1992 Summer Olympics

Games of the XXV. Olympics

Venue:	Barcelona ( Spain )
Stadion:	Olympic Stadium Barcelona
Opening ceremony:	July 25, 1992
Closing ceremony:	August 9, 1992
Opened by:	Juan Carlos I of Spain
Olympic oath :	Luis Doreste Blanco (athlete) Eugeni Asencio (referee)
Disciplines:	34 (25 sports)
Competitions:	257
Countries:	169
Athletes:	9956, of which 2851 women
← Seoul 1988
Atlanta 1996 →

Medal table
space	country	G	S.	B.	Ges.
1	United team United team	45	38	29	112
2	United States United States	37	34	37	108
3	Germany Germany	33	21st	28	82
4th	China People's Republic China	16	22nd	16	54
5	Cuba Cuba	14th	6th	11	33
6th	Spain Spain	13	7th	2	22nd
7th	Korea South South Korea	12	5	12	29
8th	Hungary Hungary	11	12	7th	30th
9	France France	8th	6th	15th	29
10	Australia Australia	7th	9	11	27
...	...	...	...	...	...
37	Switzerland Switzerland	1	-	-	1
41	Austria Austria	-	2	-	2
Complete medal table

The 1992 Summer Olympics (officially called the XXV Olympiad Games ) were held in Barcelona from July 25th to August 9th, 1992 . For the first time in 20 years, athletes from all nations who had a National Olympic Committee were represented (although in the case of Yugoslavia not as representatives of their nation). South Africa has been back for the first time since 1960 since its exclusion due to apartheid . After the German reunification , an all-German team started again. Since the Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991 , the states of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania sent their own teams to the Summer Olympics for the first time since 1936 . The other successor states of the Soviet Union put together a team called the " United Team ". Yugoslavia was excluded from the games because of the Balkan War. However, the athletes were allowed to participate as “ Independent Olympic Participants ” under the abbreviation “IOP”.

During the preparation, the city of Barcelona experienced major changes in the area of infrastructure , which took place in the reconstruction and construction of traffic routes and telecommunication facilities, as well as redesign of entire districts, which were given a different characteristic. The games themselves were characterized by a Mediterranean flair and warm hospitality. The most successful athlete was the Belarusian gymnast Vital Shcherba with six gold medals. In the women's category, the Hungarian swimmer Krisztina Egerszegi was the most successful athlete with three gold medals.

canditature

Result of the choice of the venue in 1992
place	country	Round 1	round 2	Round 3
Barcelona	Spain Spain	29	37	47
Paris	France France	19th	20th	23
Belgrade	Yugoslavia Socialist Federal Republic Yugoslavia	13	11	5
Brisbane	Australia Australia	11	9	10
Birmingham	United Kingdom United Kingdom	6th	8th	-
Amsterdam	Netherlands Netherlands	5	-	-

The local politicians of Barcelona had the idea decades earlier that the city should apply to host the Olympic Games. They made a first attempt with an application for the games of 1924. This request, however, thwarted Baron Pierre de Coubertin by asking in a letter to all members of the IOC for the choice of Paris as the venue. The venues for the 1928 and 1932 games were also set very early on with Amsterdam and Los Angeles .

Thus, a second candidacy was only possible again for the games of 1936, in which Barcelona faced Berlin . The IOC session, at which the host city was to be determined, unfavorably took place in Barcelona in 1931. Because of the turmoil during the Spanish Revolution, only 19 IOC members were able to travel to Barcelona, so the missing members had to vote on the venue by postal vote. The count resulted in 43 votes for Berlin and only 16 for Barcelona.

A few months before the 1936 Games, the idea of a counter-Olympiad in Barcelona, the "Olimpiada Popular" , was born for the games in Berlin that were abused by the National Socialists. Around 6,000 athletes traveled to Barcelona, but the event could not be held because of the coup led by Franco against the Spanish government.

Another attempt by Barcelona to compete with Madrid for the 1972 Summer Olympics also failed. Shortly after the election of Juan Antonio Samaranch as President of the IOC in 1980, the Mayor of Barcelona proposed to apply again, this time to host the 1992 Summer Olympics. During the 1982 World Cup in Spain, the city authorities went public with it. After the socialist government under Felipe González came to power, they also assured their full support for the project.

During the candidacy, the city's application committee argued with games of short distances: All sports facilities should be located within five kilometers of the city, with an Olympic village right by the sea with a Mediterranean flair, with a city rich in cultural life and architecture, that combines modernity and tradition. The games themselves were to be largely funded privately, similar to Los Angeles 1984 . The population also supported the application; according to opinion polls, 64% of residents across Spain were in favor of the project.

The election took place in 1986 at the IOC session in Lausanne . Other candidate cities were Amsterdam , Belgrade , Birmingham , Brisbane and Paris . Barcelona once again faced Paris as the most promising opponent. Since the day before the election, Albertville, France , had been chosen to host the 1992 Winter Games, it was unlikely that the Summer Games would also be awarded to France. Barcelona received 47 votes in the third round of voting, while Paris only received 23. So Samaranch could announce the victory of his hometown.

organization

The organizing committee, called COOB'92, was constituted five months after the IOC was accepted. It was composed of representatives of the city council and the city administration of Barcelona, the government of Catalonia as well as members of the NOK for Spain and of sports associations. The mayor of the city, Pasqual Maragall , was appointed President of the Organizing Committee, while Crown Prince Felipe of Spain was the Honorary President .

One of the first goals of the organizing committee was to build a suitable infrastructure, which was not yet available in Barcelona. There was a lack of ring roads, a telecommunications tower, modern hotel facilities, a sailing port and the expansion and modernization of the airport. In addition, the coastal area of the city should become more attractive, as there were many unsightly small sheds, warehouses and factories here. The city had these buildings demolished and the companies and residents relocated to a vacant area near the airport. In their place, the Parc del Mar was created with the Olympic village and the Olympic sailing port.

The sports facilities were concentrated on Montjuïc , the “local mountain” of Barcelona, in the Vall d'Hebron and an area on Avinguda Diagonal. Of the 43 sports facilities, only 15 had to be rebuilt, the others were already there and only needed renovation. New buildings were u. a. the Olympic Port (Port Olímpic) in Barcelona for the sailing competitions, the Canal Olímpic in Castelldefels for the canoe competitions and the Parc Olímpic del Segre for the canoe slalom (white water) competitions in La Seu d'Urgell .

It took approximately 195 billion pesetas ($ 2.16 billion) to fund the Games. Of this, 30% was generated through sponsorship money and the sale of licenses and 27% through income from television broadcasting rights, which amounted to a total of $ 635 million. The American television company NBC accounted for the lion's share with $ 401 million, while the European Broadcasting Union paid $ 90 million. Further income came through a coin program. The Royal Spanish Mint issued twelve gold and 16 silver coins of various denominations from 1989 onwards, which raised the organizing committee about 900 million pesetas ($ 10 million).

Together with the Albertville Organizing Committee, the COOB'92 concluded an agreement on the TOP 2 marketing program, in which twelve international corporations were involved. The Swiss marketing company ISL provided both Olympic cities with 175 million US dollars, so that the budget of the COOB'92 was balanced.

In addition, further investments were necessary, especially for infrastructural areas. These costs were estimated at 753 billion pesetas ($ 8.4 billion), with 41% invested in construction and 33% in roads and transportation. According to an estimate by the Barcelona City Council, profits from public and private investment and consumption were approximately 854 billion pesetas ($ 9.5 billion).

During the Games, 45,133 people worked for the organizing committee, 34,548 of whom were volunteers. An additional 21,116 members of the police, civil guard and the Spanish army were called on to serve for security purposes. The cost of this was $ 52 million.

The appearance of the games

Design element during the games

As early as 1988, a jury of the organizing committee selected the proposal of graphic designer Josep M. Trias in a design competition for the logo of the games. It consisted of a stylized dynamic human figure jumping over the Olympic rings. The blue head symbolizes the Mediterranean area, the arms the yellow of the sun and - wide open - the hospitality, the red legs the liveliness of the games. The same jury also selected the mascot. It was a Catalan shepherd dog designed by the graphic artist Javier Mariscal . The name Cobi should be based on the organizing committee COOB'92. Mariscal developed a series of cartoons to bring Cobi closer to a wider audience and to promote the games in a personable way.

For the motto of the games, the jury chose the slogan Amics per semper (“Friends forever” in Catalan ). The pictograms Josep M. Trias took of Otl Aicher for the 1972 Olympic Games of Munich designed shapes as a starting point and changed them in such a way that the type of arms and legs corresponded to the logo of the Barcelona Games. The pictograms were mostly white symbols on a blue background, the main color of the games. In the city and at the entrance to the sports facilities, large white square pillars with colored ribbons on the top were set up as design elements. Blue pillars with pictograms and direction arrows served as signposts.

The theme tune for the Olympic Games was the song Barcelona by Freddie Mercury and Montserrat Caballé . The song was performed for the first time in 1987 by the opera singer and the Queen singer in Ibiza and was designated as an official piece of music by the COOB'92. Mercury did not live to see the Olympic Games, he died at the end of 1991. The second piece was derived from the motto of the Games. It is called Amigos para siempre and was composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Don Black ; Sarah Brightman and Josep Carreras sang it at the closing ceremony.

Torch relay

After the Olympic flame was lit in Olympia on June 5, 1992 by the Greek actress Maria Pambuki, an incident occurred shortly afterwards. The first torch-bearer was robbed of his torch, but luckily for the organizers, he had already passed the fire on to the second runner.

The flame reached Athens on June 7th and began two days later on board the frigate Cataluña on the voyage towards Spain, where it arrived off the Catalan Empúries on June 13th and was brought ashore in a rowboat. The location was chosen because there used to be a small Greek colony there and the solidarity between Spain and Greece should be demonstrated in this way. For the torch relay, the organizing committee had originally planned to travel to all previous Olympic cities and re-ignite the fire there. Because of the large amount of time required and the escalating costs for this project, they limited themselves to a torch relay through Spain.

