territory as a mission area. The exact position of Pribina is controversial among historians. Some call him the ruler of an independent principality of Nitra , while others consider him a Moravian governor of Mojmir I and possibly a member of the Mojmirid dynasty. If Pribina was the prince of its own political entity with its center in Nitra, the Moravian Empire ("Greater Moravia") came into being at the latest with his exile and the unification of the two principalities under Mojmir's rule . After his exile, Pribina was baptized in Traismauer and was later given its own principality in Lower Pannonia by Ludwig the German , which was to serve as a bulwark against the Moravians and Bulgarians.

“When that happened, a certain Ratbodus took over the defense of the border. In his time a certain Priwina was driven out above the Danube by Moimarus, the prince of the Moravians, and came to Ratbodus. [...] Archbishop Adalram once consecrated a church to him [Priwina] on his own in Neutra. "

- Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum , Chapter 10 u. 11

The borders of the Moravian state under Mojmir I are not exactly known. The inadequate tradition and the difficulties in identifying individual places make it difficult to delimit the domain. In any case, it should have extended in the west to the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands , in the south to the Danube and in the east at least over the lower Waagal valley . The centers of power were on the one hand along the river March (Slavic: Morava ), probably in today's Moravian towns of Mikulčice and Staré Město , on the other hand (at least since the 830s) in Nitra, Slovakia . Alternative theories that localize the Moravian Empire south of the Danube, on the Serbian Morava River , or even in western Romania, represent a minority opinion in the professional world.

According to the records of the Bavarian geographer , whose entry on the Moravians ("Marharii") should describe their situation between 817 and 843, the Moravians at that time had a total of 11 "civitates" (castles or cities). Archaeological excavations prove a high-quality material culture and relatively large agglomerations.

Christianization

Mikulčice-Valy 2.JPG
Mikulčice-Valy 4.JPG
Mikulčice-Valy 7.JPG
Foundation stones of Moravian churches near Mikulčice (9th century)

The Moravian area became a mission area of Passau in 796 and the first churches were built here around 800. Under Mojmir, Moravia showed the typical signs of a changing society. Although resistance to the acceptance of Christianity was great, as elsewhere, there is no archaeological evidence of a pagan uprising in Moravia . Therefore, there is a possibility that there was temporary mutual toleration between the new and old cults. Pagan practices seem to have continued to be tolerated to a certain extent under Mojmir, as a place of worship in the central Moravian castle complex in Mikulčice was used in parallel with the Christian churches until the middle of the 9th century. It was not until 852 that the Mainz Synod granted the Moravians a “raw Christianity”.

Mojmir's baptism and its role in Christianizing the Moravian Slavs are controversial among historians. While German and Austrian researchers are relatively skeptical and describe Mojmir either as a representative of "a still pagan ruling clan" or as "perhaps baptized themselves", Slovak, Czech and American historians consider him a Christian. According to archaeological sources, Alexis P. Vlasto dates Mojmir's baptism as early as the period between 818 and 825. The most frequently mentioned date, however, is the year 831. For this year Albert Behaim mentions in his 13th century history of the Passau bishops and Bavarian dukes that the Passau bishop Reginhar had baptized "all Moravians". With reference to the fact that Behaim very likely took the note from a reliable source and that the information fits very well with the situation in Moravia at the beginning of the 830s, the news is classified as relatively reliable by Slovak and Czech historians despite its late evidence . The mentioned baptism of “all Moravians” in 831 is likely to have been either a baptism of Prince Mojmir I, his family and his immediate entourage, or, if Mojmir was already baptized, a baptism of the entire Moravian nation. In the case of a mass baptism, Moravia would have been on the way to becoming a “Christian state”, since Mojmir I then no longer enforced mass baptism as a tribal prince, but as a prince of an emerging state.

With regard to the organization of the church, there was a conflict between the Diocese of Passau and the Archdiocese of Salzburg until 829, as the Salzburg archbishops also claimed the areas in question and did not recognize Passau's missionary law. One of the highlights of the intervention of the Salzburg Archbishop Adalram (821–836) in the diocesan and missionary rights of Passau was the consecration of a church in Nitra. In the end, however, Passau prevailed under Bishop Reginhar (818–838) against Salzburg when King Ludwig the German confirmed the old diocesan borders in November 829.

