Weightlifting

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Weightlifter when pushing 180 kg
Weightlifter with homemade barbells

The weightlifting is a difficult athletic sport in which a barbell by tearing or piercing is brought to the high range, that is, with arms outstretched over his head is propped.

In addition to the technique, speed, strength , coordination and flexibility are particularly important for success in weightlifting . Although Olympic weightlifting can be classified as a marginal sport, the exercises are found in many high-performance athletes , for example sprinters and shot putters , because of their speed strength aspects in the training program.

history

Weightlifting as a sport emerged at the end of the 19th century. From 1880 clubs for heavy athletics emerged in various cities, whereupon the German Athletic Sports Association (DASV) was founded in 1891.

World championships have been held since 1891 - back then with seven participants from six nations. Weightlifting has been part of the Olympic Games - intermittently - since 1896. In 1896 and 1904, one-armed and two-armed pushing was part of the program, but without any weight classification. In 1920, the one-armed snatch added the two exercises to a three-way battle that was fought within five weight classes. At the Olympic Games in 1924, this was replaced by a pentathlon, consisting of two-armed pushing, tearing and pushing and one-armed tearing and pushing.

From 1928 the one-armed disciplines were dropped and until 1972 a triathlon consisting of two-armed pushing, tearing and pushing was fought, but at national championships the one-armed disciplines and the pentathlon lasted longer.

In 2000, in Sydney, women's weightlifting was included in the Olympic program for the first time, and there have been world championships for women since 1987.

One-armed tearing and pushing

GDR athletes doing one-armed snatch, 1952.

The one-armed tearing and the one-armed pushing correspond in principle to their two-armed counterparts. With one-armed snatch, the dumbbell must be brought over the head in one movement, with one-armed push it may be placed on the shoulder and then brought to the high stretch in a second movement.

Press and three-way fight

Perikles Kakousis (1904) pressing with both arms.

From 1928 up to and including the 1972 Olympic Games , the athletes competed against each other in a so-called three-way battle. In addition to the usual disciplines of tearing and pushing, this also included pushing. The lifter had to transfer the weight first and then bring it to the high stretch without using the legs. The judges' decisions regarding the knee depressed were often controversial.

In addition, the pressure, which was actually intended as a pure test for shoulder and arm strength, developed more and more into a "sling". Similar to bumping, the athlete tried to accelerate the weight, but in this case by quickly leaning back and straightening the upper body, only to fall back on his back immediately. Due to the changed angles, which allowed a stronger use of the chest muscles, more weight could be mastered.

The records in pushing were thus getting closer and closer to those in pushing, which made one of the two disciplines unnecessary. The sometimes very extreme backward position of the athletes when pressing also seemed to pose a health risk, which in combination with the difficult decision-making about correct execution ultimately led to the abolition of the pressing.

Duel

Competitions are currently conducted as a duel between the two disciplines of snatching and pushing. Both the individual disciplines and the duel, for which the two individual results are added, are evaluated. Individual disciplines are not counted at the Olympic Games .

Competition process

GDR weightlifting championships.

After weighing - in major international competitions to the nearest ten grams - the athletes must state the loads with which they want to enter the competition in both disciplines. The lifter has three attempts at each of the two sub-exercises.

The competition begins with the snatch, with the lifter starting with the lowest reported weight. Within a minute, he has an attempt to bring the weight to the high distance in accordance with the rules. The attempt is considered to have started as soon as the barbell has passed your knees. The athlete is observed by three referees who decide by majority vote on the validity of the attempt. However, this referee's decision can be overruled retrospectively by a multi-member jury.

If the lifter has successfully mastered the load, the weight is automatically increased by the minimum increase of one kilogram through the disc connector for the next attempt, as long as the athlete does not require a higher dumbbell load. However, if the attempt is given invalid, the lifter has the option of repeating his attempt or increasing it. This can often be more useful for tactical reasons. Due to the fact that the order of the lifters depends on their reported loads, an athlete may be forced to complete two attempts in a row if no one has reported a weight between them. In this case he has two minutes instead of the usual one to make his next attempt. When all lifters have finished tearing, after a short break the pushing follows, which proceeds according to the same scheme.