The chrome-plated aluminum torch designed by André Ricard and manufactured by Kromschröder SA was walked by 8,885 runners and 599 cyclists over 9,484 stages, first through Catalonia and then, after arriving in the capital Madrid on July 8, throughout Spain and transported to Mallorca and the Canary Islands. Each runner covered a distance of 500 meters with the torch and then ran another 4.5 km as the companion of the next torchbearer. The cyclists who were on racing bikes with special mounts for the torch had to ride 2.5 km. The choice of porters was made by the cities through which the Olympic flame came on its journey through Spain. One of the porters was IOC President Samaranch, he carried the torch through Sant Sadurní d'Anoia in Catalonia.

On the evening of July 24, 1992, one day before the opening ceremony, the Olympic flame arrived in Barcelona by ship from Palma de Mallorca and was greeted with fireworks on Montjuïc. The torch was then carried through the streets of Barcelona.

Competition venues and Olympic village

The Olympic Park on Montjuïc

The interior of the Barcelona Olympic Stadium

The Montjuïc , a 173-meter-high mountain located in the south of the city directly on the coast, is the largest park in the urban area of Barcelona (the Olympic Stadium , which was built for the 1929 World Exhibition , was already on it before the Olympic Games ). It was completely refurbished for the 1992 Games by Italian Vittorio Gregotti in collaboration with several Catalan architects. He had the stadium completely gutted and the pitch lowered by eleven meters, only the historic neoclassical facade was preserved. This increased the capacity to 60,000 seats. During the games, the opening and closing ceremonies and athletics competitions took place here.

The Olympic Stadium stands at the end of a ring road known as Anella Olímpica ('Olympic Ring'), which connects the sports facilities on Montjuïc. The Palau Sant Jordi was built southwest of the stadium by the Japanese architect Arata Isozaki . In this large indoor stadium with the distinctive domed roof and a capacity of 15,000 spectators, the gymnastics competitions as well as the finals in volleyball and handball were held during the games . Next to the Palau Sant Jordi stands the futuristic 136-meter-high telecommunications tower Torre Telefónica , which was commissioned by the Spanish telephone company Telefónica and was designed by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava .

Palau Sant Jordi and Torre Telefónica

The Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC) hosted the wrestling competitions during the Games and is located on the north-west side of the Olympic Ring. The building belongs to the Catalan Ministry of Sports and was there before the games.

On the north side of the ring is the Bernat Picornell swimming pool, which was built in 1970 for the European Swimming Championships and converted for the Olympic Games. In contrast to the swimming pools of most of the previous Olympics, the competition pool was not covered. The audience capacity could be increased from 3000 to 10,000 seats by additional stands for the games. Another pool, the pool Montjuïc in the northeast of the Olympic Park, was used for competitions in water jumping and for the water ball games used. The pool was built together with the Olympic Stadium in 1929 and had to be modernized for the 1992 Games. The COOB'92 had the audience capacity of 4,100 seats increased by a further 2,400 seats by means of a temporary stand. Due to the high altitude of the pool, unusual images resulted against the backdrop of the city with the Sagrada Família in the background during the diving competitions .

The Palau de la Metal-lurgia is located at the entrance to the Montjuïc Park next to Placa d'Espanya. Fencing competitions were held here during the Olympic Games . This hall, which is normally used for trade fairs and exhibitions, was also built for the 1929 World's Fair and had to be modernized. Near the Palau de la Metal-lurgia is the Palau d'Esports de Barcelona. The concrete building with the arched roof was built in 1955 for the Mediterranean Games and has been used for sports and music events ever since. At the Olympic Games, the preliminary round games in volleyball and rhythmic gymnastics took place there. Pavelló L'Espanya Industrial is located in a park below Montjuïc. The COOB'92 had the hall rebuilt for the weightlifting competitions .

The diagonal area

The Palau Blaugrana

The Diagonal Area in the south-west of Barcelona is an area with several sports facilities that were already in place before the games were awarded and with good connections to the motorway and important roads, such as Avinguda Diagonal . The most famous sports facility is the Camp Nou , the stadium of FC Barcelona with a capacity of 98,787 spectators. It was one of the five stadiums in which the football matches were played. The final also took place here.

Right next to Camp Nou and connected to it via pedestrian bridges, there is the Palau Blaugrana, which is also part of the FC Barcelona sports grounds, an octagonal domed building in which the judo and taekwondo competitions and the roller hockey final took place. The Real Club de Polo de Barcelona was the venue for dressage and jumping competitions for the Olympic equestrian competitions . The COOB'92 built 264 new stables and a veterinary clinic for the horses as well as other buildings for riders and officials. It also had the lawn of the polo field exchanged for a sandy soil. An arena for 9,600 spectators could be set up using temporary stands. Another existing sports facility was the Estadi Sarrià with 42,000 seats, in which some football games were played. Various modernizations were necessary for the games.

The Vall d'Hebron

Awarding the Olympic Games to Barcelona offered the opportunity to transform an isolated and unstructured area in the north of the city into a zone of high recreational value and important sports facilities. Before the games, only the Velodrome , built in 1984 for the track cycling world championships , was available here. It is not covered, the wooden track is 250 meters long. Two football fields and a rugby field have been converted into a sports facility for Olympic archery . In addition, the COOB'92 had a building built for the technology and temporary stands for the spectators. The new Pavelló de la Vall d'Hebron was the venue for the preliminary round matches in volleyball and the Basque pelota , which was played as a demonstration sport. The Tennis de la Vall d'Hebron was also rebuilt. It consists of 17 tennis courts with grandstands, a main square, an office building and a sports hall. The grandstands of the main square held 8,000 spectators.

The Parc de Mar with the Olympic village

The Olympic sailing port in Barcelona

The Parc de Mar, located right on the coast, was the part of Barcelona that saw the greatest change during the preparations for the Summer Olympics. Through a major restructuring program, the city had around 100 hectares of industrially and commercially used area converted into zones with residential developments and public buildings. The railway lines that cut the area to the coast and towards the city center were moved underground. As a result, a beach was created, which contributed to the positive development of tourism after the Barcelona games.

Located at the southernmost part of the Parc de Mar, the Olympic sailing port with direct access to the Olympic village found its place. It was the basis for the sailing competitions that took place in the waters off Barcelona. The Olympic badminton competition was held in the Pavelló de la Mar Bella, a newly built sports hall that was designed for several sports including post-Olympic use. The hall is located on the easternmost part of Parc de Mar and also has direct access to the Olympic village. In the northern part of Parc de Mar, COOB'92 had the old Estació del Nord sports hall completely renovated. The facade was preserved, the interior of the hall received 5500 spectator seats for the table tennis competitions of the games.

Most of the Parc de Mar was occupied by the Olympic Village. The village, designed by the Spanish architecture firm MBM Arquitectes for 15,000 residents, covers an area of 720,000 m². Six to eight athletes were accommodated in double rooms in each of the apartments during the games. Four athletes shared a bathroom. After the games, the apartments could be converted into condominiums with two to four rooms with a few renovations.

In addition to a 24-hour clinic, a library with books in several languages, a shopping center and a bank branch, there were also prayer rooms for five different religions in which regular services were held for the residents of the village. In addition to the Olympic village for the athletes, the Parc de Mar also housed the village for the judges and jury members.

Competition venues outside of Barcelona

Palau d'Esports in Badalona

The games of the XXV. In addition to the urban area of Barcelona, the Olympics were also held in 15 outsourced competition venues, two of which, Valencia and Saragossa, were outside Catalonia for the soccer games. Other football games took place in Sabadell . The basketball games were played in the Palau d'Esports de Granollers in Badalona , approx. 7.5 km northeast . The costs for the newly built hall for 12,500 spectators were shared between COOB'92 and the city of Badalona. The boxing competitions also took place in Badalona, in the Pavelló Club Joventut . The handball games were outsourced to Palau d'Esports in Granollers, 24 km away . The new hall for 5500 spectators was jointly financed by the city of Granollers, the district of Barcelona, the government of Catalonia and the COOB'92.

The shooting competitions took place in Mollet del Vallès, 35 km away, on the premises of the Catalan Police Academy. The stands for the target shooters are separated from the rest of the facility by a motorway and can only be reached through a tunnel. In the new building, an electronic results display system was installed for the first time, which made the use of paper discs superfluous and set the standard for future international competitions. The hockey games were played in Terrassa , a city 34 km from Barcelona, which is considered the cradle of hockey in Spain. That's why there were already two hockey stadiums and a warm-up area that were renovated for the games.

Rowing regatta course on Lake Banyoles

The rowing competitions took place in Banyoles , 118 km north of Barcelona . The bone-shaped lake Estany de Banyoles had exactly the dimensions required for the rowing competitions - two kilometers in length. Because of the great distance, the organizing committee had a separate Olympic village built for the rowers. In contrast to the rowing competitions, which were held in a natural body of water, the COOB'92 had an artificial canoe route excavated for the canoe racing competitions in Castelldefels, 21 km from Barcelona , whereby one could limit oneself to a 1,200 meter long pool. The canoe slalom was part of the program of the Games for the first time since the 1972 Olympic Games in Barcelona . For this purpose the organizing committee had an artificial canoe slalom canal built in La Seu d'Urgell , a place 180 km away from Barcelona in the Pyrenees , which was financed jointly with the city, the government of Catalonia and the COOB'92.

Other venues were the stadiums in L'Hospitalet de Llobregat and Viladecans for baseball , the Montanya equestrian center in Vic for cross-country riders , the Circuit de Catalunya for the 100 km team time trial in cycling , and Sant Sadurní d'Anoia for the Games in the demonstration sport of roller hockey.

Attendees

participating countries

Team strength of the nations

At the games of the XXV. The Barcelona Olympics were attended by 169 National Olympic Committees, which was a record attendance. For the first time since Mexico 1968 , the Games were not boycotted by any country. After the collapse of the Soviet Union , the “ Commonwealth of Independent States ” was founded. Its members agreed to start in Barcelona under a joint team called the " United Team ". However, during the opening and closing ceremonies and at the award ceremonies, the flags of the individual countries were displayed and their anthems played. The Baltic states of Latvia , Lithuania and Estonia were recognized by the IOC in 1991 and competed in the Games as independent countries, as did Croatia and Slovenia , which were approved in early 1992, in contrast to Yugoslavia , which was excluded because of the Balkan War . However, the IOC executive allowed the Yugoslav athletes to take part as " Independent Olympic Participants " under the Olympic flag, as did the Macedonian athletes in the absence of a NOC. At the same time it also recognized the NOK of Bosnia and Herzegovina . South Africa was also allowed to participate in the games again after the end of apartheid .