End of rule and succession

Seal of Ludwig the German

The exact circumstances of the end of Mojmir I's rule are controversial. The Annales Fuldenses report for the year 846:

“[Ludwig the German] undertook a campaign against the Moravian Slavs around the middle of August, who tried to fall away. After order was established and after he had arranged things according to his will, he appointed Moimar's nephew Rastiz to be their dux. From here he returned to his homeland via Bohemia with great difficulty and great war losses. "

- Annales Fuldenses 846

Due to the very general formulation, it is relatively difficult to draw any reliable conclusions about the circumstances of the intervention of Ludwig the German in Moravia. Historians attribute the Frankish invasion of Moravia to either a rebellious policy of independence by Mojmir I - probably a refusal to pay tribute - which led to his dismissal by Ludwig, or to Mojmir's death, which led to succession disputes among the Moravians and Ludwig to the Action motivated. It is possible that the Frankish invasion of Moravia was only part of the systematic offensive undertaken by Ludwig against all Slavic tribes along the eastern border since 845 in order to enforce their dependence on the newly formed Eastern Franconia in 843 . The system of tributary-vassal-like dependency that was built up on the eastern border under Charlemagne seems to have practically collapsed since the crisis in Franconia in the 830s.

reception

Fantasy portrait of Mojmir I on a banknote of the Slovak State (1944)

Due to the unfavorable sources, it is difficult to obtain clarity about Mojmir's ruling practice. There is therefore no consensus among historians on the interpretation and assessment of his foreign policy, Christianization policy and establishment of rule. Depending on the interpretation of the sources, Mojmir either strived for independence from the Frankish Empire in terms of foreign policy and consolidated its tight rule domestically and actively pursued Christianization, or he orientated himself largely to the Franks in foreign policy and avoided conflicts, allowing Christianization only passively and was not yet fully recognized internally as ruler.

Dušan Třeštík sees Mojmir as a “great prince” and “autocratic ruler”, who managed to establish Christianity as the state religion in his country in 831 without triggering a pagan uprising. When he came to power, the Moravians' dependence on the Franconian Empire, into which they fell between 817 and 822, was effectively ended, since the Moravians had accepted baptism “out of their own will” and “without the control of the empire”. Třeštík compares Mojmir's role in the baptism of the Moravians with that of Grand Duke Vladimir I in the Christianization of the Kievan Rus . Wilfried Hartmann sees the events around Mojmir's deposition in 846 as the result of his foreign policy, because he was about to "establish an independent Slavic system of rule". Eric J. Goldberg goes further and assumes that Mojmir I rose "essentially to a king" in the early 830s, posed a "serious threat" to the East Frankish king Ludwig the German and tried to establish an "independent Slavic kingdom " to accomplish.

German and Austrian historians express themselves differently. Jörg K. Hoensch admits that Mojmir “perhaps was baptized himself” and at least did not put any obstacles in the way of the spread of Christianity through the Bavarian-Salzburg mission. For Herwig Wolfram, on the other hand, Mojmir is “representative of a still pagan ruling clan”, which was Christianized “by 850 at the latest”. Wolfram describes the missionary work of Moravia by the Passau bishop Reginhar in 831, mentioned in a later source, as a "late invention".

Since the 1880s, the Slovak national movement has adopted the tradition of the “Great Moravian Empire” created by Mojmir I as the basis of a developing national identity. In Bohemia and Moravia, the tradition was based on the uninterrupted interest in this subject in works of historiography since the Middle Ages, which used the reference to Great Moravia in the formation of the Kingdom of Bohemia. In the historiography of the Slovak state allied with the Third Reich (1939–1945) Mojmir I was portrayed as the ruler who, with the expulsion of Pribina from Nitra, united the "Slovak tribes" into one state and thus created the "first Slovak state" . His relationship with the “German neighbors” is described here as consistently positive. The assessment of Mojmir I in today's Slovakia varies greatly. In addition to his characterization as a "Slovak" or "Old Slovak" ruler, there is the view that he ended the short-lived statehood of the Slovaks or their ancestors under Pribina with the "conquest" of its Nitra principality.

In 1948, the Slovak city of Urmín, located near Nitra, was renamed Mojmir I in Mojmírovce . In Slovak literature, the figure of Mojmir I was thematized in Ján Hollý's lament Stežovaní Mojmíra (German: Mojmir’s lament ) and Ľudo Zúbeks novel Svätoplukova ríša (German: The kingdom of Svatopluk ).