Tear

Weightlifter at the tear.

The dumbbell lies horizontally in front of the lifter's legs. It is grasped with the palms down and brought in a single movement from the floor to the elevated stretch with outstretched and vertical arms, either with a lunge or by bending both legs (squat). The dumbbell is to be led upwards along the body in a continuous sequence of movements. During the experiment, no other part of the body except the feet may touch the ground.

The lifted weight must be fixed in the final position with straight legs, feet in the same line and straight arms up to the sign of the referee to remove the weight. Rotating the wrists should only be done after the dumbbell is above the lifter's head height. A lifter can remain in a lunge or crouch as he sees fit. The referee signal to put down the dumbbell must be given as soon as the lifter's body is motionless.

Bump

Weightlifter in a lunge
GDR athlete pushing 155 kilograms with two arms at the moment of transfer, 1951.

The jogging is officially referred to in the German set of rules according to the English name clean and jerk as "transferring and pushing". It consists of two sub-processes, transferring the dumbbell onto the shoulders and pushing the dumbbell over the head, which is an essential difference to snatching.

Implement
The dumbbell lies horizontally in front of the lifter's feet. It is grasped with the palms down and brought from the floor to the shoulders in a single movement, either with the lunge or the crook technique. The barbell must not touch the chest until the final position; it should rest on the collarbones, chest, or arms fully bent. The lifter can remain in this position as it sees fit. However, the elbows must not touch the thighs while crouching, otherwise the attempt is invalid.
Eject
Bend and straighten the legs and arms in order to bring the barbell to the elevation with completely extended, vertically standing arms (non-stop upward movement), then take the basic position, legs and arms are extended, wait until the referee gives the signal to remove the barbell. The signal must be given as soon as the jack is absolutely motionless.

The dumbbell must be at rest before pushing it out, "tapping" makes the attempt invalid. Likewise, the expulsion must take place in a single movement up to the straight arms, "pushing down" also makes the attempt invalid.

Records

The record of a certain weight class is held by the person who was the first to lift the greatest weight. If a lighter lifter in the same weight class later lifts the record weight, he will not become a record holder, although he would have won a competition because of his lower body weight. Records require confirmation by the association concerned.

Rating

According to weight classes

In individual championships, such as the World Championships or the Olympic Games, the athletes are divided into weight classes.

The winner is whoever masters the greatest load within a weight class; only the most difficult successful attempt is counted in each discipline. For the duel, the best attempt in each individual discipline is counted. If all three attempts in a discipline are invalid, the athlete cannot score a duel. If several athletes have lifted the same maximum load, the lighter athlete wins.

At the Olympic Games, placements are only given for the duel scoring.

According to relative points

Since not all weight classes can always be adequately filled in the lower leagues and in smaller competitions, the "relative points evaluation" was introduced to enable the athletes of different weight classes to be compared, as well as between men and women. In addition, team competitions are made possible by this rating. For this purpose, each lifter receives a specific "relative deduction", depending on gender and body weight, which is deducted from the individual performance after the competition, after which the points are added.

The relative evaluation is not internationally standardized, the above-described conditions apply to Germany.

example 1
A 100 kg male lifter pulls 135 kg and pushes 165 kg. According to the relative deduction table, the corresponding deduction is 97.5. So it reaches (135 kg − 97.5) + (165 kg − 97.5) = 105 relative points.
Example 2
For example, a 50 kg lifter would have to tear 62 kg and hit 75 kg with her relative deduction of 16.0 in order to achieve the same relative performance of (62 kg − 16.0) + (75 kg − 16.0) = 105 relative points.

According to Sinclair points

A variant of the relative rating was developed by the Canadian Roy Sinclair and enables a comparison across body weights - separately for men and women. To this end, the IMF publishes so-called “Sinclair coefficients”, which are determined in the spring of every Olympic year by statistical analysis taking into account the world records in the individual weight classes with six digits after the decimal point; they then apply for the following four calendar years.

In contrast to the relative evaluation, the Sinclair evaluation always results in positive points. So it is more motivating for less powerful lifters.