After German reunification, the NOC of the GDR joined the NOC for Germany . The abbreviation "FRG" in previous games has been replaced by the former "GER". A total of 9364 athletes took part in Barcelona, 2705 of them women. Countries that won medals at the Olympic Games for the first time were Israel, with a silver and a bronze medal each in judo, and Namibia , which won two silver medals in athletics when it first participated .

The NOK of the United States had the largest contingent with 537 athletes, followed by the United Team with 472 athletes and the German team with 463 athletes. Host Spain had 418 participants at the home games in Barcelona.

Europe (4601 athletes from 38 nations)
Albania Albania (8) Andorra Andorra (8) Belgium Belgium (68) Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992 Bosnia and Herzegovina ^* (10) Bulgaria Bulgaria (139) Denmark Denmark (117) Germany Germany (486) Estonia Estonia (37) Finland Finland (89) France France (376) Greece Greece (72) United Kingdom Great Britain (376) Ireland Ireland (58)	Iceland Iceland (29) Israel Israel (31) Italy Italy (323) Croatia Croatia ^* (41) Latvia Latvia (34) Liechtenstein Liechtenstein (7) Lithuania 1989 Lithuania (47) Luxembourg Luxembourg (6) Malta Malta (7) Monaco Monaco (2) Netherlands Netherlands (215) Norway Norway (85) Austria Austria (107)	Poland Poland (205) Portugal Portugal (100) Romania Romania (176) San Marino San Marino (17) Sweden Sweden (192) Switzerland Switzerland (114) Slovenia Slovenia ^* (35) Spain Spain (489) Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia (209) Turkey Turkey (47) Hungary Hungary (222) Cyprus 1960 Cyprus (17)
America (1787 athletes from 39 nations)
American Virgin Islands US Virgin Islands (24) Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda (13) Argentina Argentina (107) Aruba Aruba (5) Bahamas Bahamas (15) Barbados Barbados (17) Belize Belize (10) Bermuda 1910 Bermuda (20) Bolivia Bolivia (14) Brazil Brazil (195) British Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands (4) Cayman Islands 1958 Cayman Islands (10) Chile Chile (14)	Costa Rica Costa Rica (16) Dominican Republic Dominican Republic (32) Ecuador Ecuador (13) El Salvador El Salvador (4) Grenada Grenada (4) Guatemala Guatemala (14) Guyana Guyana (6) Haiti Haiti (7) Honduras Honduras (10) Jamaica Jamaica (36) Canada Canada (30) Colombia Colombia (51) Cuba Cuba (187)	Mexico Mexico (134) Nicaragua Nicaragua (8) Netherlands Antilles Netherlands Antilles (4) Panama Panama (5) Paraguay 1990 Paraguay (30) Peru Peru (16) Puerto Rico Puerto Rico (75) Saint Vincent Grenadines St. Vincent and the Grenadines (6) Suriname Suriname (6) Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago (7) Uruguay Uruguay (23) Venezuela 1954 Venezuela (37) United States United States (578)
Asia (1447 athletes from 36 nations)
Afghanistan Islamic State 1992 Afghanistan Bahrain 1972 Bahrain (13) Bangladesh Bangladesh (6) Bhutan Bhutan (6) Brunei Brunei (1) China People's Republic China, People's Republic (246) Chinese Taipei Chinese Taipei (37) Hong Kong 1959 Hong Kong (38) India India (53) Indonesia Indonesia (47) Iran Iran (40) Iraq 1991 Iraq (9)	Japan Japan (272) Yemen Yemen (13) Jordan Jordan (7) Qatar Qatar (31) Korea North Korea, DPR (64) Korea South Korea Republic (244) Kuwait Kuwait (46) Laos Laos (6) Lebanon Lebanon (13) Malaysia Malaysia (28) Maldives Maldives (7) Mongolia Mongolia (33)	Myanmar 1974 Myanmar (4) Nepal Nepal (5) Oman 1985 Oman (5) Pakistan Pakistan (27) Philippines 1986 Philippines (34) Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia (9) Singapore Singapore (14) Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (11) Syria Syria (10) Thailand Thailand (47) United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates (14) Vietnam Vietnam (7)
Africa (804 athletes from 47 nations)
Egypt Egypt (83) Algeria Algeria (38) Angola Angola (39) Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea (7) Ethiopia 1991 Ethiopia (23) Benin Benin (6) Botswana Botswana (6) Burkina Faso Burkina Faso (4) Djibouti Djibouti (8) Ivory Coast Ivory Coast (13) Gabon Gabon (8) Gambia Gambia (5) Ghana Ghana (37) Guinea-a Guinea (8) Cameroon Cameroon (11) Kenya Kenya (51)	Congo Republic Congo, Republic (7) Lesotho 1987 Lesotho (6) Liberia Liberia (5) Libya (6) Madagascar Madagascar (14) Malawi 1964 Malawi (4) Mali Mali (5) Morocco Morocco (53) Mauritania Mauritania (6) Mauritius Mauritius (13) Mozambique Mozambique (6) Namibia Namibia ^* (6) Niger Niger (3) Nigeria Nigeria (57) Rwanda 1962 Rwanda (10) Zambia 1964 Zambia (9)	Senegal Senegal (21) Seychelles 1977 Seychelles (11) Sierra Leone Sierra Leone (11) Zimbabwe Zimbabwe (19) Somalia Somalia (2) South Africa (94) Sudan Sudan (6) Swaziland Swaziland (6) Tanzania Tanzania (9) Togo Togo (6) Chad Chad (7) Tunisia Tunisia (14) Uganda Uganda (8) Zaire Zaire (17) Central African Republic Central African Republic (16)
Oceania (508 athletes from 11 nations)
Samoa American American Samoa (3) Australia Australia (295) Cook Islands Cook Islands (2) Fiji Fiji (19)	Guam Guam (22) New Zealand New Zealand (137) Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (13) Solomon Islands Solomon Islands (1)	Tonga Tonga (5) Vanuatu Vanuatu (6) Samoa West 1949 Western Samoa (5)
Other (533 athletes)
Olympia Independent Olympian (58)	United team United Team (475)
(Number of athletes) ^* first participation in summer games

Afghanistan, Brunei, Liberia and Somalia took part in the opening ceremony, but no athletes from these countries started in an athletic competition.

Ceremonies

opening

The opening ceremony of the XXV. The Summer Olympics on July 25, 1992 began in front of 65,000 spectators in the Olympic Stadium with a welcome greeting from dancers who performed the traditional flower sellers on the Rambla , the promenade in the center of Barcelona. To the sound of the Catalan and then the Spanish anthem, the Spanish royal couple, accompanied by IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch, entered the official gallery in the stadium.

Then dancers, musicians and 360 drummers performed Catalan and Spanish folklore. Other dancers introduced the audience to Mediterranean mythology and the connection between Greece and Barcelona. In addition to a large Greek galley, other actors with wide blue cloaks formed the waves of the sea.

Traditionally, the Greek team led the invasion of the participating 172 nations. The flag of the German team was carried by Manfred Klein , helmsman of the rowing eight and Olympic champion in Seoul in 1988 , the flag bearer of the Swiss team was the gymnast Daniel Giubellini . The conclusion was the representation of the host from Spain with the then Crown Prince and today's King Felipe at the top as the standard bearer.

After speeches by Pasqual Maragall , the Mayor of Barcelona and President of the Organizing Committee, and by IOC President Samaranch, King Juan Carlos I of Spain declared the Games to be open. Six former Spanish Olympic champions carried the Olympic flag into the stadium. The Greek mezzo-soprano Agnes Baltsa sang a hymn composed for the occasion by Mikis Theodorakis , who also conducted it.

The canoeist Herminio Menéndez carried the Olympic flame through the marathon gate and passed it on to the last runner, the basketball player Juan Antonio San Epifanio . He lit an arrow with the flame, which the Paralympic archer Antonio Rebollo shot across the stadium and across all the ranks over the flame bowl, thus lighting the Olympic flame in the stadium. The Olympic anthem was sung in Catalan.

After the Olympic oaths by the sailor Luis Doreste Blanco for the athletes and the water polo referee Eugeni Asencio for the referees, several women and men lined up in castells , the human pyramids popular in Catalonia. Six opera stars, including Josep Carreras , Alfredo Kraus and Plácido Domingo, sang the triumphal march from Aida together and a 13-year-old boy concluded the opening ceremony with Beethoven's Ode to Joy .

Closing ceremony

On the evening of August 9, 1992, shortly after the last marathon runner had reached the Olympic Stadium, the final part of the Barcelona Games began with the closing ceremony. Right at the beginning, three Catalan comedians disguised as athletes made the audience amused with their jokes on the track.

After the demonstration by Spanish police riders, 100 flamenco dancers showed their skills. After the athletes marched in, as usual at the closing ceremony, in a disorderly manner and not separated by country, the ceremonies prescribed by the IOC followed. The flags of Greece , Spain and the USA for the host of the next 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta were hoisted and the anthems played.

The address of the President of COOB'92, Maragall, was followed by the speech of Juan Antonio Samaranch, in which he described the Barcelona Games as "... the best Olympic Games ever ..." and declared them over. Then the Olympic flag was presented by the Mayor of Barcelona, Pasqual Maragall , to the Mayor of Atlanta, Maynard Jackson , a film about the Olympic city from 1996 was shown and the mascot was introduced. The Olympic flame went out during various musical performances.

More than 700 actors and musicians in devil and monster costumes, plus large helium balloons depicting stars and planets, filled the stadium's interior and were intended to symbolize the creation of the universe and the solar system. Large dragons and monsters appeared, fireworks sprayed, and lights were lit.

Sarah Brightman and José Carreras sang the song “Amigos para siempre”, derived from the motto of the games, while a silver-colored boat with the mascot Cobi on board came through the gate into the stadium and slowly rose into the sky together with fireworks. The celebration ended when athletes and spectators populated the interior to the sounds of rumba and danced together.