For modern Czech historiography, Mojmir I is particularly important insofar as the Moravian Empire that he united was the "powerful neighbor, ally, temporarily ruler and above all the model" of the Czech Přemyslids and the impetus for the emergence of the Bohemian (Czech) state who is regarded as the heir to the Moravian Empire.

swell

  • Lubomír E. Havlík: Kronika o Velké Moravě. [= Chronicle of Great Moravia]. 3rd edition, JOTA, Brno 2013, ISBN 978-80-85617-06-1 . (Source edition on Moravian history from the 6th century to the 11th century)
  • Herwig Wolfram: Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum. The White Book of the Salzburg Church on the successful mission in Carantania and Pannonia. Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne / Graz 1979. (source edition)

literature

German and Austrian research

American research

  • Paul M. Barford: The Early Slavs. Cornell University Press, Ithaca NY 2001, ISBN 0-8014-3977-9 .
  • Charles R. Bowlus : Franks, Moravians, and Magyars. The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788-907. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia PA 1995, ISBN 0-8122-3276-3 .
  • Eric J. Goldberg: Ludwig the German and Moravia. A study of the Carolingian border wars in the east. In: Wilfried Hartmann (Hrsg.): Ludwig the German and his time. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2004, ISBN 978-3-534-17308-2 , pp. 67-94 ( PDF ; review ).
  • Eric J. Goldberg: Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German, pp. 817-876. Cornell University Press, Ithaca NY 2006, ISBN 978-0-8014-3890-5 .
  • Richard A. Fletcher: The Barbarian Conversion: From Paganism to Christianity. H. Hold & Co, New York 1998, ISBN 0-8050-2763-7 .
  • Alexis P. Vlasto: The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom. An Introduction of the Mediaval History of the Slavs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2009, ISBN 978-0-521-10758-7 .

Czech research

  • František Graus : Dux-rex Moraviae. In: Sborník prací Filozofické Faculty Brnenské Univerzity C. Volume 9, 1960, pp. 181–190.
  • František Graus: The nation-building of the Western Slavs in the Middle Ages (= Nationes. Historical and philological studies on the emergence of European nations in the Middle Ages. Volume 3). Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1980, ISBN 3-7995-6103-X .
  • Lubomír E. Havlík: Svatopluk Veliký, král Moravanů a Slovanů [= Svatopluk the Great, King of the Moravians and Slavs]. Jota, Brno 1994, ISBN 80-85617-19-6 .
  • Václav Richter: The Beginnings of Great Moravian Architecture. In: Magna Moravia. Praha 1965, pp. 121-360.
  • Dušan Třeštík : Počátky Přemyslovců. Vstup Čechů do dějin (530-935). [= The beginnings of the Přemyslids. The Entry of the Czechs into History (530–935)]. 2nd edition, Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, Praha 2008, ISBN 978-80-7106-138-0 .
  • Dušan Třeštík: Vznik Velké Moravy. Moravané, Čechové a střední Evropa v letech 791–871. [= The emergence of Great Moravia. Moravians, Czechs and Central Europe in the years 791–871]. 2nd edition, Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, Prague 2010, ISBN 978-80-7422-049-4 (standard work on the prehistory, origin and development of the Moravian state up to 871).

Slovak research

  • Miroslav Lysý: Titul mojmírovských panovníkov. [= The titles of the Mojmirid rulers]. In: Historia et theoria iuris. Volume 5, No. 1, 2013, p. 24.
  • Miroslav Lysý: Mojmírovská Morava na hraniciach s impériom [= Mojmirid Moravia on the borders of the empire]. In: Forum Historiae. Volume 8, No. 2, 2014, pp. 98-129.
  • Miroslav Lysý: Moravania, Mojmírovci a Franská ríša. Štúdie k etnogenéze, politickým inštitúciám a ústavnému zriadeniu na území Slovenska vo včasnom stredoveku [= The Moravians, the Mojmirids and the Frankish Empire]. Atticum, Bratislava 2014, ISBN 978-80-971381-4-1 .
  • Ján Steinhübel: The Great Moravian dioceses at the time of Mojmírs II. In: Bohemia . Volume 37, No. 1, 1996, pp. 2-22 (digitized version ) .
  • Ján Steinhübel: The church organization in Neutra around the turn of the millennium. In: Bohemia . Volume 40, No. 1, 1999, pp. 65-78 (digitized version ) .
  • Ján Steinhübel: Nitrianske kniežatstvo. Počiatky stredovekého Slovenska [= The Principality of Nitra. The Beginnings of Medieval Slovakia]. Rak / Veda, Bratislava 2004, ISBN 80-224-0812-3 (standard work of the Slovak perspective).
  • Tatiana Štefanovičová: Osudy starých Slovanov [= fate of the ancient Slavs]. Osveta, Martin 1989, OCLC 21336284 , detailed description of the archaeological development of the Moravian Empire , Slovak - with a Russian, English and German summary.

