1968 Winter Olympics

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X. Olympic Winter Games
1968 Winter Olympics logo
Venue: Grenoble ( France )
Stadion: Olympic Stadium
Opening ceremony: February 6, 1968
Closing ceremony: 18th February 1968
Opened by: Charles de Gaulle (President)
Olympic oath : Léo Lacroix (athlete)
Disciplines: 10 (6 sports)
Competitions: 35
Countries: 37
Athletes: 1158, 211 of them women
← Innsbruck 1964
Sapporo 1972 →
Medal table
space country G S. B. Ges.
1 NorwayNorway Norway 6th 6th 2 14th
2 Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union Soviet Union 5 5 3 13
3 FranceFrance France 4th 3 2 9
4th ItalyItaly Italy 4th - - 4th
5 AustriaAustria Austria 3 4th 4th 11
6th NetherlandsNetherlands Netherlands 3 3 3 9
7th SwedenSweden Sweden 3 2 3 8th
8th Germany BRBR Germany BR Germany 2 2 3 7th
9 United StatesUnited States United States 1 5 1 7th
10 Germany Democratic Republic 1968GDR GDR 1 2 2 5
FinlandFinland Finland 1 2 2 5
... ... ... ... ... ...
14th SwitzerlandSwitzerland Switzerland - 2 4th 6th
Complete medal table

The 1968 Winter Olympics (also known as the X Winter Olympics ) took place from February 6 to 18, 1968 in Grenoble , the capital of the French department of Isère . France was the second time host of the Winter Games, after 1924 in Chamonix . The games were characterized by an unprecedented degree of decentralization, the competition gates were up to 65 kilometers from the city center in the surrounding mountain ranges. With 1158 athletes from 37 countries, a new attendance record was achieved.

The most successful athlete was the French ski racer Jean-Claude Killy , who won gold medal in all three alpine ski races. The Swedish cross-country skier Toini Gustafsson was the most successful participant with two gold and one silver medal. The team from Norway won the most medals.

For the first time ever, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were represented with two separate teams, albeit with the same flag and anthem. For the first time at the Olympic Games, doping controls were carried out and television broadcasts were offered in color.

Choice of venue

On November 24, 1960, the Prefect of the Isère Department , François Raoul, and the President of the Dauphiné Ski Association , Raoul Arduin, first publicly presented the idea of ​​holding the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble . After the city council agreed in principle, various government agencies offered their support and the communities in the area responded positively, an application committee was formed on December 18, 1960 under the direction of Albert Michallon, the then mayor of Grenoble. On December 30, 1960, he informed Avery Brundage , President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), of the intention to apply. In 1962, the city, the Isère department and the application committee made 170,000 francs available to prepare the official application. After approval by the French government and the French Olympic Committee, this was formally presented in February 1963 in Lausanne during a meeting of the IOC executive with representatives of international sports federations.

1st ballot 2nd ballot 3rd ballot
FranceFrance Grenoble 15th 18th 27
CanadaCanada Calgary 12 19th 24
FinlandFinland Lahti 11 14th -
JapanJapan Sapporo 6th - -
NorwayNorway Oslo 4th - -
United StatesUnited States Lake Placid 3 - -

Sports reasons played a subordinate role in the application, as only two major sporting events had been held in the Isère department so far, the 1951 World Bobsleigh Championships in Alpe d'Huez and the 1959 World Luge Championships in Villard-de-Lans . Between 1946 and 1962 Grenoble's population increased from 102,000 to 159,000, and that of the entire agglomeration from 139,000 to 250,000. The expansion of the infrastructure had not been able to keep pace with this rapid growth and was largely at the pre-war level. Those in charge never made a secret of the fact that their main aim was to receive large-scale subsidies with the help of the Olympic Games in order to expand the outdated infrastructure and promote the regional economy within a very short time.

The 61st IOC session, which was supposed to vote on the allocation of the Winter Games, should originally have taken place in Nairobi . It was moved to Baden-Baden because Kenya had refused entry visas to IOC members from Portugal and South Africa for political reasons. Due to a lack of time, on August 21, 1963, the IOC could only decide to award the 1968 Summer Olympics . The vote finally took place in Innsbruck on January 28, 1964 , one day before the start of the IX. Winter Olympics . 51 members with voting rights were present. Grenoble won in the third ballot and narrowly prevailed with 27:24 votes against Calgary , which was taken into account twenty years later.

Organization and preparation

After Grenoble was chosen as the venue, the bid committee disbanded. He was replaced as the main responsible entity which entered Comité d'organization dixièmes Jeux Olympiques (COJO). The organizing committee began its work on August 1, 1964. Albert Michallon was again president of the COJO, who remained so even after he was not re-elected as mayor in March 1965. The highest body was the general assembly with 340 members, which met six times from 1965 to 1967. The 39-member board of directors conducted the business. Nineteen of its members were ex officio, including the President of the French Olympic Committee, the two French IOC members, four representatives each from the General Council of Isère and the City Council of Grenoble, and one member each of the local councils of Autrans , Huez , Lans-en -Vercors , Méaudre , Mont-de-Lans , Saint-Martin-d'Uriage , Vénosc and Villard-de-Lans . There were also 20 other people elected by the General Assembly. In July 1966, the board of directors was supplemented by a representative of the municipality of Saint-Nizier-du-Moucherotte and another elected member. The general secretariat was headed by Pierre Randet, former director of urban planning and development of Grenoble. It consisted of five main departments (technology, sports, PR, accommodation, administration) and 17 subdivisions, the number of employees rose to 1920 by February 1968.

The main station was one of the most important new buildings

The French state played a major role in the preparations, as President Charles de Gaulle saw an opportunity in the Winter Olympics to present Grenoble as a symbol of the modernization of France. On January 26, 1966, on behalf of Prime Minister Georges Pompidou , Minister of Youth and Sport, François Missoffe , founded an inter-ministerial committee to coordinate the work. In addition to members of the French armed forces , employees from the ministries for youth and sport, finance, public buildings, education, post, culture and transport were also deployed. The total of the investments was 1.097 billion francs (equivalent to about 1.072 billion euros in 2007). Of this, the state contributed 47.08%, the Isère department 3.67%, the city of Grenoble 20.16% and the surrounding municipalities 1.38%. The rest came from various institutions such as the state railway SNCF , the broadcasting company ORTF , the state housing association or the regional hospital association.