Example 3
An 80 kg lifter achieves a duel of 200 kg, consisting of 90 kg in snatch and 110 kg in push. The Sinclair coefficient that applies to him is 1.224433 (as of 2004, applicable from 2005 to 2008), resulting in the following number of points:

(90 kg * 1.224433) + (110 kg * 1.224433) = 244.89 Sinclair points (rounded to two decimal places).

The Sinclair coefficients for men published by the IMF and applicable from 2005 to 2008 start with the coefficients 2.747263 for 32.0 kg body weight and end with 1.000000 at 167.9 kg; for women the corresponding values ​​are: 2.827345 at 28.0 kg and 1.000000 at 107.8 kg; the values ​​published by the BVDG only reach up to 1.001438 for 157.9 kg for men and up to 1.005363 for 97.9 kg for women. For 2009 to 2012 the values ​​change as follows: 2.656480 for 32.0 kg to 1.000000 for 173.8 kg for men, 2.806797 for 28.0 kg to 1.000000 for 125.4 kg for the women; the weight range has thus been greatly expanded for women.

variants
The Austrian team competitions are settled according to Sinclair points. Women who start with men in a team are also rated according to the men's Sinclair points, but receive an increase of 0.5 in the Sinclair coefficient as a bonus.

According to Sinclair-Malone-Meltzer

An extension of the Sinclair rating also takes into account the age-related performance. There is no retirement allowance up to 30 years, for 31 years the remuneration starts with the coefficient 1.014 and ends with 3.571 for 90 years - uniformly for women and men. The coefficients commonly used today go back to Malone and the American physicist David Meltzer. With regard to age, the table refers to the current calendar year. If a weightlifter becomes 45 years old in the relevant calendar year, he will be treated as exactly 45 years old both before and after the actual birthday.

Example 4
For the lifter from Example 3, this would mean at an age of 40 years and the age coefficient of 1.136:

(90 kg * 1.224433 * 1.136) + (110 kg * 1.224433 * 1.136) = 278.19 points (rounded to two decimal places).

Weight classes

The weighing is usually done one or two hours before the competition with calibrated scales. Currently (as of November 1, 2018) the following weight classes apply in weightlifting:

Men 55 kg 61 kg 67 kg 73 kg 81 kg 89 kg 96 kg 102 kg 109 kg 109+ kg
Women 45 kg 49 kg 55 kg 59 kg 64 kg 71 kg 76 kg 81 kg 87 kg 87+ kg

Development of the weight classes

The weight classes of men have been changed and restructured time and again throughout the history of weightlifting. The weight classes were changed in 1998 with a view to the upcoming Olympic Games in Sydney to allow time for women's weightlifting to be included in the program. The last change was made in 2018.

Men

The class changes usually took place at the turn of the year. Exceptions are the initial introduction on June 12, 1905 and the changeover in 1913. In 1977 the designation of the weight classes was officially given up. Since the naming is still often used, the classes were assigned their respective names here. On July 5, 2018, the IMF set new weight classes. The biggest and most controversial news is that some classes have been canceled for the Olympic Games compared to the World Championships and other competitions.

designation 1905-1913 1913-1946 1947-1950 1951-1968 1969-1976 1977-1992 1993-1997 1998-2018 2018–
Flyweight - - - - 52 kg 52 kg 54 kg - 55 kg
Bantamweight - - 56 kg 56 kg 56 kg 56 kg 59 kg 56 kg 61 kg
Featherweight - 60 kg 60 kg 60 kg 60 kg 60 kg 64 kg 62 kg 67 kg
lightweight 70 kg 67.5 kg 67.5 kg 67.5 kg 67.5 kg 67.5 kg 70 kg 69 kg 73 kg
medium weight 80 kg 75 kg 75 kg 75 kg 75 kg 75 kg 76 kg 77 kg 81 kg
Light heavyweight - 82.5 kg 82.5 kg 82.5 kg 82.5 kg 82.5 kg 83 kg 85 kg 89 kg
Middle heavyweight - - - 90 kg 90 kg 90 kg 91 kg 94 kg 96 kg
Heavyweight 80+ kg 82.5+ kg 82.5+ kg 90+ kg 110 kg 100 kg 99 kg 105 kg 102 kg
2. Heavyweight - - - - - 110 kg 108 kg - 109 kg
Super heavyweight - - - - 110+ kg 110+ kg 108+ kg 105+ kg 109+ kg
Olympic weight classes
2020 61 kg 67 kg 73 kg 81 kg 96 kg 109 kg 109+ kg