Web links

Commons : Mojmír I  - collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Petr Sommer, Dušan Třeštík, Josef Žemlička: Great Moravia . Retrieved May 7, 2014.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Slovak and Czech : Mojmír I. , in contemporary sources Latin : Moimarus , Moymarus .
  2. ↑ a b Jörg K. Hoensch: History of Bohemia. From the Slavic conquest to the present. 3rd, updated and supplemented edition. Munich 1997, p. 35.
  3. ^ Lubomír E. Havlík: Kronika o Velké Moravě. 3rd edition, Brünn 2013, pp. 89–90; Lubomír E. Havlík: Svatopluk Veliký, král Moravanů a Slovanů. Brünn 1994, p. 63; Jörg K. Hoensch: History of Bohemia. From the Slavic conquest to the present. 3rd, updated and supplemented edition. Munich 1997, p. 35.
  4. ↑ a b c d Sommer et al .: Great Moravia . In: christianization.hist.cam.ac.uk, accessed December 20, 2015, 3:23 pm.
  5. ^ Lubomír E. Havlík: Kronika o Velké Moravě. 3rd edition, Brno 2013, p. 103.
  6. ↑ On Mojmir's accession to power in the 820s, cf. Alexis P. Vlasto: The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom. An Introduction of the Mediaval History of the Slavs. London / New York 1970, p. 20; Richard A. Fletcher: The Barbarian Conversion: From Paganism to Christianity. New York 1998, p. 336. For the inaugural year 830 cf. Herwig Wolfram: Limits and Spaces. History of Austria before its creation. Vienna 1995, pp. 248, 315; Eric J. Goldberg: Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German, 817-876. Ithaca 2006, p. 138.
    The Old Slavic sources uniformly use the title “кнѧзь” or “княз” ( Knes ) for Mojmirid rulers , which has also been handed down with the Arabic paraphrase “k.náz”. Greek sources translate the Knesen title of the Mojmiriden uniformly with "ἄρχων" ( Archon ), while the title in the Latin sources is inconsistent. The titles “ dux ” and “ rex ” dominate, more rarely “ regulus ”, “ princeps ” and, as a single case, “ comes ”. To what extent the old Slavic Knesen title can be assigned to the modern titles of prince, duke or king is controversial among historians, but the term “prince” tends to be preferred. In the pre-state period, the West Slavic tribes had not just one knee, but several. In contrast, since Mojmir I there has only been one single Knes in Moravia. Compare with František Graus: Dux-rex Moraviae. In: Sborník prací Filozofické Faculty Brnenské Univerzity C. 1960, pp. 181–190; Lubomír E. Havlík: Kronika o Velké Moravě. 3rd edition, Brünn 2013, pp. 111-112, 132-133, 368; Miroslav Lysý: Titul mojmírovských panovníkov. In: Historia et theoria iuris. 2013, pp. 24-33; Sommer et al: Great Moravia .
  7. ↑ Sebastian Brather: Archeology of the Western Slavs. Settlement, economy and society in early and high medieval East-Central Europe. 2nd revised edition, Berlin / New York 2008, p. 68; František Graus: The nation-building of the Western Slavs in the Middle Ages (= Nationes. Historical and philological studies on the emergence of European nations in the Middle Ages. Volume 3). Sigmaringen 1980, p. 43.
  8. ↑ Eric J. Goldberg: Ludwig the German and Moravia. A study of the Carolingian border wars in the east. In: Wilfried Hartmann (Hrsg.): Ludwig the German and his time. Darmstadt 2004, pp. 67–94, here: p. 74.
  9. ^ Paul M. Barford: The Early Slavs. Ithaca / New York 2001, p. 109.
  10. ^ A b Dušan Třeštík: Počátky Přemyslovců. Vstup Čechů do dějin (530-935). 2nd edition, Prague 2008, p. 270.
  11. ↑ Herwig Wolfram: Limits and Spaces. History of Austria before its creation. Vienna 1995, p. 315; on the different Latin versions of the Moravian regnum cf. Lubomír E. Havlík: Kronika o Velké Moravě. 3rd edition, JOTA, Brünn 2013, pp. 354–355.