The funds were used as follows: for transport and communication infrastructure 465.181 million francs, for the Olympic village and the press center 250.876 million, for sports facilities 92.517 million, for radio and television 57.502 million, for culture 45.674 million, for urban infrastructure buildings 95.116 million and 90.429 million for expenses of the COJO. The new Grenoble Airport , two motorway sections of 12 and 24 kilometers in length, a telephone exchange, a new town hall, a new police headquarters, a fire station, a hospital with 560 beds, a congress and exhibition center and a palace of culture were built. In addition, there was the expansion of the access roads to the external locations, a bypass road around Grenoble and the relocation of railway lines including the removal of twelve level crossings at the same level. The main train station was completely rebuilt and a temporary train station was built near the Olympic Village for the duration of the Games.

In order to test the functionality of the new sports facilities and to optimize the processes, “international sports weeks” were organized. Speed ​​skating competitions and alpine ski races took place from January 20 to February 19, 1967, an ice hockey tournament from October 12 to 15, 1967, and a figure skating event from November 23 to 25. Only the Nordic competitions had been carried out to everyone's satisfaction, the competitions in tobogganing, bobsleigh and alpine were partly completely unsuccessful. Here, the sometimes precarious living conditions in Chamrousse did not meet the expectations of various alpine ski teams, whereupon the Austrians, Swiss and Germans left immediately. The main point of criticism was that too many of the people entrusted with the organization had too little experience, because Chamrousse had not previously held such large ski events. Even the French newspapers did not skimp on criticism, Gaston Meyer (editor-in-chief of "L'Equipe") wrote: "The biggest reproach to those responsible for forgetting one thing: first comes the athlete and then everything else". The incident caused a rethink among the hosts who made numerous improvements.

Torch relay

On December 16, 1967, the Olympic torch was lit in ancient Olympia in Greece . The ceremony was originally supposed to take place on December 13th, but had to be postponed because of the (ultimately unsuccessful) coup d'etat against the dictatorial military regime of Georgios Papadopoulos by King Constantine II, who had been ousted eight months earlier . The route of the torch relay led first over Mount Olympus to Athens . From there, the torch was in a Boeing 707 of Air France to Paris-Orly Airport flew where Jean Vuarnet , the downhill Olympic champion in 1960, received them on 19 December and to the first torchbearer Alain Mimoun , the Olympic champion in marathon from 1956, handed over.

In France, the torch relay led over a distance of 7222 kilometers through 41 departments and 170 cities into the Isère department. 5,000 torchbearers were involved, who traveled on foot, on bicycles, in boats, on skis and on motorcycles. The section through the old port of Marseille was covered by a diver by swimming, holding the torch just above the surface of the water. Around 80,000 athletes accompanied the torchbearers, and around two million spectators lined the route. The last stopover on the day before the opening ceremony was Saint-Pierre-de-Chartreuse , from where the torch was carried to Grenoble.

The 33 torches used in the torch relay were made by the Société technique d'équipement , a company of the Compagnie de Saint-Gobain . They were 70 cm high, weighed 1750 grams, were made of copper and had a propane tank. The reserve flames (a precaution in the event of the flame going out) burned in twenty carbide lamps , as did the Olympic flame during the air transport between Athens and Paris.

Visual appearance

The logo designed by the graphic artist Roger Excoffon shows a snow crystal floating above the monochrome Olympic rings , which is surrounded by three stylized roses. The roses can be found in the same order (two above, one below) on the coat of arms of the city of Grenoble. The logo is surrounded by the words “X es Jeux Olympiques d'Hiver 1968 Grenoble” (10th Olympic Winter Games 1968 Grenoble) .

For the first time ever, there was an Olympic mascot . It was “ shot ”, a stylized skier with a blue ski suit and a large red ball for his head. The mascot, designed by Aline Lafargue, was barely noticed by the public. It had an unofficial character, was marketed very cautiously and only appeared on pins and some small toys. The fashion designer Pierre Balmain created the uniforms of the Olympic hostesses.

On behalf of the organizing committee, the director Jack Lesage, who specializes in mountain and winter sports recordings, shot two pre-Olympic advertising films of 15 and 18 minutes in length in 35 mm format . “Trois roses, cinq anneaux” (three roses, five rings) was created in 1966 and showed Grenoble and the surrounding competition sites in the early stages of preparation. In 1967, "Vaincre à Grenoble" (Winning in Grenoble) was created , which documented the progress of the construction work, supplemented by recordings of sporting competitions. Both films appeared in three versions with French, English and German commentary. In France, the films were shown in cinemas before the respective main films, and abroad at receptions and presentations.

The French Post Office gave six stamps out with Olympic themes. On April 22, 1967, a stamp to the value of 0.60 francs with the official logo as a motif appeared. On January 27, 1968, ten days before the opening, a series of five supplementary stamps followed . The motifs were ski jumpers and cross-country skiers (0.30 + 0.10 F), ice hockey players (0.40 + 0.10 F), Olympic flame (0.60 + 0.20 F), figure skater (0.75 + 0, 25 F) and slalom runners (0.95 + 0.35 F). The proceeds from the bids were shared between the French Red Cross and the Organizing Committee.

Olympic locations

Competition venues

In addition to Grenoble, five other locations in the area were the venues for the 1968 Winter Games. Never before have the competition venues at the Olympic Winter Games been spread over so many locations. Grenoble thus set the trend away from the previous concept of holding as many competitions as possible in the same location towards the decentralized events that have been common since then, some of which have long journeys.

Compared to the investments in infrastructure construction, the amount spent on building the sports facilities was very small, not even nine percent. Almost half of this amount, 46 million francs, went into the construction of the Stade de glace ice rink (now the Palais des Sports ), where the group A ice hockey games , the figure skating competitions and the closing ceremony took place. The hall with 12,000 seats is located in Parc Paul-Mistral , Grenoble's central city park. The architects were Robert Demartini and Pierre Junillon, and construction began in mid-November 1965 and was completed in October 1967. The roof consists of two intersecting cylindrical vaults, four pillars carry the load of 10,000 tons. Today the hall is used for concerts, trade fair events and various sporting events (including six-day races from 1971 to 2014).

Chamrousse (February 1968)
View of Autrans, on the right on the hill the ski jump

A few hundred meters away, also in Parc Paul-Mistral, the 400-meter circular track for the speed skating competitions was built between February and November 1966 . The uncovered facility Anneau de vitesse , in the middle of which was an ice practice area, had a capacity of 2500 spectators. The cooling system was expanded again after a few years, today inline skaters and roller skaters do their laps on the concrete track . The only existing facility was the municipal ice rink Patinoire municipale , which opened in September 1963, right next to the speed skating circuit, in which the 1964 European figure skating championships were held. The hall with 2000 seats and 700 standing places was the venue for the ice hockey games of the B group.