Medals and award ceremonies

For the medals, the COOB'92 commissioned the design of the sculptor Xavier Corberó from the Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre , the Royal Spanish Mint in Madrid . They were 3 millimeters thick and 70 millimeters in diameter. A medallion with a diameter of 56 millimeters was attached asymmetrically on the front. It showed the goddess of victory designed by Giuseppe Cassioli for the 1928 Summer Games in Amsterdam , who has since appeared on all Olympic medals, the words "XXV Olimpíada Barcelona 1992" and the Olympic rings. On the back was the Barcelona Games logo. The medal had a slot at the top, through which a ribbon in the colors of the Olympic rings was inserted into the interior of the medal and fastened there.

The organizers shortened all national anthems at the award ceremonies to a uniform length of 50 seconds, which meant that individual passages were completely omitted in particularly long anthems. The US anthem, which was played in full length, was an exception. The shortening caused irritation among participants and spectators after the first competitions, but the COOB'92 had sent most of the NOK a CD with the version of its anthem in the run-up to the games. Ethiopia and Iran brought their own versions of their national anthems with them on arrival in Barcelona, but this was also changed by the organizers in the style of the other anthems.

Competition program

During the XXV. The Summer Olympics hosted 257 competitions (160 for men, 86 for women and 11 open competitions) in 25 sports / 34 disciplines. That was 20 competitions and 2 sports / 3 disciplines more than in Seoul in 1988 .

A total of 3,033,064 spectators saw the competitions at the various venues. Most of the spectators were at the athletics in the Olympic Stadium, which recorded 705,198 visitors. Football, which is very popular in Spain, also attracted many fans to the stadiums, 586,749 tickets were sold. The changes to the previous summer games are detailed below:

Badminton for men and women was added to the Olympic program. It had been a demonstration sport in 1972 and 1988.

Baseball would become Olympic for men. It had been a demonstration sport several times in the past.

In judo , the program was expanded to include women after women's judo was a demonstration sport in 1988. The weight class for women corresponded to the weight classes for men (super light, semi-light, light, semi-medium, medium, light and heavy weight).

In canoeing , the canoe slalom became Olympic again after the discipline had already been part of the program in Munich in 1972. The competitions were C1, C2 and K1 for men and K1 for women.

In athletics , the women's program was expanded to include 10 km.

In cycling , the individual pursuit of women has been added to track cycling .

In rowing , the four without a helmsman replaced the four with a helmsman for women.

When shooting , the men's small bore rifle, running target, 50 m class was converted to the air rifle, running target 10 m skeet class.

In sailing , the boat class Europe was added to the women. And the women started windsurfing for the first time (Lechner A-390).

Olympic sports / disciplines

Badminton total (4) = men (2) / women (2)
Baseball total (1) = men (1)
Basketball total (2) = men (1) / women (1)
Archery total (4) = men (2) / women (2)
Boxing total (12) = men (12)
Fencing total (8) = men (6) / rough (2)
Football total (1) = men (1)
Weightlifting total (10) = men (10)
Handball total (2) = men (1) / women (1)
Hockey total (2) = men (1) / women (1)
Judo total (14) = men (7) / women (7)
Canoeing
- Canoe racing total (12) = men (9) / women (3)
- Canoe slalom total (4) = men (3) / women (1)
Athletics total (43) = men (24) / women (19)
Modern pentathlon total (2) = men (2)
Cycling
- Track total (7) = men (5) / women (2)
- Road total (3) = men (2) / women (1)
horse riding
- Dressage total (2) = open (2)
- Jump total (2) = open (2)
- Versatility Overall (2) = Open (2)
Wrestling
- Freestyle total (10) = men (10)
- Greco-Roman total (10) = men (10)
Rowing total (14) = men (8) / women (6)
Shooting total (13) = men (8) / women (4) / open (1)
Swimming
- Swimming total (31) = men (16) / women (15)
- Synchronized swimming total (2) = women (2)
- Water polo total (1) = men (1)
- Diving total (4) = men (2) / women (2)
Sailing total (10) = men (3) / women (3) / open (4)
Tennis total (4) = men (2) / women (2)
Table tennis total (4) = men (2) / women (2)
Gymnastics
- Artistic gymnastics total (14) = men (8) / women (6)
- Rhythmic gymnastics total (1) = women (1)
Volleyball total (2) = men (1) / women (1)

Number of competitions in brackets

Time schedule

Time schedule
discipline		Fri. 24.	Sat. 25.	Sun. 26.	Mon. 27.	Tuesday 28.	Wed. 29.	Thursday 30.	Fri. 31.	Sat. 1.	So. 2.	Mon. 3.	Tuesday 4th	Wed. 5.	Thursday 6.	Fri. 7.	Sat 8.	Sun. 9.	Decision- disk- applications
discipline		July								August									Decision- disk- applications
Opening ceremony
badminton													4th						4th
baseball														1					1
basketball																1	1		2
Archery											1	1	2						4th
Boxing																	6th	6th	12
fencing								1	1	1	1		1	1	1	1			8th
Soccer																	1		1
Weightlifting				1	1	1	1	1		1	1	2	1						10
Handball																	2		2
hockey																1	1		2
Judo					2	2	2	2	2	2	2								14th
Canoeing	Canoe racing																6th	6th	12
Canoeing	Canoe slalom									2	2								4th
athletics									2	4th	4th	6th		5	6th	6th	9	1	43
Modern pentathlon							2												2
Cycling	train				1		1		5										7th
Cycling	Street			2							1								3
Equestrian sport	dressage										1			1					2
	Leap												1					1	2
	versatility							2											2
Wrestling	Freestyle													3	3	4th			10
Wrestling	Greco-Roman					3	3	4th											10
rowing										7th	6th								13
shoot				2	2	2	1	2	2	1	2								14th
Swimming sport	swim			4th	5	5	5	6th	6th										31
	Synchronized swimming														1	1			2
	Water polo																	1	1
	Diving				1		1				1	1							4th
sailing											2	7th	1						10
tennis																2	2		4th
Table tennis												1	1	1	1				4th
Gymnastics	Gymnastics					1	1	1	1	4th	6th								14th
Gymnastics	Rhythmic sports gymnastics																1		1
volleyball																	1	1	2
Closing ceremony
Demonstration competitions
Pelota													4th	4th
Roller hockey																1
Wheelchair athletics											2
Taekwondo												6th	6th	4th
decisions				9	12	14th	17th	19th	19th	22nd	30th	18th	11	12	12	22nd	30th	10	257
		Fri. 24.	Sat. 25.	Sun. 26.	Mon. 27.	Tuesday 28.	Wed. 29.	Thursday 30.	Fri. 31.	Sat. 1.	So. 2.	Mon. 3.	Tuesday 4th	Wed. 5.	Thursday 6.	Fri. 7.	Sat 8.	Sun. 9.
		July								August

Color legend

Opening ceremony

Competition day (no decisions)

Competition day (x decisions)

Closing ceremony

Competitions

badminton

The first two gold medals in badminton at the Olympic Games went to Indonesia . Susi Susanti for the women and Alan Budikusuma for the men were honored as Olympic champions, making them the first gold medalists in their country. The medals stayed in the family, as the two moved in together after the games and later married. The competitions in doubles for women and men were won by South Korean athletes.

baseball

Although baseball is considered one of the US popular sports, the US team, which was recruited exclusively from players from university teams, did not make it to the podium. After the preliminary rounds, in which all eight qualified teams had to compete against each other, the Americans met in the semifinals on the representation of the eventual Olympic champion from Cuba. There they lost 1: 6. The US team also lost the bronze medal game against Japan. The refusal of the US professional clubs to interrupt their season and turn off the best professionals was seen as the cause of the poor performance.

basketball

The dream team in basketball at the Olympic Games in Barcelona

One of the highlights of the Barcelona Games was the “ Dream Team ”, the selection of the best American NBA professionals who were admitted to the Games for the first time. The team included Magic Johnson , Michael Jordan and Larry Bird . All the American games were sold out and in the five preliminary rounds the opponents were separated by an average of 40 to 50 points. The quarter and semi-finals were also mastered with ease, with the team not falling behind once. Only the Croatians managed to briefly lead with 25:23 in the final, but they too were clearly put in their place at the end with 117: 85. The bronze medal was won by Lithuania, which defeated the "United Team" with 82:78.

American basketball players were denied what their male colleagues achieved. They were subject to the CIS selection in the semifinals with 73:79 and played against Cuba only for bronze, which won the selection with 88:74. The "United Team" was Olympic champion with a 77:66 over China.

Archery

Of the high favorites at the archery competitions from South Korea, which had won three of the four gold medals at the home games four years earlier, only the women were convincing in Barcelona. They became team Olympic champions and achieved a one-two victory in the individual through Cho Youn-jeong and Kim Soo-nyung .

The South Korean men were eliminated in the team competition against France in the quarter-finals and in the individual it was only enough to win silver for Chung Jae-hun behind the French Sébastien Flute . The team competition was won by the host team from Spain ahead of the representations from Finland and the United Kingdom.

Boxing

After Cuba boycotted the games in Los Angeles and Seoul , the highly popular boxers from the Caribbean island were able to intervene again in the Olympic events in Barcelona, fully living up to expectations. In the twelve weight classes in the boxing tournament , they won seven gold medals, and two other Cubans also made it to the podium. Among the Olympic champions was Félix Savón in the heavyweight up to 91 kg, who won the first of three gold medals in his career in Barcelona.

The German team could also be very satisfied. While the boxers from the former Soviet Union were used to winning, the Germans won the gold medal with Andreas Tews from Schwerin in the featherweight up to 57 kg and Torsten May in the light heavyweight up to 81 kg. A scandal broke out in the light flyweight up to 48 kg. World champion Eric Griffin from the USA was superior in the round of 16 against Lozano from Spain, and most of the judges were of this opinion. Nevertheless, the point machine, which was just introduced because of the scandalous verdicts in Seoul, gave the Spaniard 6: 5 as a result. However, a protest by the American association was rejected.

fencing

The memorial sheet of the German Federal Post Office on the occasion of the first games after reunification

At the fencing duels in the Palau de la Metal-lurgia on the steps to Montjuic, the Italian female fencers took the place of the women from Tauberbischofsheim , who went empty-handed in the individual and had to be content with silver in the team. The Italians could not record a triple success like the German foil fencers four years earlier, but they won gold twice, in the individual competition by Giovanna Trillini and by the team.

