Windische Mark
The Windische Mark , Slovenian Slovenska krajina, Slovenska marka is a historical area in the area of today's Slovenia . Its borders were the Save in the north, the Kulpa ( Kolpa or Croatian Kupa ) and the lower Krka in the south . In the west the Windische Mark met the Oberkrain ( Gorenjska ) and the Innerkrain ( Notranjska ), in the southeast against the Bela krajina ( White Mark , White Carniola ) and in the east against the Uskoken Mountains ( Gorjanci ).
The territory was named after the " Windische ", as today's Slovenes were called in the language of the time. It was a margravate of the Carolingian Empire and part of the Habsburg monarchy until the 20th century . The majority of this mark today belongs to the Dolenjska (Lower Carniola).
history
As early as 631, a "marcha Winedorum", a windy mark , was mentioned for the first time in the Fredegar Chronicle , but at that time it referred to the whole of Carantania .
When setting up the Ottoman trade mark system since 960 in was Carolingian uniform time Krain in two brand areas divided into the 973 called Creina marcha ( Oberkrain / Gorenjska) and the Windic March , which now, however, with the Sann valley to Mark Saunien was connected. From 976 the aforementioned areas were under the direction of the Carinthian dukes .
Krain and the Windische Mark
After 1036, after separating from the Sanntal, the Windische Mark was again attached to Oberkrain under the double name Krain and the Windische Mark , after the Krain had been separated from the Duchy of Carinthia as early as 1012 . (In 1040 Carniola became an independent margravate.)
In 1077 Krain and the Windische Mark came to the Patriarch Sieghard of Aquileia .
Vistula burger
Between 1127 and 1131, land was gained for the empire in the south-east of the Windische Mark : The Vistula people , together with Bernhard von Trixen from Spanheim and the troops of the Archdiocese of Salzburg, launched an offensive against Hungary and Croatia and pushed their armed forces across the Kolpa and Bregana rivers south and south back west of the Gorjanci Mountains (German Sichelgebirge). From the areas conquered by the Counts of Vistula Castle between Poljanska Gora in the west along the Kolpa river to the western foothills of the Gorjanci in the east, the White Mark ( Bela krajina ) arose at that time, also called "County in the Mark and Metlika".
Andechser
With the death of Albert, the last male from Vistula, in 1209, his daughter Sophie inherited practically the entire Windische Mark. She was married to Margrave Heinrich II of Andechs-Meranien , who, however, was ostracized in connection with the murder of Philip of Swabia (1208) 1209-1213 and died in 1228 only partially rehabilitated. Sophie had her husband's brother, Duke Otto VII of Meranien († 1234), buy all of the land from her and died in 1256 in Admont Monastery . The Andechser , who had received the margrave office over the (Upper) Carniola from the Patriarchs of Aquileia as a fief as early as 1150 and were also resident there, were thus the most powerful family in Carniola and the Windische Mark.
Babenberger and Spanheimer
Duke Otto's heir, Agnes, married Friedrich II of Austria and Styria from Babenberg in 1229 , who assumed the title of dominus Carniolae and separated from her in 1243. Agnes († 1263) was able to keep her property in the south and led it with her second marriage in 1248 to Ulrich III from Spanheim . from Carinthia to, whose father Bernhard von Spanheim founded the Cistercian monastery of Brunnen / Mariabrunn in 1234 near Landstraß / Kostanjevica na Krki on the lower reaches of the Gurk . Ulrich bequeathed her inheritance to Ottokar II and died in 1269.
Bohemia
In 1269 the Bohemian King Ottokar II, who had appropriated the areas up to the Adriatic Sea, united Carniola, the Windische Mark and Windischgraz (1270) and the Sann / Savinja valley to the Mark , a main team .
Meinhardiner
In 1276/78 these areas were confiscated by King Rudolf I as repudiated imperial fiefs, and Carniola and the Mark pledged to Meinhard II of Gorizia - Tyrol . In 1282 Rudolf the Habsburg solemnly gave his sons Albrecht and Rudolf the principalities and duchies of Austria, Styria, Carniola and the Mark as fiefs; Krain and the Mark (including Sanntal) remained as pledge with Meinhard, who was also made Duke of Carinthia in 1286 .
In the first half of the 14th century, the name Windischmark was used for the Sann and Saveg area. If in a document from 1330 a number of locations in Krain were mentioned as "on the Windischen March in Steyer", this indicates that these locations formerly belonged to the Province of Styria .
Gottschee
In the first half of the 14th century, the largest German-speaking clearing settlement was the Krain in the Gottschee ( Kočevje in Slovenian ), in the south of the Lower Carniola between Reifnitz / Ribnica and the Kulpa .
Sanntal
In 1311, in the course of a settlement between the Meinhardine Duke Heinrich of Carinthia and the Habsburgs, the Sanntal and Windischfeistritz / Slovenska Bistrica were detached from the march and attached to Styria .
Habsburgs
In 1374, due to the inheritance contract of 1363/1364 between the Habsburg Duke Rudolf IV and Albert IV of Görz-Istria, the possessions in the Windische Mark and Istria (in Istria the County of Mitterburg ), including the White Mark ( Möttling ) and Poik , were acquired the Habsburgs. The Habsburg rule now extended to the Adriatic Sea, after Carinthia fell to the Habsburgs with the extinction of the Tyrolean-Carinthian Meinhardin line in 1335 and the pledged Carniola was pledged by Henry VI before 1335 . had been returned to Habsburg. The Windische Mark was now assigned again to the Carniola.
In the various Habsburg inheritance divisions in 1379 ( Treaty of Neuberg ) , 1395 ( Treaty of Hollenburg ) and 1411 (death of Leopold the Dicken ), the Windische Mark and Carniola always remained a part of Inner Austria .
With the exception of the years 1809-1813, in which the Windische Mark with Metlika and with the Carniola belonged to France ( Illyrian Provinces ), it was part of the Habsburg Empire until 1918, then of the SHS state or Yugoslavia and since 1991 Slovenia.
literature
- Kleindel, Walter: Die Chronik Österreichs , Chronik Verlag, Dortmund 1984
- Reichel, Rudolf: History of Styria , Leuschner & Lubensky, Graz 1884
Web links
- State coat of arms of the Windischen Mark ( Memento from December 12, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- Krain and the Windische Mark ( Memento from September 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- Belehnung 1282 ( Memento from December 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
Individual evidence 1
- Windische Mark. In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. around 1890: “Windische Mark, former margraviate of the empire of Karl d. Gr., Named after its inhabitants, the winds (Slovenes), later became part of the Duchy of Carniola. The Emperor of Austria still bears the title of "Lord of the Windische Mark" ”(cf. Great Title of the Emperor of Austria )