Host all alpine ski race was Chamrousse a ski resort, 30 kilometers east of Grenoble. The finish of five of the six races was in the Recoin de Chamrousse area , that of the men's downhill in the Casserousse area . During the construction of the new ski slopes, around 300,000 m³ of rock had to be blasted away or dredged away; particularly large earth movements and terrain changes were necessary on the upper part of the men's downhill run and on the slalom run. In addition, six new chairlifts were built. At times, over 10,000 people were involved in the preparation of the slopes , mainly soldiers.

Cross-country skiing and biathlon competitions took place in Autrans , 36 kilometers west of Grenoble in the Vercors Mountains . Provisional target stadiums were available for the spectators, which were located north and south-west of the village. Ski jumping was also held on the normal hill in Autrans . The Le Claret ski jump is still in operation today; it was created in 1966 with the then usual size of 70 meters, which was later extended to 90 meters.

The 90-meter large hill could also have been erected in Autrans without any problems, but the organizers decided instead for Saint-Nizier-du-Moucherotte , which is 17 kilometers from Grenoble, also in the Vercors Mountains. The relatively short distance to the city and the better accessibility guaranteed a far greater number of spectators. The construction work lasted from July 1966 to January 1967. After the games, the Dauphiné-Schanze was only rarely used for competitions, since 1990 it has been closed and is falling into ruins.

The third Olympic location in the Vercors Mountains was Villard-de-Lans , 34 kilometers from Grenoble , where the luge competitions took place. The toboggan run is exactly 1000 meters long, has 14 curves and overcomes a height difference of 110 meters. After the temporary closure in 1994, it was rebuilt; today it has a synthetic surface that enables year-round operation. However, it is no longer used for competitions.

The most distant and highest location of the event was the Alpe d'Huez winter sports station , which is 65 kilometers to the south-east. The bobsleigh run was located here at Col de Poutran, at an altitude of around 2000 meters . It was 1500 meters long, had 13 curves and overcame a difference in altitude of 140 meters. In principle, it was a natural track, but three curves that were exposed to direct sunlight were artificially frozen with ammonia and liquid nitrogen. In Alpe d'Huez there was also a replacement slope for the alpine ski races.

Accommodations

Olympic Village (2014)

The Olympic village was located on the southern outskirts, on the border with the suburbs of Échirolles and Eybens . A large housing estate with 6,500 apartments was built on the site of the former Grenoble-Mermoz airport in just under two years . The settlement included a primary school, a grammar school, a kindergarten, a youth center, a shopping center and a library (for use after the Olympic Games). The male athletes were housed in a high-rise building and in eleven apartment blocks, while the female athletes lived in a building with 263 single rooms, which later served as a workers' dormitory. Around 12,000 coaches, officials, timekeepers, helpers, police officers and drivers lived in other buildings in the settlement.

Two other, much smaller Olympic villages were available to Nordic and Alpine skiers and their supervisors. These were holiday home areas in Autrans and Chamrousse that had been newly built or converted.

Attendees

countries

Overview of the participating countries

The 37 countries listed below sent athletes to Grenoble. Depending on the source, a total of 1158 or 1160 athletes took part, including 211 women.

Europe (887 athletes from 24 nations)
America (175 athletes from 4 nations)
Asia (84 athletes from 6 nations)
Oceania (9 athletes from 2 nations)
Africa (5 athletes from 1 nation)
(Number of athletes) * Participation in winter games for the first time

Two German teams

As in the summer of 1952, when Saarland , which was not yet incorporated into the Federal Republic, sent an independent team, two German teams took part again. For the first time ever, the German Democratic Republic was present with its own team that it has been striving for for years. In 1955 she was only provisionally accepted into the IOC, on the condition that she formed an all-German team with athletes from the Federal Republic of Germany, under the leadership of the IOC-recognized National Olympic Committee for Germany . As a result, the National Olympic Committee of the GDR tried to achieve full recognition. However, this failed u. a. at the resistance of Karl Ritter von Halt , the President of the National Olympic Committee for Germany, who was close friends with IOC President Avery Brundage . After Halt's death in 1961 and the construction of the Berlin Wall , close contact with the IOC leadership was lost under his successor Willi Daume . In addition, the reality of separation made qualifying matches almost impossible.

German Olympic flag

On October 8, 1965, the IOC decided to accept the GDR as a full member. In order to circumvent the restrictions on the territory of the NATO states that were still in force at the time (prohibition of all GDR symbols, in particular the flag with socialist symbols introduced in 1959), the two NOKs agreed to continue using the common flag and anthem: we were used at all Olympic Games since 1960 the black, red and gold flag with white Olympic rings in the middle as well as the “ Ode to Joy ” from Beethoven's 9th Symphony, which was previously used as a substitute anthem . Both countries presented themselves completely independently only from 1972.

On January 21, 1968, the 21-year-old Ralph Pöhland , one of the most prominent skiers in the GDR, fled at the pre-Olympic competitions in Les Brassus (Switzerland). The German ski jumper Georg Thoma was the escape helper . This incident resulted in the fact that the relations between the two German teams, which were reasonably satisfactory under the circumstances, froze. In addition, the GDR reduced its athlete squad from 95 to 57 athletes, since only "politically reliable" were allowed to travel to Grenoble.

Medals and Diplomas

For the Winter Olympics in Grenoble, a total of 228 medals were made for the top three winners. Like the logo, they were designed by Roger Excoffon, minted by the French mint Monnaie de Paris . For the first time in Olympic history, the medals in each sport had an individual design. The logo of these games was depicted on the front, and a pictogram etched into the surface on the back , representing the respective sport. The medals had a diameter of 50 millimeters and were three millimeters thick. The awards for the first and second place winners consisted of silver with a fineness of 925/1000, the gold medals were additionally coated with a six gram layer of gold . The medals were hung on ribbons in the Olympic colors, which was also a first (chains had been used previously). In addition, the athletes received boxes made of black leather, which were lined with white, blue or red silk, to store the medals.

The commemorative medal was designed by Josette Hébert-Coëffin. The front shows the decorated head of a Greek athlete in front of snowflakes and ice crystals. The reverse shows the silhouette of Grenoble in front of the Belledonne mountain range. There were three versions of the medal: 20 copies in silver, 210 copies in silver-plated bronze and 15,000 copies in bronze.