For men, France was the most successful nation. The French won two gold medals in singles by Philippe Omnès with the foil and by Éric Srecki with the sword . There were also two third places with the sword and the saber , as well as a bronze medal for the saber team. The German men, who had disappointed in the individual competitions, rehabilitated themselves with two team Olympic victories with the foil and the sword.

Soccer

The Olympic football tournament , which until 1992 was only organized for men's teams , was dominated by the hosts from Spain. They won their preliminary group confidently and had not conceded a goal even after the quarter-finals and semi-finals. In the final against Poland, however, they were 1-0 down at halftime thanks to a goal from Wojciech Kowalczyk . After the break, the Spaniards equalized after 15 minutes and took the lead five minutes later through Quico. Poland equalized again to 2-2, but again it was Quico who scored the decisive 3-2 in the final minute.

In the run-up to the games, there had been discussions about the age limit of 23 years imposed by FIFA , which the IOC did not want to support. Ultimately, however, the world football association prevailed, fearful of the market value of its football World Cup and not wanting to share it with the IOC.

Weightlifting

Most of the ten weight classes in weightlifting were dominated by athletes from the former Soviet Union. The United Team won five gold and four silver medals. Actually, a bronze medal was added to this list, but the award ceremony in the light heavyweight division ended with a scandal. Ibrahim Samadow threw the bronze medal he had been awarded carelessly on the floor and ran out of the hall before the Greek hymn was played for the winner Pyrros Dimas . He was then disqualified by the IOC and banned for life by the world association. Aljaksandr Kurlowitsch defended his Olympic victory in Seoul in 1988 in the super heavyweight over 100 kg . He won with a load of 450 kg in front of the Olympic champion from Moscow in 1980 and Belarusian compatriot Leanid Taranenka , who, like him, started for the United Team.

Handball

In the men's handball tournament, twelve teams, divided into two preliminary round groups, competed each against each other. Here the teams from Sweden and the United Team emerged as the favorites. Both teams played the group games without losing points and clearly prevailed in the semi-finals. The United Team won the final with 22:20. At the women's tournament, in which eight teams were allowed, the selection of South Korea won the gold medal. She clearly beat Norway in the final with 28:21.

hockey

At the hockey tournament in Terrassa, twelve men's teams played in two preliminary round groups in the mode of everyone against everyone. The first two of the group made it to the semi-finals. There, the German team defeated Pakistan 2-1 after extra time and in the other match Australia made it into the final with a 3-2 win over the Dutch selection. In the final, the German team around Libero Carsten Fischer prevailed 2-1 with two goals from Michael Hilgers against the men from the fifth continent. The German federation almost got the maximum yield, because the women lost 2-1 to the hosts from Spain in the final with only one goal in extra time.

Judo

The female judoka celebrated their Olympic premiere at the Palau Blaugrana. While the judo tournament was very successful for the hosts with two gold medals by Almudena Muñoz in the half-light weight and Míriam Blasco in the light weight, the women from Japan, the motherland of judo, had to be satisfied with two silver and two bronze medals. The French women were also able to win gold twice thanks to Cécile Nowak in the super lightweight and Catherine Fleury-Vachon in the light middleweight division.

The Japanese were more successful in the men's tournament, winning twice gold, once silver and twice bronze. However, the most important gold for them, the heavyweight title, was denied to them. Here Naoya Ogawa lost in the final to the 20 kg lighter Georgian Dawit Chachaleschwili after a fight time of 1:04 min by Ippon .

canoe

The fastest boats in the canoe races on the new regatta course in Castelldefels were painted pink. In the twelve competitions held, the German starters took home half of the gold medals. There were two Olympic victories in a two-man kayak over 500 and 1000 meters for Kay Bluhm and Torsten Gutsche from Berlin , who had already escaped their pursuers three seconds at halftime on the longer route but were only just ahead of the Swedish boat at the finish. The German kayak four also won gold and relegated the boats from Hungary and Australia to their places. In the single kayak competitions, the Finn Mikko Kolehmainen over 500 meters and the Australian Clint Robinson over 1000 meters were able to secure gold medals.

In the women's category, Birgit Schmidt , better known by her maiden name Fischer, was able to repeat her Olympic victory from Moscow twelve years earlier in a single kayak . Together with Katrin Borchert and the Olympic champions in two, Ramona Portwich and Anke von Seck , she also won silver in four. All they had to do was give in to the Hungarian boat.

In the races in the Canadier , in which the athletes kneel in their boats, the Bulgarian Nikolai Buchalow was the outstanding participant. He won both gold medals in the 500 and 1000 meters. In the two-man canoe, the relatively unknown Belarusians Aljaksandr Massjajkou and Dsmitryj Dauhaljonak won over the shorter distance ahead of the two German Ulrich Papke and Ingo Spelly , who in turn celebrated the Olympic victory over 1000 meters the next day.

After canoe slalom was part of the Olympic program in Munich in 1972 , the athletes were able to prove themselves in four boat classes on the newly built slalom course in La Seu d'Urgell . The medals all went to different nations. The men's single kayak was won by the Italian Pierpaolo Ferrazzi , while Elisabeth Micheler from Augsburg won the women 's kayak during a violent thunderstorm . The Olympic champion in the canoe one was Lukáš Pollert from the ČSFR and in the canoe two the boat from the USA won.

athletics

The athletics competitions in the Olympic Stadium saw a clear US dominance over the sprint courses - except over the 100 meters. While the 200 and 400 meters and both relays were won by the athletes from the USA, the British European record holder Linford Christie prevailed over the 100 meters . In the absence of defending champion, world champion and world record holder Carl Lewis , Christie relegated Frank Fredericks (Namibia) and Dennis Mitchell (USA) to their places - with 9.96 seconds as the only one in the final below the 10-second mark .

In the middle and long distance, European runners broke the dominance of African runners. While Kenya was able to celebrate a double victory over the 800 meters, Fermín Cacho from the host's country won the 1500 meters . In the 5000 meter run, the German Dieter Baumann benefited from the moderate race pace in a predominantly tactical race in which he proved to be the strongest of a top group of five to date over the last 200 meters. The outcome of the 10,000 meter run was accompanied by confessions of displeasure from the audience. This was preceded by a race in which, with eight laps to go, with Khalid Skah from Morocco and Richard Chelimo from Kenya, only two runners were eligible for the Olympic victory. Shortly before the two-man team lapped compatriot Hammou Boutayeb at 8,800 meters Skah , the Moroccan had left the top position to his Kenyan opponent. Chelimo was then hindered when the already lapped Boutayeb sat down in front of the leading duo twice for a short time and slowed down the pace. It was only when a competition judge tried to pull the Moroccan off the track that these actions ended. Chelimo then lost the finish sprint with Skah, which was considered to be strong, which the audience acknowledged with whistles. Both Moroccans were disqualified after the race. While Boutayeb was disqualified because of the Kenyan's handicap, Skah was stripped of the Olympic victory because of forbidden support by his compatriot. The next day the decision against Skah was overturned after a protest by the Moroccan team, as agreements between the two runners could not be proven. Boutayeb's disqualification, however, remained.

The American Kevin Young won over the 400 meter hurdles in a new world record time of 46.78 s, with which he undercut Edwin Moses' nine-year-old record by 24 hundredths of a second. Young was the first person to complete this distance in under 47 seconds despite stepping into the final hurdle. While the Canadian Mark McKoy won the hurdles sprint over 110 meters , the Kenyan runners achieved a triple victory in the 3,000 meter obstacle course.

Since Carl Lewis could not qualify for the sprint courses in the US preliminary rounds, he only competed in a duel against his compatriot and world record holder Mike Powell in the long jump. After he had already achieved the best distance of all participants in qualifying with 8.68 m, Lewis jumped 8.67 m in the first final round, which brought the American the third Olympic long jump gold in a row. In the following attempts, world champion Powell only came within three centimeters of this width and, like four years earlier, won silver in Seoul . Carl Lewis received a second gold medal as a member of the 4 x 100 meter relay. Since the originally planned Mark Witherspoon injured himself over 100 meters in the semifinals, Carl Lewis came as a substitute in the relay and won gold together with Michael Marsh , Leroy Burrell and Dennis Mitchell in the world record time of 37.40 seconds.

Olympic champion in the triple jump was Mike Conley Sr. from the USA, who celebrated a major title for the first time after his two silver medals at the 1984 Olympic Games and the 1987 World Championships . His victory distance of 18.17 m was not recognized as regular due to minimally impermissible wind support of 2.1 m / s, which meant that he was denied a new world record and he did not become the first official 18-meter jumper. There was a novelty in the high jump competition. Since five jumpers had jumped the 2.34 m height, the number of unsuccessful attempts was used when awarding the medals. Here the Cuban Javier Sotomayor had the advantage, who won gold in front of the Swede Patrik Sjöberg and three other athletes, all of whom were awarded bronze.

The Olympic champion in the pole vault was the Russian Maxim Tarasov with a jump of 5.80 m. Serhij Bubka , defending champion, world record holder and three-time world champion, chose his entry height of 5.70 m, as usual in his earlier competitions, but failed twice. He then skipped the third attempt and saved it for the 5.75 m. But even at this height he failed and was eliminated from the competition without a valid attempt.

American athletes were also ahead in the shot put. Mike Stulce won with a difference of 74 centimeters in front of his compatriot Jim Doehring . The three-time world champion and bronze medalist from Seoul Werner Günthör from Switzerland took fourth place with three centimeters behind Vyacheslav Lycho from the United Team. The throwers from the former Soviet Union dominated the hammer throw and discus competition. While the Lithuanians Romas Ubartas won the Olympic championship with 65.12 m with the discus , there was a triple success of the athletes from the United Team in the hammer throwers. Jan Železný from the ČSFR team achieved the longest throw with the spear . He won with an Olympic record distance of 89.66 m in front of the Finn Seppo Räty and the British world record holder Steve Backley .

The king of athletes, as the winner of the decathlon is called, also came from the CSFR. After two days, Robert Změlík was in first place ahead of Spaniard Antonio Peñalver and Dave Johnson from the USA, who was the first candidate for gold by experts and television reporters . After the first disciplines were relatively weak for Johnson, he achieved the best performance in the shot put. After the first two violated attempts, Johnson had also received the third shot as invalid. On the intervention of the head judge, however, he was allowed to repeat the third attempt. What induced the chief judge to allow Johnson a fourth attempt could never be clarified, and all protests were rejected.