  12. ↑ Eric J. Goldberg: Ludwig the German and Moravia. A study of the Carolingian border wars in the east. In: Wilfried Hartmann (Hrsg.): Ludwig the German and his time. Darmstadt 2004, pp. 67–94, here: p. 77.
  13. ↑ The dating is controversial among historians. Lubomír E. Havlík and Dušan Třeštík state 832 to 833 (Lubomír E. Havlík: Kronika o Velké Moravě. O. O. 2013, pp. 101f .; Dušan Třeštík: Vznik Velké Moravy. Moravané, Čechové a střední Evropa. 791 –871. 2nd edition, Prague 2010, p. 126ff.), Paul M. Barford, Wilfried Harmann, Herwig Wolfram and Ján Steinhübel the year 833 (Paul M. Barford: The Early Slavs. Ithaca / New York 2001, p. 218; Wilfried Harmann: Ludwig der Deutsche. Darmstadt 2002, p. 113; Herwig Wolfram: Borders and spaces. History of Austria before its emergence. Vienna 1995, p. 248; Ján Steinhübel: The church organization in Neutra around the turn of the millennium. In: Bohemia 40 , 1999, p. 69.) and Sebastian Brather and Jörg K. Hoensch the period between 833 and 836 (Sebastian Brather: Archäologia der western Slavs. Settlement, economy and society in early and high medieval East Central Europe. 2nd revised edition, Berlin / New York 2008, p. 68; Jörg K. Hoensch: History of Bohemia. Von der Slavischen Landn imitate to the present. 3rd, updated and supplemented edition. Munich 1997, p. 35).
  14. ^ Lubomír E. Havlík: Kronika o Velké Moravě. 3rd edition, Brünn 2013, pp. 90–91, 101–103; Dušan Třeštík: Vznik Velké Moravy. Moravané, Čechové a střední Evropa v letech 791–871. 2nd edition, Prague 2010, p. 126.
  15. ↑ Alexis P. Vlasto: The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom. An Introduction of the Mediaval History of the Slavs. London / New York 1970, p. 24.
  16. ^ Paul M. Barford: The Early Slavs. Ithaca / New York 2001, p. 218; Dušan Kováč: Dejiny Slovenska. Prague 2000, p. 25; Ján Steinhübel: The Duchy of Nitra. In: Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč, Martin D. Brown: Slovakia in History. New York 2011, p. 16.
  17. ^ Lubomír E. Havlík: Kronika o Velké Moravě. 3rd edition, Brünn 2013, p. 103; Dušan Třeštík: Vznik Velké Moravy. Moravané, Čechové a střední Evropa v letech 791–871. 2nd edition, Prague 2010, pp. 132-135; Alexis P. Vlasto: The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom. An Introduction of the Mediaval History of the Slavs. London / New York 1970, p. 20.
  18. ↑ Eric J. Goldberg: Ludwig the German and Moravia. A study of the Carolingian border wars in the east. In: Wilfried Hartmann (Hrsg.): Ludwig the German and his time. Darmstadt 2004, pp. 67-94, here: p. 77; Dušan Třeštík: Počátky Přemyslovců. Vstup Čechů do dějin (530-935). 2nd edition, Prague 2008, p. 271.
  19. ↑ "His ita peractis Ratbodus Suscepit defensionem terminated. In cuius spacio temporis quidam Priwina exulatus a Moimaro duce Maravorum supra Danubium venit ad Radbodum. […] Cui quondam Adalrammus archiepiscopus ultra Danubium in sua proprietate loco vocato Nitrava consecravit ecclesiam. ” Cf. Herwig Wolfram (Ed.): Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum. The white book of the Salzburg Church on the successful mission in Carantania and Panonnia. Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne / Graz 1979, pp. 51–53.
  20. ^ Sebastian Brather: Archaeologia of the Western Slavs. Settlement, economy and society in early and high medieval East-Central Europe. 2nd revised edition, Berlin / New York 2008, p. 68; Alexis P. Vlasto: The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom. An Introduction of the Mediaval History of the Slavs. London / New York 1970, p. 326.