Excoffon also designed the Olympic diplomas , which were given to the six best in each discipline. They were made of cream-colored parchment paper. The logo was surrounded by the words “X es Jeux Olympiques d'Hiver Grenoble 1968” and the Olympic motto “ Citius, altius, fortius ” (faster, higher, stronger) . In the middle was the word "diplomas" embossed in gold. All functionaries, participants, journalists and helpers received similar diplomas, but on ordinary white paper and without gold stamping, as souvenirs.

The award ceremony took place on the evening of the respective competition day in the Stade de Glace .

Competition program

35 competitions (22 for men, 12 for women and 1 mixed competition) in 6 sports / 10 disciplines were held. Compared to the Olympic Winter Games in Innsbruck in 1964 , the number of competitions held increased. The men's biathlon relay was added to the program - the number of sports / disciplines remained the same. On February 4th, two days before the official opening, three ice hockey elimination games were held to determine three other participants in the A tournament in addition to five seeded teams; the losers took part in the B tournament.

Olympic sports / disciplines

Number of competitions in brackets

Time schedule

Time schedule
discipline Sun.
4.		 Mon.
5.		 Tuesday
6th		 Wed.
7.		 Thursday
8		 Fri.
9.		 Sat
10.		 Sun
11.		 Mon.
12.		 Tuesday
13		 Wed.
14.		 Thursday
15.		 Fri.
16.		 Sat.
17.		 Sun.
18.		 Decision-
disk-
applications
February
Olympic rings without rims.svg Opening ceremony
Biathlon pictogram.svg biathlon 1 1 2
Bobsleigh pictogram.svg bob 1 1 2
Ice hockey pictogram.svg ice Hockey 1 1
Ice skating Figure skating pictogram.svg figure skating 1 1 1 3
Speed ​​skating pictogram.svg Speed ​​skating 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8th
Luge pictogram.svg Luge 2 1 3
Skiing Alpine skiing pictogram.svg Alpine skiing 1 1 1 1 1 1 6th

Nordic skiing		 Nordic combined pictogram.svg Nordic combination 1 1
Cross country skiing pictogram.svg Cross-country skiing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7th
Ski jumping pictogram.svg Ski jumping 1 1 2
Olympic rings without rims.svg Closing ceremony
Demonstration competitions
Figure skating - ice dancing
decisions 1 3 4th 3 4th 4th 3 3 3 5 2 35
Sun.
4.		 Mon.
5.		 Tuesday
6th		 Wed.
7.		 Thursday
8		 Fri.
9.		 Sat
10.		 Sun
11.		 Mon.
12.		 Tuesday
13		 Wed.
14.		 Thursday
15.		 Fri.
16.		 Sat.
17.		 Sun.
18.
February

Color legend

  • Opening ceremony
  • Competition day (no decisions)
  • Competition day (x decisions)
  • Closing ceremony

    • Ceremonies

    Opening ceremony

    Opening ceremony

    A temporary stadium was specially built for the opening ceremony. The Stade olympique was located on the southeastern outskirts near the Olympic village and the press center. It was 300 meters long, consisted of steel tubes with a total length of 380 km and offered space for 60,000 spectators. At the far end of the stadium was a steel frame with a 550 kg heavy and four meter wide flame bowl at the top. Up there was a 3.5 meter wide staircase with 96 steps.

    The celebration began on February 6 at 3 p.m. on a Tuesday afternoon with the arrival of French President Charles de Gaulle . The 500 invited guests of honor included IOC President Avery Brundage , the Persian Empress Farah Pahlavi , the Danish Crown Princess Margrethe and the Luxembourg Grand Duchess Joséphine Charlotte . After playing the Marseillaise , the French national anthem, cultural performances followed. Traditionally, the Greek delegation led the invasion of the athletes into the stadium. The other teams entered the stadium in alphabetical order, starting with the Federal Republic of Germany (Allemagne) and the GDR (Allemagne d'Est) . The French formed the end as hosts.

    Albert Michallon, President of the COJO, welcomed the athletes and visitors in his speech. Brundage, in turn, recalled the ideals of Pierre de Coubertin and expressed the hope that these would lead to a more peaceful and less materialistic world. He asked Charles de Gaulle to open the games. The President took the stage and spoke the given opening formula. Fourteen mountaineers carried the Olympic flag into the stadium and hoisted it. The organizers had refrained from raising doves of peace, as is usual. Instead, they dropped 500 small Olympic flags on paper parachutes and 30,000 perfumed artificial roses from three helicopters over the stadium. Then the figure skater Alain Calmat entered the stadium as the last torch-bearer. He climbed the stairs to the bowl, his heartbeat being amplified over the loudspeakers. Once at the top, he lit the Olympic flame. Shortly afterwards, ski racer Léo Lacroix took the Olympic oath . Most recently, the Patrouille de France aerobatic team flew over the stadium, with five Fouga Magister aircraft drawing contrails in the sky in the colors of the Olympic rings.

    Closing ceremony

    The Winter Olympics ended on February 18th, on a Sunday evening, with the closing ceremony in the Stade de glace . The first item on the program was a show run by the figure skaters. Ice dancing , a discipline that was not included in the regular program until 1976 , was also demonstrated . The ten best couples from the last World Cup were involved, there was no evaluation. Then the last awards ceremony took place. After the Marseillaise had been played, the athletes still present in Grenoble gathered on the ice surface and the flag-bearers stood in a semicircle. While the flags of Greece, France and their next host Japan were hoisted on the masts, a torch-bearer brought the Olympic flame into the stadium and lit it in a bowl set up on the ice. IOC President Avery Brundage thanked the organizers and declared the games over. When the Olympic flag was lowered, gun salutes rang out over the city and finally the fire went out.

    Competitions

    Alpine skiing

    1st round of the men's giant slalom

    The six alpine ski races in Chamrousse also counted as the 28th Alpine World Ski Championships . In addition to their Olympic medals, the top three winners also received World Championship medals. However, not olympic was the from the results of exit , the giant slalom and the slalom composite combination ranking , only World Championship medals were awarded at the. This regulation had been in effect since 1952 and lasted until 1980. The individual disciplines also counted for the Ski World Cup (there was no World Cup ranking for the combination at that time). The program was set in May 1967 at the FIS Congress in Beirut.