The last medals from the Barcelona Games were awarded in the men's marathon. On the route with the climb to the finish in the Olympic Stadium, the 22-year-old South Korean Hwang Young-cho won in a time of 2:13:23 h ahead of the Japanese Kōichi Morishita and Stephan Freilang from Cottbus. Freilang entered the stadium in third place and was overtaken shortly afterwards by another Japanese, who in turn was overtaken by Freilang shortly before the finish.

The US-American Gail Devers won gold over 100 meters after the photo finish before Juliet Cuthbert from Jamaica and the Russian Irina Priwalowa . Devers, who barely avoided a foot amputation a few years ago because of a rare thyroid disease , was actually considered by experts to be the favorite for the 100 meter hurdles. There she stumbled while clearly in the lead at the last hurdle and fell to the finish line in fifth, while the Greek Paraskevi Patoulidou won the Olympic gold. Gail Devers was injured by the fall, so she had to do without the 4 x 100 meter relay, which sprinted to gold in 42.11 s. In the winning relay team also was Gwen Torrence , who had previously won the 200 meters.

Over 1500 meters of the women, Algeria celebrated its first Olympic victory by Hassiba Boulmerka , who was criticized by Islamic fundamentalists in her home country because, from their point of view, she was dressed too freely. With Derartu Tulu from Ethiopia, another African woman won a gold medal. She could win the 10,000 meters. In the marathon through the streets of Barcelona, Valentina Jegorowa from the United Team won just ahead of the Japanese Yūko Arimori . The fourth-placed teammate of the winner was one of the five doping cases in Barcelona because she was convicted of taking the prohibited substance norephedrine and banned .

The women's jumping disciplines were dominated by German athletes. While Heike Drechsler stayed two centimeters ahead of second-placed Inessa Krawez from the United Team in the long jump with 7.14 m , Heike Henkel won with a jumped 2.02 m ahead of Alina Astafei , who was still starting for Romania at the time , who made the 2.00 m. The reunited German team was able to celebrate two precious metals in the javelin throw. In addition to Olympic champion Silke Renk , Karen Forkel achieved the bronze medal. Jackie Joyner-Kersee from the USA achieved her second Olympic victory in a row in the heptathlon. With 7044 points, the world record holder clearly distanced the entire competition including the next-placed Irina Belowa (United Team) and Sabine Braun (Germany).

Modern pentathlon

One of the most traditional sports at the Olympic Games is the modern pentathlon . It was included in the program of then IOC President Pierre de Coubertin in 1912 as an eventing competition for officers. In Barcelona, the Polish athletes were the outstanding participants in this discipline . They not only provided the Olympic champions in the team competition, but also the gold medal winner in the individual, Arkadiusz Skrzypaszek . After fencing, swimming over 300 m, shooting with the sports pistol , cross-country run over 4000 meters and the test in show jumping with a lead of 113 points over the Hungarian Attila Mizsér .

Cycling

The cycling competitions of the Barcelona Games began with competitions on the street. The goal of the 100 km team time trial, in which the Italian four-man was still in the lead after 25 km, was in the Motodrom of the Circuit de Catalunya . But at halftime the German team stepped up the pace on their black FES time trial bikes and after 100 km they were exactly one minute ahead of the team from Italy, which won silver, and another three minutes ahead of the French four-man.

On the same day, the women’s road race started in the heat, with 81 km in five laps. 15 km from the finish, the Australian Kathy Watt started a breakaway attempt, which was also successful. She won the gold medal 20 seconds ahead of French Jeannie Longo-Ciprelli and Monique Knol from the Netherlands, who was the defending champion in this discipline.

On the same course as the women's race, but over a distance of 194.4 km, the men's road race took place . After the ninth of the twelve 16.2 km long laps, an advance of a nine-man breakaway group followed, to which Fabio Casartelli from Italy and the Latvian Dainis Ozols were able to catch up 25 km from the finish . A short time later, both drove away again together with the Dutchman Erik Dekker and sprinted for the medals at the finish. Here Casartelli had the greatest reserves and was Olympic champion ahead of Ozols and Dekker. Three years later he was killed in a fall on the Tour de France .

The first gold medal in the open velodrome in Vall d'Hebron went straight to the hosts. José Moreno Periñan won the first ever cycling gold for Spain in the 1000 meter time trial and distanced his opponents by almost a full second. In the sprint competitions, Erika Salumäe won the finals with 2: 1 against Annett Neumann from Cottbus. Salumiae won gold for the USSR in 1988, but this time the flag of Estonia was hoisted. For the men, the decision was already made after two rounds, when Jens Fiedler from Berlin defeated Australian Gary Neiwand 2-0.

For the Briton Chris Boardman , the Formula 1 racing team Lotus developed a futuristic time trial bike that he used in the individual pursuit over 4000 meters. In the final, he caught up with Jens Lehmann from Leipzig in the last round and thus became the superior Olympic champion. Two days later, Lehmann won gold in the team pursuit with the German four-wheeler in front of the teams from Australia and Denmark.

horse riding

In addition to team jumping, German riders have always been on the podium at the equestrian competitions in Barcelona. In the individual dressage test, all medals went to Germans. Here Nicole Uphoff on her horse “Rembrandt” clearly prevailed against Isabell Werth on “Gigolo” and Klaus Balkenhol, riding in police uniform, on “Goldstern”. As a team, all three of them, complemented by Monica Theodorescu on “Grunox”, had the upper hand in the team competition in front of the teams from the Netherlands and the USA.

In the eventing competition, which in previous games was usually decided on the second day after the cross-country ride, the final jumping had to ensure clarity and the award of medals. Before the jumping, the New Zealand team led the British and Australians. Shortly before the start of the final competition, the vets took the horse of Englishman Ian Stark out of the race for health reasons. As a result, the British team dropped to sixth place. In the end, the riders from Australia won the gold medal, ahead of the New Zealanders and the German team. With Matthew Ryan on his horse "Kibah Tic Toc", the winner of the individual competition also came from Australia, ahead of the German Herbert Blöcker on "Feine Dame" and the New Zealander Blyth Tait , who rode the horse "Messiah".

The team competition of show jumping resulted in the team from Austria with silver behind the Dutch riders the first ever Olympic medal in show jumping. Originally the Austrian riders around Hugo Simon on "Apricot D", Thomas Frühmann on "Genius", Boris Boor on "Love me Tender" and Jörg Münzner on "Graf Grande" shouldn't have been sent to Barcelona because of the hopelessness. In the German show jumping team competition, Otto Becker fell on an obstacle, then the bridle of "Classic Touch", Ludger Beerbaum's horse, tore , so that he had to dismount and the team fell back to penultimate place. In the individual competition, however, Beerbaum was the only one with no mistakes in both laps and thus won gold ahead of the Dutchman Piet Raijmakers on “ Ratina Z ”, who made a time error.

Wrestling

Rodney Smith USA, lightweight bronze

The wrestling competitions held in the INEFC at Montjuic in Barcelona took place 20 competitions, ten each in the freestyle and ten in the Greco-Roman style. Above all, the wrestlers from the former Soviet republics proved to be the most avid medal collectors. In the Greco-Roman style, they won nine medals in the ten weight classes, including three gold medals, as well as seven medals in free style, also with three Olympic victories. Among them Alexander Karelin , who won his second gold medal in the Greco-Roman super heavyweight division in Barcelona after 1988.

The wrestling tournament was not without a scandal either. Since the Russian Elmadi Schabrailow was denied a controversial point in the final of the middleweight free style against the American Kevin Jackson and he lost 1-0 in extra time, the Russian's supervisors organized a sit-in on the mat. This did not change the verdict and at the award ceremony Schabrailow did not have the silver medal worn.

rowing

Rowing regatta on Lake Banyoles

On the Lake Banyoles in were rowing eight competitions for men and discharged six for women. The Olympic champion from Seoul , Thomas Lange , who was still starting for the GDR at the time, was able to defend his title in one. The Briton Steven Redgrave won his third Olympic victory since 1984 in Banyoles . Together with Matthew Pinsent, he left the boats from Germany and Slovenia behind in two without a helmsman. There was an incident with this German boat in May before the games. During a regatta in Essen, Colin von Ettingshausen and Peter Hoeltzenbein rammed the boat of the Canadian favorite in the one, Silken Laumann , who was seriously injured. Despite five operations, she was able to compete in the games in the following weeks and win the bronze medal. In the men's double scull, the Austrians Arnold Jonke and Christoph Zerbst won the silver medal behind the Australian boat.

In the eight races, those responsible for the German Rowing Association mainly counted on the Olympic champions from Seoul . The women's eight consisted for the most part of the crew of the GDR winning boat four years earlier, for the men the West German team formed the scaffolding. However, both boats could not build on the great successes of South Korea and won the bronze medal. Even the use of the new kind of rudder blades known as “hoes” in the final could not prevent the defeat. The Canadian eight won in front of the boats from Romania.

Overall, the rowing federations from Great Britain, Australia and Germany achieved two gold medals each, Romania and Canada one gold medal each. For women, Canada was the most successful nation to return home with three Olympic victories, followed by Germany with two and Romania with one gold medal.

shoot

Traditionally, the shooters present the first Olympic champion in each game, whose award ceremony is usually carried out personally by the IOC president. Thus Juan Antonio Samaranch was able to put on the first gold medal of the South Korean rifleman Soon Yeo-kab . In the final, with the women's air rifle, she had clearly prevailed against her competitors by almost three rings.

The second shooting competition on the shooting range in Mollet ended with a surprise. The only 16-year-old Belarusian Konstantin Lukaschik , who started for the United Team , won with the free pistol by one ring ahead of Wang Yifu from China, who also won gold with the air pistol, and Sweden's Ragnar Skanåker , who was twenty with the same ring Had become Olympic champion at the Munich Games years earlier . The Chinese won the silver medal only because of the better final result.

The first rifle gold for the German team was won with the rapid fire pistol. Four years earlier, Ralf Schumann had to give gold to the Latvian Afanasijs Kuzmins , who at that time was still running for the Soviet team. In Barcelona, the Thuringian Olympic champion and relegated the Latvians to silver, while Wladimir Wochmjanin won bronze.