  21. ^ Lubomír E. Havlík: Kronika o Velké Moravě. 3rd edition, Brünn 2013, p. 92; Jörg K. Hoensch: History of Bohemia. From the Slavic conquest to the present. 3rd, updated and supplemented edition. Munich 1997, p. 35.
  22. ↑ Herwig Wolfram: Limits and Spaces. History of Austria before its creation. Vienna 1995, p. 315.
  23. ↑ See Sebastian Brather: Archäologia der western Slavs. Settlement, economy and society in early and high medieval East-Central Europe. 2nd revised edition, Berlin / New York 2008, p. 68; Eric J. Goldberg: Ludwig the German and Moravia. A study of the Carolingian border wars in the east. In: Wilfried Hartmann (Hrsg.): Ludwig the German and his time. Darmstadt 2004, pp. 67–94, here: p. 74, note 19; Wilfried Hartmann: Ludwig the German. Darmstadt 2002, p. 114f .; Roland Schönfeld: Slovakia: From the Middle Ages to the Present. Munich, Regensburg 2000, p. 17.
  24. ↑ Regardless of the question of the dating of the Bavarian geographer, the Czech historian Lubomír E. Havlík assumes that the entry on the "Marharii" describes the state of the Moravians between 817 and 843. According to this, Mojmir I. would have ruled over 11 “civitates”. While this usually means castles, the Moravian civitates seem to have already been settlements. See Lubomír E. Havlík: Kronika o Velké Moravě. 3rd edition, Brno 2013, pp. 90–91, 109–110.
  25. ↑ František Graus: The nation formation of the Western Slavs in the Middle Ages (= Nationes. Historical and philological studies on the emergence of European nations in the Middle Ages. Volume 3). Sigmaringen 1980, p. 43.
  26. ↑ Alexis P. Vlasto: The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom. An Introduction of the Mediaval History of the Slavs. London / New York 1970, p. 21.
  27. ↑ Dušan Třeštík: Vznik Velké Moravy. Moravané, Čechové a střední Evropa v letech 791–871. 2nd edition, Prague 2010, p. 130.
  28. ↑ Herwig Wolfram: Limits and Spaces. History of Austria before its creation. Vienna 1995, p. 260.
  29. ^ Paul M. Barford: The Early Slavs. Ithaca / New York 2001, p. 219; Jörg K. Hoensch: History of Bohemia. Munich 1997, p. 35; Ján Steinhübel: The Great Moravian Dioceses at the time of Mojmírs II. In: Bohemia 37 , 1996, pp. 2–3; Dušan Třeštík: Vznik Velké Moravy. Moravané, Čechové a střední Evropa v letech 791–871. 2nd edition, Prague 2010, pp. 117–121; Herwig Wolfram: Limits and Spaces. History of Austria before its creation. Vienna 1995, p. 315 u. 442, note 208; Alexis P. Vlasto: The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom. London / New York 1970, p. 24.
  30. ↑ a b Alexis P. Vlasto: The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom. An Introduction of the Mediaval History of the Slavs. London / New York 1970, p. 24.
  31. ^ Paul M. Barford: The Early Slavs. Ithaca / New York 2001, p. 219.
  32. ↑ Dušan Třeštík: Vznik Velké Moravy. Moravané, Čechové a střední Evropa v letech 791–871. 2nd edition, Prague 2010, p. 117; Lubomír E. Havlík: Kronika o Velké Moravě. 3rd edition, Brno 2013, p. 95.
  33. ↑ Dušan Třeštík: Vznik Velké Moravy. Moravané, Čechové a střední Evropa v letech 791–871. 2nd edition, Prague 2010, pp. 117–121; Ján Steinhübel: The Great Moravian Dioceses at the time of Mojmírs II. In: Bohemia 37 , 1996, pp. 2-3.
  34. ↑ Ján Steinhübel: The Great Moravian Dioceses at the time of Mojmírs II. In: Bohemia 37 , 1996, p. 5.
  35. ^ A b Dušan Třeštík: Počátky Přemyslovců. Vstup Čechů do dějin (530-935). 2nd edition, Prague 2008, p. 271.
  36. ^ Ján Steinhübel: The church organization in Neutra around the turn of the millennium. In: Bohemia 40 , 1999, pp. 67-69.