    Shortly before the Winter Games, a heated argument broke out between IOC President Avery Brundage and the international ski association FIS . Brundage uncompromisingly represented the idealized amateurism , which was coined by Pierre de Coubertin at the end of the 19th century and which was increasingly in line with the modern zeitgeist. Brundage categorically rejected the increasing professionalism, which had reached a new high with the introduction of the Ski World Cup in 1967. After his request to completely remove alpine ski races from the competition program was rejected by the other IOC members, he demanded that the company logos be made unrecognizable on all skis. FIS President Marc Hodler was unable to enforce this demand due to lack of time and negotiated a compromise during the IOC session in Grenoble. The skiers were forbidden to present themselves with their skis in front of TV cameras and photographers in the finish area. Brundage never saw a single ski race and steadfastly refused to give a medal to a single alpine skier. Heinrich Drimmel , President of the Austrian Olympic Committee , complained a week before the start of the Games that Brundage was sticking to a "historical amateur term" and was unilaterally discrediting individual sports.

    Karl Schranz

    The undisputed star of the Winter Games - not only from the point of view of the French media - was the Frenchman Jean-Claude Killy , who won all three men's races and also won the combined world championship. The decision was narrowest in the first race: In the descent Killy won 0.08 seconds ahead of fellow countryman Guy Périllat , who had led the race for a long time. Third place went to the Swiss Jean-Daniel Dätwyler . The giant slalom was held for the first time ever in two runs, as opposed to the currently valid control but on two consecutive days. Killy won with over two seconds ahead of Swiss Willy Favre , followed by Austrian Heinrich Messner .

    The men's slalom was the most controversial decision ever. Since no fewer than 101 racers had registered for this competition, the field of participants was reduced to 51 racers three days before the actual race in a qualifying competition. As in the qualification, there was thick fog on race day. Killy was the only one who found reasonably good visibility during the first run and took the lead. The third-placed Austrian Karl Schranz broke off his second run after 22 goals because he felt disturbed by a piste attendant running along the route. He was allowed to drive again with reservations and placed just ahead of Killy. A few minutes later, the Norwegian Håkon Mjøen , who drove even faster than Schranz, was disqualified for two goal errors and Schranz was the alleged Olympic champion. The marshals later reported that Schranz had missed the same goals as Mjøen shortly before the piste supervisor suddenly appeared. After five hours of deliberation, the jury decided with 3: 2 votes not to rate the repeat run and also to disqualify Schranz. Jean-Claude Killy subsequently got his third gold medal. Silver and bronze went to the Austrians Herbert Huber and Alfred Matt , but this was almost completely lost in the Austrian media because of the mysterious circumstances surrounding Schranz's disqualification. The Austrian Ski Association had lodged a protest against the evaluation, but this was rejected at a meeting of the FIS board in Innsbruck in mid-June.

    The women's races went without incident and were much more even with three different winners. After the descent, two Austrians stood on the podium: Olga Pall and Christl Haas won gold and bronze respectively, the silver medal went to the French woman Isabelle Mir . The slalom was marked by numerous failures, around a third of all female racers were eliminated. The only 17-year-old American Judy Nagel , who had led after the first run, was also affected . The race was won by the French Marielle Goitschel in front of the Canadian Nancy Greene and the also from France Annie Famose . Christine Goitschel , Marielle's older sister, had become Olympic champion four years earlier . Most recently, the giant slalom was on the program, which, in contrast to that of the men, was held in one run. Nancy Greene won ahead of Annie Famose and the Swiss Fernande Bochatay . Greene's 2.64 second lead over Famose is the largest ever recorded in an Olympic or World Championship race. With the victory in the giant slalom, the second place in the slalom and the tenth place in the downhill Greene secured the combined world championship title.

    Nordic skiing

    The Nordic competitions in Autrans and Saint-Nizier-du-Moucherotte were also the 27th Nordic World Ski Championships . Similar to the alpine world championship medals were also awarded in cross-country skiing and ski jumping . The only exception was the Nordic combined , which did not count as a world championship. This regulation was introduced at the first Winter Games in Chamonix in 1924 and lasted until 1980.

    All cross-country races were won by Scandinavians, with one exception. In the men's 30 km race, the first decision of these Winter Games, the Italian Franco Nones was surprisingly the fastest. He distanced the favored Norwegian Odd Martinsen by almost 50 seconds and was thus the first cross-country Olympic champion to come from an Alpine country. The decision in the 15 km run was much closer: Harald Grønningen from Norway left the Finnish defending champion Eero Mäntyranta behind by just 1.9 seconds. In the 50 km run, the Norwegian Ole Ellefsæter lived up to his role as a favorite and won ahead of the Russian Vyacheslav Vedenin . Completely unexpected, however, was the bronze medal won by the Swiss Josef Haas , who ran the best time on the last ten kilometers. The 4 x 10 km relay race was won by the Norwegians for the first time, with all four runners setting the fastest time on their section. The Swedes won silver, while the Finns beat the Russians in the final sprint and secured the bronze medal by half a second.

    Toini Gustafsson in the 5 km race

    The cross-country skiers from the Soviet Union, who had won all the races at the 1964 Winter Games and the 1966 World Cup, were considered the clear favorites, but fell far short of expectations. In addition, the two-time Olympic champion and three-time world champion Klawdija Boyarskich was missing : Immediately after the IOC decided to introduce gender controls, she announced her resignation. The most successful cross-country skier was Toini Gustafsson from Sweden . She won the 5 km run in front of two Russians and the 10 km run in front of two runners from Norway. In addition, she was second in the 3 x 5 km relay, behind the Norwegians and ahead of the Russians.

    The Czech Jiří Raška was the only ski jumper to win two medals. In jumping from the 70-meter normal hill, he won ahead of the two Austrians Reinhold Bachler and Baldur Preiml . When jumping from the large 90-meter hill, Raška had to admit defeat to the then little-known Russian Vladimir Belousov . The Norwegian Lars Grini won bronze . His compatriot Bjørn Wirkola , the winner of the Four Hills Tournament , remained without a medal .

    The decision in the Nordic Combined, which was made up of a jump from the normal hill and a 15 km cross-country ski run, was almost made. The West German Franz Keller won ahead of the Swiss Alois Kälin and the East German Andreas Kunz . The difference between the first and second place was ultimately six seconds.

    biathlon

    The men's biathlon races were only part of the Olympic competition program for the third time . The relay race over 4 times 7.5 km was added to the individual race over 20 km. Both decisions met with extremely little spectator interest, besides a few visitors from Northern and Eastern Europe, almost only school classes were present in the finish stadium at Autrans and along the route.