In Barcelona, the participants in the Running Target competition shot an air rifle for the first time at a distance of 10 meters. Four years earlier, in Seoul , a small bore rifle was fired at a wild boar silhouette 50 meters away. After a protest from animal rights activists, the ISSF changed discipline. The German Michael Jakosits from Homburg surprisingly became Olympic champion . The most successful shooter in the Barcelona games came from Russia . Marina Logwinenko , who competed for the United Team, achieved the gold medal with the air pistol and the sports pistol .

swim

Krisztina Egerszegi from Hungary competed in three swimming competitions , won three gold medals over 100 and 200 meters back and over 400 meters medley, making her the most successful athlete in the outdoor pool on Montjuïc. She set Olympic records on each of the two back stretches. Nicole Haislett from the USA also got three gold medals, but after the victories in the 200 meter freestyle and with the 4 x 100 meter freestyle relay in the USA, she only competed in the medley relay in the preliminary heat but not in the final. Nevertheless, she also received a gold medal during the award ceremony.

The Chinese swimmers set the tone on the short freestyle distances. Over 50 meters, Yang Wenyi improved her own world record to 24.79 seconds ahead of her teammate Zhuang Yong , who became Olympic champion over 100 meters. In the 100 meter butterfly and 200 meter medley, the first place came from the Middle Kingdom, with Lin Li improving an eleven year old world record on the medley course.

The swimmers from the USA were able to win both seasons in world record time and three individual courses, with Summer Sanders winning a complete set of medals with gold over 200 meters butterfly, silver over 200 meters medley and bronze over 400 meter medley. Dagmar Hase from Magdeburg was the most successful German participant with an Olympic victory over 400 meters freestyle, as well as two silver medals over 200 meters back and with the 4 x 100 meter relay.

The Russian Alexander Popow won four precious metals . Over 50 meters freestyle he improved the Olympic record that Matt Biondi had set in Seoul in 1988 . Biondi not only lost his record, he also had to be content with silver. Popow also won gold in the 100 meters freestyle and silver in the 4 x 100 meter relay and in the individual relay relay.

His compatriot Yevgeny Sadowy was even more successful, winning the 200 meter freestyle with an Olympic record and improving the world record of the silver medalist Kieren Perkins from Australia on the 400 meter freestyle course . In addition, the shaven Sadowyi was part of the 4 x 200 meter freestyle relay of the United Team , which relegated the representatives from Sweden and the USA to their places in a world record time . The American Michael Barrowman set other world records in the 200 meters chest and Kieren Perkins in the 1500 meters freestyle.

The king of the medley was the Hungarian Tamás Darnyi , who won gold in the 200 and 400 meter medley and improved his own Olympic record in Seoul on the longer distance. Another new Olympic record holder was the Spaniard Martín López-Zubero , who won the Olympic victory over 200 meters back for the host country, as did Mark Tewksbury from Canada, who set a new record over 100 meters back at the Olympic Games. However, he was only able to enjoy this record for one day, as the American Jeff Rouse, as the starting swimmer of the victorious individual relay relay, even undercut the world record and thus returned the favor for the defeat in the individual race.

Synchronized swimming

Since synchronized swimming became Olympic in Los Angeles in 1984 , the gold medals have always gone to North American participants. So also in Barcelona, where Kristen Babb-Sprague from the USA was Olympic champion ahead of the Canadian Sylvie Fréchette . A scandal broke out in the judges' ranking of Fréchette's compulsory program. A Brazilian referee rated a figure 0.4 points too low, but noticed her mistake and gave a show of hands. But this was ignored or overlooked by the other judges. At the end of the competition, Fréchette was 0.251 points behind Babb-Sprague, a protest by the Canadian team was rejected. On the intervention of IOC executive member Richard Pound from Canada, Sylvie Fréchette was also subsequently awarded a gold medal, but the score remained unchanged. In the duel between the twins, the sisters Karen and Sarah Josephson from the USA won the duel competition ahead of the Canadians Penny and Victoria Vilagos.

Water polo

The hosts from Spain had realistic hopes of winning the gold medal at the Olympic water polo tournament after the exclusion of world champions and defending champions Yugoslavia. The vice world champions gave up only one point in the preliminary round in the 9: 9 draw against Italy and moved into the final after a 6: 4 over the USA. There they met the Italians again, who defeated the United Team, which had no loss points in the preliminary round, just 9: 8. The extremely dramatic final was only decided after three extra times, when Ferdinando Gandolfi scored the winning goal for the Italians shortly before the end.

Diving

The jumpers from China dominated the four diving competitions . The Chinese won both women's titles and gold in diving through Sun Shuwei . Only the American Mark Lenzi was able to prevent Chinese success in all disciplines with his Olympic victory on the three-meter board.

sailing

At the sailing competitions off Barcelona, the hosts won four gold medals from ten classes, including both 470 competitions, and a silver medal. Among the Spanish Olympic champions was the spokesman for the Olympic oath, Luis Doreste Blanco , who won the gold medal in the Flying Dutchman . Participant in Soling was the crown prince and standard bearer of the Spanish team, Felipe of Spain , who came in sixth place with his boat. For the first time, three sailing classes were advertised for women alone, and the women also celebrated their Olympic premiere in windsurfing. It was won by Barbara Kendall from New Zealand .

tennis

In the Olympic tennis tournament , Marc Rosset won the final against local hero Jordi Arrese from Barcelona 3-2 and won the only medal for the Swiss team. In doubles, the two German Wimbledon winners Boris Becker and Michael Stich , who were said to have a rather difficult relationship with each other, won 3-1 in the final against the South African duo Wayne Ferreira and Piet Norval .

In the women's category, the Olympic champion from Seoul , Steffi Graf , was unable to defend her title and lost 2-1 to American Jennifer Capriati in the final . In the competition, some of the favorites did not start because they did not take part in the Federation Cup , which was a prerequisite for qualification, for various reasons .

Table tennis

Of the four table tennis competitions held , the high favorites from China won three gold medals, and the women's competitions achieved two double victories, with Deng Yaping each achieving two gold medals. They only had to be satisfied with bronze in the men's individual competition. Under the eyes of his royal couple, the Swede Jan-Ove Waldner won the final against Jean-Philippe Gatien from France with 3-0 sets. Waldner was the superior player of the tournament, he lost only one set against Jörg Roßkopf , who together with Steffen Fetzner won silver for the German team behind the Chinese Lü Lin and Wang Tao . The venue was the Poliesportiu Estació del Nord sports complex .

do gymnastics

The outstanding gymnast and also the most successful athlete at the Olympic Games in Barcelona was Belarusian Wital Shcherba , who started for the United Team . He won gold in the individual device finals on parallel bars , horse jumping , rings and, together with the North Korean Pae Gil-su, on the pommel horse . With the victories in the individual all-around and in the team competition, two more gold medals were added.

Among the women, two athletes shared the title of most successful gymnast. The Romanian Lavinia Miloșovici won gold in the horse jump and on the ground, as well as silver in the team competition and bronze in the individual all-around. Tetjana Guzu from Ukraine won the individual all-around and with the United Team in the team and also won silver and bronze in the individual device finals. In the ranks of the Olympic champions was the Uzbek Oksana Chusovitina , who was to take silver at the vault 16 years later in Beijing at the age of 33.

Rhythmic sports gymnastics

In the only rhythmic gymnastics competition , there was some confusion about the mode of execution. After the preliminary battle 17 athletes made it to the final, but only the first eight were considered for the medals, the others only fought for the placements. The unfair audience that wanted to help her Spanish compatriot Carolina Pascual win and the questionable judges' decisions also caused displeasure among the participants. The Ukrainian Oleksandra Tymoshenko won gold, ahead of the Spaniard and her teammate Oksana Skaldina .

volleyball

Twelve men's teams had qualified for the Olympic volleyball tournament and had to compete against each other in two preliminary round groups. After a preliminary round without a defeat, the team from Brazil emerged as the clear favorite. Until the final, which was won 3-0 against the Netherlands, the team only lost three sets. The US players who won bronze had shaved their heads after the preliminary round game against Japan, as their victory at the green table was denied after a protest. In the women's competition, the Cubans won the final 3-1 over the United Team.

Demonstration sports

The IOC decided in 1989 that there should be no demonstration sports after the Barcelona Games. Pelota , roller hockey and taekwondo , which are popular in the Iberian region , were selected for the upcoming games . At the Sydney Games in 2000 , Korean martial arts were included in the Olympic program as a full discipline.

Most successful athlete

The most successful participant in the Barcelona Summer Olympics was Vital Shcherba . With six gold medals, the Belarusian only failed to win one of his starts and dominated the men's Olympic gymnastics competitions in an unprecedented way. In the core Olympic sport of swimming, the Hungarian Krisztina Egerszegi was the most successful participant with three gold medals. The same goes for the American Nicole Haislett , who achieved two of her three wins with the season. In the men's race, the two Russians Alexander Popow and Evgeni Sadowy dominated the short and medium freestyle distances with two Olympic victories each. In addition, Sadowny won another gold medal in the relay competition with his team from the United Team , while Popow won two silver medals as a relay swimmer. The most successful participant in the athletics competitions was the American Gwen Torrence with two gold and one silver medal.