Women

The IWF recognized women's weightlifting on October 20, 1983. On January 1, 2017, the weight class up to 90 kg and instead of 75 + kg the class 90 + kg were introduced for women. On July 5, 2018, the IMF set new weight classes. The biggest and most controversial news is that some classes have been canceled for the Olympic Games compared to the World Championships and other competitions.

IMF weight classes
1983-1992 44 kg 48 kg 52 kg 56 kg 60 kg 67.5 kg 75 kg 82.5 kg 82.5+ kg
1993-1997 46 kg 50 kg 54 kg 59 kg 64 kg 70 kg 76 kg 83 kg 83+ kg
1998-2016 48 kg 53 kg 58 kg 63 kg 69 kg 75 kg 75+ kg
2017-2018 48 kg 53 kg 58 kg 63 kg 69 kg 75 kg 90 kg 90+ kg
2018– 45 kg 49 kg 55 kg 59 kg 64 kg 71 kg 76 kg 81 kg 87 kg 87+ kg
Olympic weight classes
2020 49 kg 55 kg 59 kg 64 kg 76 kg 87 kg 87+ kg

Age groups

In addition, age groups allow a better comparison of lifters of different ages.

  • Youth: from 13 to 17 years old (with their own weight classes);
  • Juniors: up to and including 20 years;
  • Seniors;
  • Master: from 35 years.

In Germany there is still a division of the youth class into D to A youth, as well as nine master classes for men and women. Weightlifting before puberty is considered to be unproblematic if the technique is first learned with light (wooden) dumbbells, then the back in particular is strengthened before the actual weightlifting competitions begin.

equipment

Platform and dumbbell

The experiments are carried out on a 4 × 4 m platform. If you leave the platform during the attempt, it becomes invalid.

The dumbbell itself weighs 20 kg for the men, has a length of 2.20 m and 28 mm in diameter, while the distance between the ball-bearing disc holders is 1.31 m. The women's dumbbell, on the other hand, weighs 15 kg, has a total length of 2.01 m and a diameter of 25 mm. There are other dumbbells for children and teenagers.

Different colored weight plates

The weight plates are different in color depending on their weight. The masses of the weight plates are:

  •   red   : weight plate large 25 kg;
  • blue : weight plate large 20 kg;
  • yellow : weight plate large 15 kg;
  • green : weight plate large 10 kg;
  • white : weight plate large 5 kg;
  •   red   : weight plate small 2.5 kg;

The weight plates from 25 kg up to and including 2.5 kg are attached inside the locking screws.

  • blue : weight plate small 2 kg;
  • yellow : small weight plate 1.5 kg;
  • green : weight plate small 1 kg;
  • white : weight plate small 0.5 kg.

A weight plate that weighs 2 kg or less is pushed outside the locking screws.

The two locks for fixing the weight plates each weigh 2.5 kg.

The regulations on weight tolerances state that individual parts up to and including 5 kg nominal weight may be a maximum of 10 g heavier, but not lighter; the heavier parts can be up to 0.05% lighter and up to 0.1% heavier.

The large weight plates have a diameter of 45 cm and consist of an inner plate made of metal, which is covered with a rubber ring.

As with climbing , magnesium carbonate may be used to hold the dumbbell better .

Clothing and footwear

Wearing a collarless weightlifting jersey , like that of wrestlers , is compulsory. Weightlifters also wear specially made shoes with a hard sole and a slightly raised heel. The heel wedge elevation is typically 0.75 inches (1.9 cm). In order to prevent the shoes from sliding on the platform, rosin is often applied to the sole. The hard sole prevents power from being lost through the compression of the sole, thus increasing the efficiency of power transmission. The raised heel wedge provides support in the case of restricted ankle mobility and thus enables a stable, sufficiently deep and therefore rule-compliant squat.