    The individual race took place under difficult conditions, because ice-cold rain fell almost non-stop, which severely impaired the accuracy of the shooters. The Olympic champion was the Norwegian Magnar Solberg , who was one of only two participants who had no misses. The Soviet athlete Alexander Tikhonov ran over a minute faster, but received two penalty minutes and for this reason came in second. Bronze went to his compatriot Vladimir Gundarzew . In the relay race, the runners did not receive any penalty minutes for missed shots, but had to complete an additional lap of 150 meters each. The start of the race had to be postponed by five and a half hours due to thick fog. The runners from the Soviet Union won with almost two minutes ahead of the Norwegians. The bronze medal went to the Swedes, who were the only team without a miss. Magnar Solberg achieved the best individual performance in the third round.

    bob

    Inconsistent weather and shifts characterized the two bobsleigh competitions on the Col de Poutran near Alpe d'Huez . The first two runs of the two-man bobsleigh competition, scheduled for February 7, had to be postponed by one day due to heavy snowfall and holes in the track. The third and fourth races on February 11th were held in the early morning because of the forecast warm temperatures. The nine-time world champion Eugenio Monti and his brakeman Luciano De Paolis from Italy as well as the Germans Horst Floth and Pepi Bader had exactly the same total time after four runs. However, only the Italians were awarded a gold medal: The regulations of the international association FIBT stipulated that the best individual performance is decisive in the event of a tie (in the last run Monti and De Paolis had set a new track record). Bronze went to the Romanian team.

    In the days that followed, the weather remained inconsistent, snowfall alternating with sunshine and rain. In order to offer fair conditions for all teams, the jury decided to only run two runs on February 17th (the first at 6 a.m.) and to skip the third and fourth runs. On that day, with a cold snap to −16 ° C, the conditions improved so much that the missing runs could have been carried out without any problems, but the jury stuck to its decision. The Italian team (pilot Eugenio Monti) won ahead of Austria (pilot Erwin Thaler ) and Switzerland (pilot Jean Wicki ).

    ice Hockey

    The ice hockey tournament in the Stade de glace and in the Patinoire municipale in Grenoble was also rated as the 35th ice hockey world championship and the 46th ice hockey European championship . However, this was the last time that these rules were applied, and since then these title fights have been held separately.

    The eight teams of the A group of the Ice Hockey World Championship 1967 , the best five teams of the B group and the winner of the C group were eligible to participate . Added to this was France as host. For Poland and Italy , who decided not to participate, Austria moved up as sixth in the B group. The field of participants was divided into an A and a B group. The five best of the last World Cup were automatically qualified for the A group. The three last places in the A-World Championship and the three best in the B-World Championship fought for the remaining three starting positions in one elimination round. The losers formed the B group with three other teams and played for places 9 to 14. Both partial tournaments were played in the “everyone against everyone” system, there was no subsequent knockout round and for this reason there was no actual Final.

    The highlight of the tournament was the 5-4 victory of Czechoslovakia against the Soviet Union , which was completely under the impression of the Prague Spring . Before the last round, the Czechoslovaks led the table, but missed winning the gold medal with a 2-2 win against Sweden . The Olympic victory went to the Soviet Union for the third time since 1956, Canada won the bronze medal. The best player of the tournament was Anatoly Firsow with twelve goals and four assists .

    figure skating

    In the Stade de glace in Grenoble were three figure skating competitions take place. The women's individual competition was won by the American Peggy Fleming , silver went to Gabriele Seyfert from East Germany and bronze to Hana Mašková from Czechoslovakia. Fleming was already in the lead after the compulsory part . She also showed the best performance in the final freestyle, while the Austrian Beatrix Schuba dropped from third to fifth place.

    The Austrian Emmerich Danzer was the favorite for the men's Olympic victory, but the fourth of five compulsory figures failed and he fell back to fourth place. The best runner in the duty was his compatriot Wolfgang Schwarz , ahead of the American Tim Wood and the French Patrick Péra . In the freestyle, nothing changed in the first four positions, although Danzer received by far the best rating for his performance. The decisive factor was not the individual grades, but the number of places: five of the nine jury members put Péra in third place, which was criticized by the media as a favor to the French audience.

    Like four years earlier in Innsbruck, Lyudmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopow also won the pair skating in Grenoble . In contrast to all the other couples, they placed more emphasis on artistic execution than on purely athletic performance. Tatjana Schuk and Alexander Gorelik , also from the Soviet Union, won silver, while the bronze went to Margot Glockshuber and Wolfgang Danne from the Federal Republic of Germany.

    Speed ​​skating

    Johanna Schut in the 3000 meter race

    On the Anneau de vitesse in Grenoble, four speed skating competitions were held for women and men. Since the facility was not covered, the external conditions played a decisive role: the soot and dust emitted by the numerous industrial companies in the city were deposited on the ice, so that those runners who could start shortly after the ice had been wiped off had an advantage. In addition, during the second week of competition in the women's races, heavy rain sometimes fell.

    The Dutch were most successful with three gold, silver and bronze medals each. They replaced the once dominant Soviet runners, who had won 14 out of 20 possible gold medals at the previous three Winter Games. In Grenoble only Lyudmila Titowa was victorious, who won the 500-meter race in front of three simultaneous US women. The other Olympic champions were the Finn Kaija Mustonen (1500 m) and the Dutch Carolina Geijssen (1000 m) and Johanna Schut (3000 m). The men won the German Erhard Keller (500 m), the Dutch Kees Verkerk (1500 m), the Norwegian Fred Anton Maier (5000 m) and the Swede Johnny Höglin (10,000 m).

    New Olympic records were set in five competitions . Fred Anton Maier beat his own world record over 5000 meters by 3.8 seconds. The other two medal winners also stayed below the old record. In addition, seven other participants beat the Olympic record set in 1964 by the Norwegian Knut Johannesen .

    Luge

    The luge competitions held in Villard-de-Lans and the bobsleigh races were affected by numerous postponements. The training on February 5th could still be carried out without any problems, but because of the warm weather, which severely impaired the quality of the ice, the first two runs of the individual competitions for women and men had to be postponed from February 8th to 11th. On February 13th, only one run could be held under regular conditions as the temperatures rose again above freezing point. After the fourth run had been postponed three times, the jury decided on the morning of February 15 to score only three runs. The men's two-seater competition took place on February 18, three days later than originally planned.

