Ljudevit (Posavina)
Ljudevit (also Liudiwit, Latin Liudewitus ; Croatian Ljudevit Posavski ( Ljudevit von Posawien ); † 823 ) was a South Slavic Knes who ruled from 810 until his death over Lower Pannonia or Pannonian Croatia ( Croatian Panonska Hrvatska ) based in Sisak ( dux Pannoniae inferior ).
Life
After the victories of Charlemagne over the Avars accepted many South Slavic tribes that Frankish suzerainty over Pannonia. They kept their own knezen but did tribute and military service. After the campaigns of the Friulian margraves Erich and Kadaloch in 803, most of Dalmatia also fell under Franconian rule.
In Lower Pannonia ("intra fluvios Drau et Save ") with its seat in Siscia , Ljudevit ruled, south of it (in Dalmatia and Liburnia ), however, the Knez Borna , an uncle of Ljudevit, the so-called Dalmatian Croatia ( Croatian Dalmatinska Hrvatska ), actually the Duchy of Croatia . During the weak rule of Emperor Ludwig the Pious , the Franconian margraves acted largely on their own. Margrave Kadaloch († 819) of Friuli was among them the cruelest and treated the inhabitants of Pannonia with extreme brutality. After Ljudevit had complained to Emperor Ludwig in vain about Kadaloch through ambassadors in 818, he rose up in revolt. He was joined by the Karantanians and Timotschans (a South Slavic tribe that had split off from the Bulgarians and passed to Lyudevit). Borna, on the other hand, was dependent on Frankish support against Byzantium after the Peace of Aachen (812) , in which the Franconian Empire and the Byzantine Empire agreed to delimit their mutual domains and areas of influence in Pannonia and Dalmatia, and waged bitter wars against Ljudevit . After Borna's death in 821 he was followed by his nephew Vladislav ( Ladasclavus ).
From 818 to 823, Ljudevit withstood several attacks by Borna and the Franks, but was eventually defeated by a Frankish army (probably led by the Margrave Balderich of Friuli , successor to Kadaloch) and fled to the neighboring Serbs , who made up a large part of the former Roman province Populated Dalmatia ("ad Sorabos, quae natio magnam Dalmatiae partem obtinere dicitur"). There he killed his host, a Serbian prince, subjugated his city, and then fled to Borna's uncle Ljudemisl, who had him killed - probably at the request of the Franks.
The first great struggle of the southern Slavs for independence and freedom ended with Lyudevits death. The Karantanians lost their autonomy with his death and finally came under the rule of the Franks. At the same time, this meant the victory of feudal power structures over the Slavic tribal culture.
The region of Posavia (Posavina, "on the Save") lies between Zagreb and Sisak . After the suppression of Ljudevit's uprising, the border march Posavina was established in the north of today's Croatia , which bordered the margravates Friuli and Istria in the west, the margravate Carantania in the north and Dalmatia in the east.
swell
- Annales regni Francorum
- Ivo Goldstein: Hrvatski rani srednji vijek (= Historiae; 1 ). Novi Liber [u. a.], Zagreb 1995.
- Nada Klaić: Povijest Hrvata u ranom srednjem vijeku [History of the Croats in the Early Middle Ages] . Školska knjiga, Zagreb 1975.
- Trpimir Macan: Povijest hrvatskog naroda [History of the Croatian People] . Školska knjiga, Zagreb 1999, ISBN 953-061362-8 .
- Rudolf Horvat: Povijest Hrvatske I. (od najstarijeg doba do g. 1657.) [History of Croatia I. (from the earliest times to 1657)] . Zagreb 1924 ( wikisource.org ).
- Frank Kämper: Ljudevit Posavski , in: Biographical Lexicon for the History of Southeast Europe . Vol. 3. Munich 1979, p. 41
- Nada Klaić: Ljudevit Posavski . In: Enciklopedija Jugoslavije . 1st edition. Zagreb 1962.
- Nada Klaić: Povijest Hrvata u srednjem vijeku [History of the Croats in the Middle Ages] . Globus, Zagreb 1990, ISBN 86-343-0472-8 .
See also
| predecessor | Office | successor |
|---|---|---|
| Vojnomir |
Prince of Pannonian Croatia 810–823 |
Ratimir |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Ljudevit |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Lyudevit of Posavia; Ljudevit Posavski; Liudewitus (Latin) |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Old Croatian Knez (prince) in Lower Pannonia |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 8th century |
| DATE OF DEATH | 823 |