The knee or elbow bandages used by some lifters do not provide any support, they only serve to keep the joint structures warm. In contrast, the firm wrist bandages support the sensitive joints, which have to fix high loads. The weight lifting belt is intended to increase the intra-abdominal pressure in order to obtain more stability in the trunk area . The use of bandages and belts is not mandatory, many lifters only use belts when pushing. The associations set certain regulations for bandages and belts, for example a belt may be a maximum of 120 mm wide.

Association structure

The World Weightlifting Federation is the International Weightlifting Federation (IWF), which was founded in 1905 and is based in Budapest . She is responsible for monitoring all international competitions.

To regulate the continental championships, such as the European championship or the Asian championship, there are five continental associations for Africa, America, Asia, Europe and Oceania, one level below the IMF. These in turn are organized by a total of 184 national associations.

The Federal Association of German Weightlifters (BVDG) is responsible for weightlifting in Germany .

The Austrian Weightlifting Association (ÖGV) was established as early as 1890, then under the name of the “Austrian Athletes Association”. It is based in Vienna and is divided into three regional associations.

In Switzerland , the interests of weightlifters are represented by the "Swiss Amateur Weightlifting Association" (SAGV) founded in 1946, which was recognized by the IMF in 1950.

Doping issue

Weightlifting has a reputation for being particularly badly affected by doping . In the 1970s and 1980s in particular, athletes were retrospectively stripped of medals on several occasions due to positive or manipulated doping tests. In the 1988 Summer Olympics alone , three doping medalists were convicted, so that some athletes no longer competed in the heavier classes. The IMF countered the problem of the world records probably achieved under doping with a change in weight classes in 1993 and thus the cancellation of all existing records.

The international association sanctions doping offenses with multi-year competition bans and lifelong bans for repeat offenders. However, bans are repeatedly converted into fines, as was the case, for example, in the run-up to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. After eleven Bulgarian athletes tested positive, the IWF first banned all eleven doping offenders as well as the entire Bulgarian team, but then converted the team's ban into a fine, which is possible according to the regulations. The bans of the individual doping offenders remained in place. Bulgaria still did not send any athletes to Beijing.

In a retest of samples taken at the 2008 Olympics, 15 weightlifters were subsequently disqualified in 2016 and the medals were revoked.

Known weightlifters

Vasily Alekseyev, 1970
Ingo Steinhöfel (D), 1989
Prapawadee Jaroenrattanatarakoon (Thailand) presents the Olympic gold medal she won in Beijing in August 2008

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Calculation of the Sinclair coefficient, as well as the current data archive link ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.iwf.net
  2. ↑ Table of the Malone-Meltzer coefficients http://www.mastersweightlifting.org/forms/malone.htm
  3. ↑ Historical calendar of the Austrian Weightlifting Association Archive link ( Memento of the original from January 28, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ogv.asn.or.at
  4. ↑ Bulgaria withdraws weightlifters over doping http://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-Olympics/idUSL2772829820080627
  1. ↑ IMPLEMENTING REGULATIONS. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on February 27, 2017 ; accessed on February 27, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / weightlifting.net
  2. ↑ IWF defines new weight classes . Retrieved May 20, 2019.
  3. ↑ TECHNICAL AND COMPETITION RULES & REGULATIONS. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on February 2, 2017 ; accessed on February 27, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.iwf.net
  4. ↑ IWF defines new weight classes . Retrieved May 20, 2019.
  5. ^ The one at the 2008 Olympics

swell

Web links

Commons : Weightlifting at the Olympic Games  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Weightlifting  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Weightlifting at the Olympics
Summer:

1896  • 1900  • 1904  • 1908  • 1912  • 1920  • 1924  • 1928  • 1932  • 1936  • 1948  • 1952  • 1956  • 1960  • 1964  • 1968  • 1972  • 1976  • 1980  • 1984  • 1988  • 1992  • 1996  • 2000  • 2004  • 2008  • 2012  • 2016  • 2020

Youth games:

2010  • 2014  • 2018

Demonstration:

not yet held