Most successful athlete at the 1992 Summer Olympics
athlete	team	Sports				total
Vital Shcherba	United team United team	do gymnastics	6th	0	0	6th
Krisztina Egerszegi	Hungary Hungary	swim	3	0	0	3
Yevgeny Sadowyi	United team United team	swim	3	0	0	3
Nicole Haislett	United States United States	swim	3	0	0	3
Alexander Popov	United team United team	swim	2	2	0	4th
Tetjana Guzu	United team United team	do gymnastics	2	1	1	4th
Lavinia Miloșovici	Romania Romania	do gymnastics	2	1	1	4th
Summer Sanders	United States United States	swim	2	1	1	4th
Gwen Torrence	United States United States	athletics	2	1	0	3
Matt Biondi	United States United States	swim	2	1	0	3
Jenny Thompson	United States United States	swim	2	1	0	3
Jon Olsen	United States United States	swim	2	0	1	3

Nicole Haislett and Summer Sanders each received one of their gold medals for a run in the 4 x 100 meter medley relay of the women in the USA team, although they did not swim in the final. A rule that has been in force since 1984 came into effect, according to which preliminary missions in relays or teams are rewarded with medals.

doping

Doping controls were carried out at the Barcelona Games in 1848, around 300 more than at the 1988 Summer Games in Seoul . All medal winners and fourth place in each competition, as well as other athletes drawn, were asked to take a urine test. The five athletes who tested positive were the US hammer thrower Jud Logan and his compatriot, the shot putter Bonnie Dasse , who had been shown to have taken the asthma drug Clenbuterol , and the marathon runner Madina Biktagirowa , who started for the United Team, and the Lithuanian long jumper Nijolė Medvedeva and Wu Dan , a Chinese volleyball player who took strychnine . The success of long-distance runners from countries other than the East African highlands is related to the use of erythropoietin . Although this was already demonstrable in 1992, it was only from the year 2000 that a distinction was made between endogenous and exogenous EPO. However, since the detection method was only effective within the first four days after administration and the significant performance-enhancing effect decreases continuously, but lasts for up to 17 days, even the 2000 Olympic Games were still EPO games.

reporting

The Torre de Collserola in the northwest of Barcelona

The telecommunications infrastructure needed to ensure coverage of the games was built primarily by the telephone company Telefónica , for which they invested approximately 326 billion pesetas. In addition to the Torre Telefónica on Montjuïc and the Torre de Collserola, designed by the architect Sir Norman Foster , on a mountain in the north-west of Barcelona, two satellite communication stations with large parabolic antennas were built 40 km away.

A total of 12,831 accredited media representatives reported on the games, 7,951 of them from radio and television stations. The International Broadcast Center (IBC) with the main press center (MPC) was located on Montjuïc. Ràdio-televisió Olímpica '92 (RTO '92), the television organization of the Organizing Committee, produced a total of 2,800 hours of live images from the games. For this purpose, fixed broadcasting stations have been set up in the Olympic Stadium and in Palau Sant Jordi. At all other competition venues, mobile OB vans and technicians were available, which were borrowed from the Spanish television company TVE and from broadcasters in several European countries. In addition, the first attempts with HDTV cameras and the HDTV standard were made during the broadcasts . The cameras used were called Philips BTS HDTV and had a resolution of 1250 lines. There were over 40 cameras and a dozen report vehicles available for the pilot test. The European consortium Vision 1250 , which led this project, had a budget of around 16 million euros.

The organizing committee published an official Olympic newspaper between July 20 and August 12, 1992 with a daily circulation of 50,000 copies. There were two different editions, one in Catalan and English, the other in Spanish and French. It was distributed free of charge to all accredited individuals.

The games in the population

Even before the torch relay, the COOB'92 was concerned about whether the games would be well received by the population outside of Catalonia. These concerns were allayed with the arrival of the Olympic flame in Zaragoza , the first stop outside of Catalonia. A large crowd gave the torch an enthusiastic reception. This should also continue in the other stage cities in all Spanish provinces and also in Madrid .

The Catalans were also able to identify with the Spanish athletes during the games and see them as part of "their" team. This was particularly evident during the final in football . Observers could not remember when there had ever been “España” shouts in the Camp Nou stadium before.

Overall, the games were characterized by warm hospitality and a good atmosphere. With very few exceptions, the spectators were fair and also cheered on foreign athletes or applauded them for their achievements. Many residents of Barcelona themselves contributed to the Olympic flair in the city by decorating their houses and apartments with Catalan, Spanish or other countries flags.

aftermath

Hardly any other Olympic host city has benefited as much from hosting the Games as Barcelona . In particular, the restructuring of the seaside district from an area built over with industrial plants and warehouses to an attractive residential area with the popular city beach has also given tourism a great boost. The games expanded the hotel capacities in the city, so that the increase in visitor numbers could also be well absorbed in this sector. There were further improvements in the transport infrastructure. Shortly before the games, the city council of Barcelona opened a new ring road, which made for a significant improvement in the traffic situation and an easier connection with the suburbs. The expansion of El Prat Airport also took into account the flourishing tourism.

After the Games, many of the sports facilities continued to be used extensively. The city's second football club, Espanyol Barcelona , played its home games in the Olympic Stadium on Montjuïc from 1997 to 2009. The Palau Sant Jordi has been used for concerts by internationally known artists and music groups since the Games. The rowing regatta course in Banyoles became a popular training center also for foreign athletes. In 2004 the World Rowing Championships also took place here. The shooting range in Mollet del Vallès has been used by the Catalan police and for training Spanish and foreign top shooters since the Games. Several World Cup events have been held since the Games.

literature

Volker Kluge : Summer Olympic Games. Chronicle IV. Seoul 1988 - Atlanta 1996. Sportverlag Berlin, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-328-00830-6 .
Sven Simon + SID : Olympic Games 1992 Barcelona Albertville. Copress Verlag, Munich 1992, ISBN 3-7679-0351-2 .
Official Report of the Games of the XXV Olympiad Barcelona 1992, Volume 1–4, ISBN 84-7868-107-8 .

Web links

Commons : 1992 Summer Olympics - collection of images, videos and audio files

IOC for the Olympic Summer Games in 1992 (English)
Official report of the games parts 1–4 (English)

Individual evidence

↑ Official Report, Volume 1, page 208

↑ Official Report, Volume 1, page 249

↑ Official Report, Volume 2, page 18

↑ ^a ^b Kluge, page 347 f.

↑ Official Report, Volume 3, page 387

↑ Official Report, Volume 4, page 38

↑ Official Report, Volume 2, page 161

↑ Official Report, Volume 3, page 183 ff.

↑ Kluge, page 349 ff.

^ Kluge, p. 353

↑ Barcelona 1992 Olympic Torch Lighting (video, 1:12 min.)

↑ Compare this to the sculpture “The Olympic Archer” by the Catalan sculptor Rosa Serra i Puigvert at the Olympic Museum in Barcelona

↑ Official Report, Volume 4, page 72

↑ Official Report, Volume 4, page 83

↑ Official Report, Volume 3, page 341

↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcqbJ00hMlk&t=8m30s

↑ Official Report, Volume 3, page 50

^ Kluge, p. 356

^ Kluge, p. 657, notes 765 and 770

↑ Simon, page 15

↑ Simon, page 38

↑ ^a ^b Simon, page 19

↑ Kluge, p. 657, note 775

↑ Simon, page 34

↑ Simon, page 22 ff.

↑ Simon, page 46

↑ Walter Umminger: "The chronicle of the sport," Chronicle Publisher Harenberg Dortmund, 2nd supplemented and updated edition 1992, p 855

↑ Kluge, page 584 ff., Note 79; 81

↑ Simon, page 66

↑ Simon, page 77

↑ Simon, page 81

↑ Kluge, p. 593, note 148

↑ Simon, p. 112.

↑ Simon, page 56.

^ Kluge, p. 645, note 627

^ Kluge, p. 644, note 621

^ Kluge, p. 639, note 587

^ Kluge, p. 654, note 733

↑ Kluge, p. 654, note 734

↑ Simon, page 151

^ Kluge, p. 348

↑ Source: www.olympia-statistik.de ( Memento from October 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive )

↑ Official Report, Volume 4, page 269

^ Arnd Krüger : EPO games in Sydney too? Archived copy ( Memento from December 31, 2015 in the Internet Archive )

↑ Official Report, Volume 3, page 157

↑ Official Report, Volume 3, page 65

↑ http://www.fernsehmuseum.info/bts-hdtv.html

↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from October 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ Official Report, Volume 4, page 43
↑ Official Report, Volume 4, pp. 17 and 23

This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on February 28, 2009 .

[1] Official Report, Volume 1, page 208

[2] Official Report, Volume 1, page 249

[3] Official Report, Volume 2, page 18

[Kluge347f-4] Kluge, page 347 f.

[5] Official Report, Volume 3, page 387

[6] Official Report, Volume 4, page 38

[7] Official Report, Volume 2, page 161

[8] Official Report, Volume 3, page 183 ff.

[9] Kluge, page 349 ff.

[10] Kluge, p. 353

[11] Barcelona 1992 Olympic Torch Lighting (video, 1:12 min.)

[12] Compare this to the sculpture “The Olympic Archer” by the Catalan sculptor Rosa Serra i Puigvert at the Olympic Museum in Barcelona

[13] Official Report, Volume 4, page 72

[14] Official Report, Volume 4, page 83

[15] Official Report, Volume 3, page 341

[16] ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcqbJ00hMlk&t=8m30s

[17] Official Report, Volume 3, page 50

[18] Kluge, p. 356

[19] Kluge, p. 657, notes 765 and 770

[20] Simon, page 15

[21] Simon, page 38

[Simon,_Seite_19-22] Simon, page 19

[23] Kluge, p. 657, note 775

[24] Simon, page 34

[25] Simon, page 22 ff.

[26] Simon, page 46

[Walter_Umminger:_„Die_Chronik_des_Sports“,_Chronik_Verlag_Harenberg_Dortmund,_2._ergänzte_und_aktualisierte_Auflage_1992,_S._855-27] Walter Umminger: "The chronicle of the sport," Chronicle Publisher Harenberg Dortmund, 2nd supplemented and updated edition 1992, p 855

[28] Kluge, page 584 ff., Note 79; 81

[29] Simon, page 66

[30] Simon, page 77

[31] Simon, page 81

[32] Kluge, p. 593, note 148

[33] Simon, p. 112.

[34] Simon, page 56.

[35] Kluge, p. 645, note 627

[36] Kluge, p. 644, note 621

[37] Kluge, p. 639, note 587

[38] Kluge, p. 654, note 733

[39] Kluge, p. 654, note 734

[40] Simon, page 151

[41] Kluge, p. 348

[42] Source: www.olympia-statistik.de ( Memento from October 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive )

[43] Official Report, Volume 4, page 269

[44] Arnd Krüger : EPO games in Sydney too? Archived copy ( Memento from December 31, 2015 in the Internet Archive )

[45] Official Report, Volume 3, page 157

[46] Official Report, Volume 3, page 65

[47] ttp://www.fernsehmuseum.info/bts-hdtv.html