    The winner of the men's individual competition was the Austrian Manfred Schmid ahead of the East German Thomas Köhler and Klaus-Michael Bonsack . Köhler and Bonsack won the gold medal in the two-seater competition, ahead of Manfred Schmid and Ewald Walch from Austria and the West Germans Wolfgang Winkler and Fritz Nachmann .

    The GDR tobogganists Ortrun Enderlein , Anna-Maria Müller and Angela Knösel were in first, second and fourth place after three runs. Shortly before the start of the third run, the Polish jury chairman Lucjan Świderski carried out a spot check and found that the runners of Enderlein’s sled had been heated. According to the regulations of the international association FIL, this has been forbidden since 1964 , since heating can save around half a second in time. Enderlein, Müller and Knösel were then disqualified by the jury. Since there was no longer a fourth run, the gold medal went to the Italian Erika Lechner , while the West Germans Christa Schmuck and Angelika Dünhaupt received silver and bronze. Exactly who was responsible for heating the skids could never be determined. In 2006, doubts arose about manipulation of the GDR after evaluating Stasi files . Lucjan Świderski should have been able to throw snow on the runners of the sled, which then allegedly thawed faster than a sledge of the competition. Real evidence of the forbidden heating of the runners has not been sought. The East German delegation accused the West German officials of a conspiracy and briefly threatened to leave immediately, which prompted Willi Daume to protest to IOC President Avery Brundage against what he believed to be unfounded allegations.

    Outstanding athletes and achievements

    Toini Gustafsson
    Jean-Claude Killy
    The most successful participants
    rank athlete country sport gold silver bronze total
    1 Jean-Claude Killy FranceFrance France Alpine skiing 3 - - 3
    2 Toini Gustafsson SwedenSweden Sweden Cross-country skiing 2 1 - 3
    3 Harald Grønningen NorwayNorway Norway Cross-country skiing 2 - - 2
    Ole Ellefsæter NorwayNorway Norway Cross-country skiing 2 - - 2
    Eugenio Monti ItalyItaly Italy Bobsledding 2 - - 2
    Luciano De Paolis ItalyItaly Italy Bobsledding 2 - - 2

    At 11 years and 158 days, the Romanian figure skater Beatrice Huştiu was the youngest participant in these Winter Games. She finished 29th in the individual competition and was third from bottom. The youngest participant was figure skater Jan Hoffmann from the GDR at the age of 12 years and 110 days . In Grenoble he reached 26th place and was also third from bottom. In 1974 and 1980 he became world champion and in 1980 he won an Olympic silver medal in Lake Placid .

    The American speed skater Dianne Holum was the youngest medalist, winning the silver medal in the 500-meter run at the age of 16 and 266 days, followed by bronze in the 1000-meter run two days later. The youngest Olympic champion also came from the USA: the figure skater Peggy Fleming won the gold medal at the age of 19 years and 198 days. The oldest medalist and also the oldest Olympic champion was the Italian bobsleigh driver Eugenio Monti : at the age of 40 years and 25 days he won the gold medal in the four-man bobsleigh, five days earlier he had won the gold medal in the two-man bobsleigh.

    Doping and gender controls

    In the course of the 1960s, the doping problem became more and more popular. The first death caused by doping at the Olympic Games occurred in Rome in 1960 when the Danish cyclist Knud Enemark Jensen , who was doped with amphetamines , fell off his bike and died. It took another four years before the IOC realized the gravity of the situation and set up a medical commission. In 1967 the IOC followed the example of several sports associations and issued a doping ban. On January 29, 1968, the guidelines for these doping and gender controls that were to apply to Grenoble were published. The IOC had 86 athletes checked; all tests were negative.

    Also in 1967 the IOC decided to carry out gender controls to prevent hermaphrodites from participating in competitions for women. Several female athletes from Eastern Europe announced their immediate resignation shortly after the IOC decision, which gave rise to much speculation. When Erik (a) Schinegger , the downhill world champion from Austria in 1966, a few days before the start of the Winter Games was noted in 1968 that it is actually male. Schinegger, whose gender had not been correctly identified for years due to the inwardly growing genitals, decided to have an operation and to change the first name from Erika to Erik.

    reporting

    The media representatives lived in the center of a new housing estate in the Malherbe district that was built between April 1966 and October 1967 a few hundred meters from the Olympic village. The settlement consisted of seven eight to ten-story high-rise buildings with a total of 637 apartments, an underground parking garage and a school. Housed in the school building were an IBM - data center , a copy center, the studios of the French Radio and Television Corporation ORTF and foreign broadcasters, photo laboratories and other technical facilities. The work rooms of the newspaper and photo journalists, the technicians and the general administration were all on the lowest floor of the high-rise buildings, the other floors were used as accommodation. The press restaurant was located in the later parking garage. There were smaller press centers in the Stade de glace in Grenoble and at the five external locations Autrans, Chamrousse, Alpe d'Huez, Saint-Nizier-du-Moucherotte and Villard-de-Lans.

    The COJO organizing committee awarded a total of 2702 accreditations , 1095 of which were for press, radio and television journalists, 301 for photographers, 207 for commentators and 692 for technicians. On September 19, 1966, the COJO concluded an exclusive contract with the ORTF for the provision of television broadcasts in the catchment area of ​​the EBU and in Canada. On February 14, 1967, the American Broadcasting Company received the exclusive broadcasting rights for the USA and Latin America, on October 15, 1967 NHK received those for Japan. For the first time ever in the history of the Olympic Games, television broadcasts were in color. The ORTF installed 25 color and 37 black and white cameras (ABC had an independent transmission system). The total transmission time was 150: 15 hours, of which 91:25 hours were in color. The number of television viewers is estimated at 600 million.