  37. ↑ Annales Fuldenses ad 846 : … circa medium mensem Augustum cum exercitu ad Sclavos Margenses defectionem molientes profectus est. Ubi ordinatis et iuxta libitum suum conpositis rebus ducem eis constituit Rastizen nepotem Moimari; inde per Boemanos cum magna difficultate et grandi damno exercitus sui reversus est.
  38. ↑ Dušan Třeštík: Vznik Velké Moravy. Moravané, Čechové a střední Evropa v letech 791–871. 2nd edition, Prague 2010, pp. 150–151.
  39. ↑ Eric J. Goldberg: Ludwig the German and Moravia. A study of the Carolingian border wars in the east. In: Wilfried Hartmann (Hrsg.): Ludwig the German and his time. Darmstadt 2004, pp. 67-94, here: pp. 77-78; Eric J. Goldberg: Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German, 817-876. Ithaca 2006, pp. 138-140; Wilfried Hartmann: Ludwig the German. Darmstadt 2002, p. 115.
  40. ↑ Cf. Jörg K. Hoensch: History of Bohemia: From the Slavic land acquisition to the present. Third updated and supplemented edition, Munich 1997, p. 35; Alexis P. Vlasto: The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom. An Introduction of the Mediaval History of the Slavs. London / New York 1970, p. 25.
  41. ^ Dušan Třeštík: Počátky Přemyslovců. Vstup Čechů do dějin (530-935). 2nd edition, Prague 2008, pp. 271-272.
  42. ^ Sebastian Brather: Archaeologia of the Western Slavs. Settlement, economy and society in early and high medieval East-Central Europe. 2nd revised edition, Berlin / New York 2008, p. 68; Jörg K. Hoensch: History of Bohemia. From the Slavic conquest to the present. 3rd updated and supplemented edition, Munich 1997, p. 35.
  43. ↑ Dušan Třeštík: Vznik Velké Moravy. Moravané, Čechové a střední Evropa v letech 791–871. 2nd edition, Prague 2010, p. 149.
  44. ↑ Dušan Třeštík: Vznik Velké Moravy. Moravané, Čechové a střední Evropa v letech 791–871. 2nd edition, Prague 2010, p. 153.
  45. ^ Wilfried Hartmann: Ludwig the German. Darmstadt 2002, p. 115.
  46. ↑ Eric J. Goldberg: Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German, 817-876. Ithaca 2006, p. 138.
  47. ^ Jörg K. Hoensch: History of Bohemia. Munich 1997, p. 35.
  48. ↑ Herwig Wolfram: Limits and Spaces. History of Austria before its creation. Vienna 1995, p. 315 u. 442, note 208.
  49. ↑ Gabriela Kiliánová: A Borderline Myth: The Devín Castle . In: Hannes Stekl, Elena Mannová: Heroes, Myths, Identities: Slovakia and Austria in Comparison . (= Vienna lectures and studies 14) WUV, Vienna 2003, p. 54.
  50. ↑ František Hrušovský: Obrazové slovenské dejiny [. = Pictorial History Slovak] Matica Slovenská, Turčiansky Svaty Martin 1942, pp 31-35.
  51. ↑ Milan S. Ďurica: Dejiny Slovenska a Slovákov v časovej následnosti faktov dvoch tisícročí [= history of Slovakia and the Slovaks in chronological order of the facts of two millennia.] 4th edition, LÚČ, Bratislava 2007, pp. 28-29.
  52. ^ Richard Marsina: Ethnogenesis of Slovaks. In: Human Affairs , 7, 1997, 1, pp. 15-23.
  53. ↑ Short reference to Mojmir I. in Michal Eliaš: Slávni Slováci [Glorious Slovaks]. Matica slovenská, Martin 2010, ISBN 978-80-7090-983-6 , p. 64.
  54. ^ Dušan Třeštík: Počátky Přemyslovců. Vstup Čechů do dějin (530-935). 2nd edition, Prague 2008, p. 263.
predecessor Office successor
NN Prince of
Moravia around 830–846 		Rastislav
This article was added to the list of excellent articles on April 3, 2017 in this version .
personal data
SURNAME Mojmir I.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Mojmir I .; Moymarus I .; Moimar I.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Prince of Great Moravia
DATE OF BIRTH 8th century or 9th century
DATE OF DEATH around 846