    Number of nights

    300,000 overnight stays by 36,000 people were registered in the Olympic area, with foreign visitors staying in the Grenoble area for ten days. At the top of the tourist list were French with 40%, followed by Scandinavians (18%), Americans (12%), Canadians, West Germans and Dutch (5% each), while almost no Austrians and Swiss were registered. However, many people who were not statistically recorded stayed with friends and acquaintances.

    literature

    Web links

    Commons : 1968 Winter Olympics  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

    Individual evidence

    1. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, p. 17.
    2. ↑ a b Kluge: Olympic Winter Games - The Chronicle. P. 367.
    3. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, pp. 18-19.
    4. ↑ Kluge: Olympic Winter Games - The Chronicle. Pp. 366-367.
    5. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. P. 8.
    6. ↑ Kluge: Olympic Winter Games - The Chronicle. P. 368.
    7. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, p. 22.
    8. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, pp. 34, 36.
    9. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, p. 38.
    10. ↑ a b Official Report of the Organizing Committee, p. 42.
    11. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. P. 9.
    12. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. Pp. 9-11.
    13. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, pp. 55–56.
    14. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, pp. 29–30.
    15. ^ "Giant scandal in Chamrousse" . In: Arbeiter-Zeitung . Vienna February 17, 1967, p. 14 ( Arbeiter-zeitung.at - the open online archive - digitized).
    16. ↑ "Grenoble 1967 x-rayed" in "Sport Zürich" No. 23 of February 24, 1967, page 7
    17. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. P. 16.
    18. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, p. 191.
    19. ↑ a b c Kluge: Olympic Winter Games - The Chronicle. P. 372.
    20. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, pp. 191, 194–196.
    21. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, pp. 196, 198.
    22. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, p. 128.
    23. ^ Gregor Baldrich: Unofficial mascot "shot", X. Olympic Winter Games 1968, Grenoble. German Sports & Olympic Museum, March 9, 2011, accessed on January 3, 2017 .
    24. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, p. 125.
    25. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, p. 132.
    26. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, p. 133.
    27. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. P. 12.
    28. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, pp. 108–111.
    29. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, pp. 105–106.
    30. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, pp. 106-108.
    31. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, pp. 79–82.
    32. ^ Histoire du ski à Autrans. Autrans and Méaudre municipalities, 2016, accessed 3 January 2017 (French).
    33. ^ Saint-Nizier: la belle époque. skipass.com, June 1, 2005, accessed January 3, 2017 (French).
    34. ↑ Luge à Villard-de-Lans ( Memento from December 4, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) - website of today's plastic toboggan run
    35. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, pp. 104-105.
    36. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, p. 82.
    37. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, p. 64.
    38. ↑ Le Village Olympique. COLJOG, 2016, accessed on January 3, 2017 (French).
    39. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. P. 12.
    40. ↑ Kluge: Olympic Winter Games - The Chronicle. P. 371.
    41. ↑ 1968 Grenoble Winter Games ( Memento of the original from April 17, 2020 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , sports-reference.com. Retrieved August 23, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sports-reference.com
    42. ↑ Peter Heimerzheim: Karl Ritter von Halt - A life path between sport and politics . Diplomica, Hamburg 1999, ISBN 978-3-8324-2014-7 , pp. 303 .
    43. ↑ 50 years ago: "The games are awarded to Munich". German Olympic Sports Confederation , April 25, 2016, accessed on January 3, 2017 .
    44. ↑ Escape to a friend. Der Tagesspiegel , February 24, 2008, accessed on January 3, 2017 .
    45. ↑ Kluge: Olympic Winter Games - The Chronicle. P. 373.
    46. ↑ a b Official Report of the Organizing Committee, p. 250.
    47. ↑ Grenoble 1968 medails. International Olympic Committee , accessed January 3, 2017 .
    48. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, p. 253.
    49. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, p. 202.
    50. ↑ Le Stade Olympique. COLJOG, 2016, accessed on January 3, 2017 (French).
    51. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. P. 14.
    52. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. P. 15.
    53. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. P. 134.
    54. ↑ bottom right: "Grenoble: super measurement" . In: Arbeiter-Zeitung . Vienna May 21, 1967, p. 11 ( berufer-zeitung.at - the open online archive - digitized).
    55. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. P. 30.
    56. ^ "ÖOC boss declares war on Brundage ..." In: Arbeiter-Zeitung . Vienna January 30, 1968, p. 14 ( Arbeiter-zeitung.at - the open online archive - digitized).
    57. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. Pp. 17-18.
    58. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. Pp. 19-21.
    59. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. Pp. 21-23.
    60. ^ "The Schranz case: Protest useless"; Columns 1 and 2, middle . In: Arbeiter-Zeitung . Vienna June 16, 1968, p. 11 ( berufer-zeitung.at - the open online archive - digitized).
    61. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. P. 24.
    62. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. Pp. 25-27.
    63. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. Pp. 27-29.
    64. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. Pp. 50-52.
    65. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. Pp. 53-54.
    66. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. Pp. 54-56.
    67. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. Pp. 57-58.
    68. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. Pp. 59-60.
    69. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. Pp. 130-133.
    70. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. Pp. 62-64.
    71. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. Pp. 81-83.
    72. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. Pp. 93-94.
    73. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. P. 95.
    74. ↑ Kluge: Olympic Winter Games - The Chronicle. P. 409.
    75. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. Pp. 127-129.
    76. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. Pp. 114-117.
    77. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. Pp. 122-125.
    78. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. Pp. 118-121.
    79. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. P. 84.
    80. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. Pp. 85-88.
    81. ↑ Kluge: Olympic Winter Games - The Chronicle. Pp. 407-408.
    82. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. Pp. 96, 113.
    83. ^ Lechenperg: Olympic Games 1968 Grenoble - Mexico City. P. 113.
    84. ^ Giselher Spitzer : Sports backup process. The Ministry of State Security and elite sport . In: Series of publications by the Federal Institute for Sport Science, Volume 97 . Hofmann-Verlag, Schorndorf 2005, ISBN 978-3-7780-8971-2 , p. 104 .
    85. ↑ Kluge: Olympic Winter Games - The Chronicle. P. 405.
    86. ↑ Kluge: Olympic Winter Games - The Chronicle. P. 404.
    87. ↑ « Seizure of power by the physicians. Gender controls for everyone » . In: Arbeiter-Zeitung . Vienna December 22, 1967, p. 16 ( Arbeiter-zeitung.at - the open online archive - digitized).
    88. ↑ «No leniency for doping in Grenoble» . In: Arbeiter-Zeitung . Vienna January 30, 1968, p. 14 ( Arbeiter-zeitung.at - the open online archive - digitized).
    89. ↑ a b Kluge: Olympic Winter Games - The Chronicle. P. 370.
    90. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, pp. 66–67.
    91. ↑ Official Report of the Organizing Committee, pp. 143–145.
    92. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, pp. 147–148.
    93. ^ Official report of the organizing committee, p. 149.
    94. ↑ “300,000 overnight stays in Grenoble” in “Sport Zürich” No. 28 of March 1, 1968, page 5; POS .: Column 3, fourth paragraph
    This article was added to the list of excellent articles on April 29, 2007 in this version .